Mitengo Yakanakisisa yeHormone yezvirimwa Indole-3-Acetic Acid Iaa
Nature
Indoleacetic acid chinhu chinowanikwa mumiti. Zvigadzirwa zvakachena makristaro asina ruvara kana upfu hwekristaro. Inoshanduka kuita rosy kana yaiswa pachiedza. Nzvimbo yekunyunguduka 165-166℃ (168-170℃). Inonyunguduka muanhydrous ethanol, ethyl acetate, dichloroethane, inonyunguduka mu ether ne acetone. Hainyunguduke mu benzene, toluene, peturu ne chloroform. Hainyunguduke mumvura, mvura yayo inogona kuoreswa nechiedza che ultraviolet, asi inogara yakagadzikana kuchiedza chinoonekwa. Munyu we sodium ne potassium munyu zvakagadzikana kupfuura acid pachayo uye zvinonyunguduka nyore nyore mumvura. Inobviswa kabhohaidhiretsi nyore nyore kuita 3-methylindole (skatine). Ine huviri mukukura kwezvirimwa, uye zvikamu zvakasiyana zvemuti zvine hunhu hwakasiyana nazvo, kazhinji mudzi wakakura kupfuura bud rakakura kupfuura hunde. Miti yakasiyana ine hunhu hwakasiyana nazvo.
Nzira yekugadzirira
3-indole acetonitrile inoumbwa nekuita kweindole, formaldehyde uye potassium cyanide pa150℃, 0.9~1MPa, uye yozonyungudutswa nepotassium hydroxide. Kana nekuita kweindole neglycolic acid. Mu3L stainless steel autoclave, 270g(4.1mol)85% potassium hydroxide, 351g(3mol) indole yakawedzerwa, uye 360g(3.3mol)70% hydroxyacetic acid aqueous solution yakawedzerwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Yakavharwa kupisa kusvika 250℃, ichikurunga kwemaawa gumi nemasere. Itonhore kusvika pasi pe50℃, wedzera 500ml yemvura, uye kurunga pa100℃ kwemaminitsi makumi matatu kuti unyungudise potassium indole-3-acetate. Itonhore kusvika 25℃, dururirai zvinhu zve autoclave mumvura, uye wedzerai mvura kusvika huwandu hwese hwasvika 3L. Rutivi rwemvura rwakabviswa ne500ml ethyl ether, rukaiswa acid nehydrochloric acid pa20-30℃, uye rwakanyungudutswa ne indole-3-acetic acid. Sefa, suka mumvura inotonhora, pukuta kure nechiedza, chigadzirwa chacho chine 455-490g.
Kukosha kwemakemikari emuviri
Pfuma
Inoora nyore nyore muchiedza nemhepo, haigari kwenguva refu. Yakachengeteka kuvanhu nemhuka. Inonyungudika mumvura inopisa, ethanol, acetone, ether uye ethyl acetate, inonyungudika zvishoma mumvura, benzene, chloroform; Inogara yakasimba mualkaline solution uye inotanga yanyungudika muhuwandu hushoma hwe95% alcohol uye yozonyungudika mumvura kusvika pahuwandu hwakakodzera kana yagadzirwa ne crystallization yechigadzirwa chakachena.
Shandisa
Inoshandiswa senzira yekukurudzira kukura kwezvirimwa uye yekuongorora. 3-indole acetic acid nezvimwe zvinhu zveauxin zvakaita se3-indole acetaldehyde, 3-indole acetonitrile uye ascorbic acid zviripo zvakasikwa. Chinhu chekutanga che3-indole acetic acid biosynthesis muzvirimwa itryptophan. Basa guru reauxin nderekudzora kukura kwezvirimwa, kwete kungokurudzira kukura chete, asiwo kudzivirira kukura uye kuvaka nhengo. Auxin haisipo chete mumahara mumasero ezvirimwa, asiwo inowanikwa mubound auxin iyo yakabatana zvakasimba nebiopolymeric acid, nezvimwewo. Auxin inogadzirawo maconjugations nezvinhu zvakakosha, zvakaita seindole-acetyl asparagine, apentose indole-acetyl glucose, nezvimwewo. Iyi ingave nzira yekuchengetedza auxin musero, uye zvakare nzira yekubvisa chepfu yeauxin yakawandisa.
Mhedzisiro
Plant auxin. Homoni yekukura yechisikigo inowanikwa zvakanyanya muzvirimwa i indoleacetic acid. Indoleacetic acid inogona kukurudzira kuumbwa kwebundu repamusoro remuti, mabukira, mbesa, nezvimwewo. Chinotangira i tryptophan. Indoleacetic acid ihormone yekukura kwezvirimwa. Somatin ine zvakawanda zvinokanganisa muviri, zvine chekuita nekuwanda kwayo. Kuwanda kwakaderera kunogona kukurudzira kukura, kuwanda kwakanyanya kunotadzisa kukura uye kutoita kuti chirimwa chife, kudzikisira uku kunoenderana nekuti kunogona here kukonzera kuumbwa kwe ethylene. Mhedzisiro yemuviri ye auxin inoratidzwa pamatanho maviri. Padanho remasero, auxin inogona kukurudzira kupatsanurwa kwemasero e cambium; Kukurudzira kureba kwemasero ebazi uye kudzivirira kukura kwemasero emidzi; Kukurudzira kusiyana kwemasero e xylem ne phloem, kukurudzira midzi yekucheka bvudzi uye kudzora callus morphogenesis. Padanho renhengo nemuti wese, auxin inoshanda kubva pambeu kusvika pakukura kwemichero. Auxin inodzorwa mesocotyl kureba kwembeu nekudzikisirwa kwechiedza chitsvuku chinodzoreka; Kana indoleacetic acid ikaendeswa kudivi rezasi rebazi, bazi rinoburitsa geotropism. Phototropism inoitika kana indoleacetic acid ikaendeswa kudivi remashure rematavi. Indoleacetic acid yakakonzera kutonga kweapex. Kunonoka kwemashizha; Auxin yakashandiswa pamashizha yaidzivirira kusabereka, ukuwo auxin yakashandiswa kumucheto wekusabereka yaikurudzira kusabereka. Auxin inokurudzira kutumbuka kwemaruva, inokurudzira kukura kweparthenocarpy, uye inononoka kuibva kwemichero.
Isa chikumbiro
Indoleacetic acid ine mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana, asi haiwanzo shandiswa nekuti iri nyore kudonha mukati nekunze kwemiti. Pakutanga, yakashandiswa kukonzera parthenocarpous uye kugadzira michero yematomatisi. Pakubuda kwemaruva, maruva ainyikwa nemvura ye3000 mg/l kuti igadzire muchero wematomatisi usina mbeu uye kuwedzera mwero wekubuda kwemichero. Imwe yenzira dzekutanga dzaive dzekukurudzira midzi yezvidimbu. Kunyikisa pasi pezvidimbu ne100 kusvika 1000 mg/l yemushonga wekurapa kunogona kukurudzira kuumbwa kwemidzi yemuti wetii, muti wegum, muti weoak, metasequoia, pepper nezvimwe zvirimwa, uye kukurumidzisa mwero wekubereka kwezvinovaka muviri. 1 ~ 10 mg/l indoleacetic acid uye 10 mg/L oxamyline zvakashandiswa kukurudzira midzi yembeu dzemupunga. 25 kusvika 400 mg/l yemvura inopfapfaidzwa chrysanthemum kamwe chete (mumaawa mapfumbamwe ephotoperiod), zvinogona kudzivirira kubuda kwemaruva, kunonoka kutumbuka. Kukura muzuva refu kusvika 10 -5 mol/l kana ukapfapfaidza kamwe chete, kunogona kuwedzera maruva echikadzi. Kurapa mbeu dzebeet kunokurudzira kumera uye kunowedzera goho remidzi yemidzi uye huwandu hweshuga.
Nhanganyaya ye auxin
Nhanganyaya
Auxin (auxin) iboka remahormone endogenous ane mhete isina kuguta uye acetic acid side chain, chidimbu cheChirungu IAA, iyo international common, inonzi indole acetic acid (IAA). Muna 1934, Guo Ge nevamwe vake vakaona kuti indole acetic acid, saka zvakajairika kushandisa indole acetic acid sechirevo che auxin. Auxin inogadzirwa mumashizha madiki akareba uye apical meristem, uye inounganidzwa kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi nekutakurwa kwephloem kure. Midzi yacho inogadzirawo auxin, iyo inotakurwa kubva pasi zvichikwira. Auxin mumiti inoumbwa kubva kutryptophan kuburikidza nezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana. Nzira huru ndeye kuburikidza ne indoleacetaldehyde. Indole acetaldehyde inogona kugadzirwa nekuoxidation uye deamination ye tryptophan kuenda ku indole pyruvate uye yozobviswa carboxylated, kana inogona kugadzirwa nekuoxidation uye deamination ye tryptophan kuenda ku tryptamine. Indole acetaldehyde inozogadziriswazve kuita indole acetic acid. Imwe nzira inogona kushandiswa kugadzira ndeyekushandura tryptophan kubva ku indole acetonitrile kuita indole acetic acid. Indoleacetic acid inogona kushaikwa nekubatanidza neaspartic acid kuita indoleacetylaspartic acid, inositol kuita indoleacetic acid kuita inositol, glucose kuita glucoside, uye protein kuita indoleacetic acid-protein complex mumiti. Bound indoleacetic acid inowanzoita 50-90% yeindoleacetic acid mumiti, iyo ingave fomu yekuchengetera auxin mumiti. Indoleacetic acid inogona kuodzwa nekuoxidation yeindoleacetic acid, iyo inowanikwa mumiti. Auxins ine zvakawanda zvinokanganisa muviri, zvine chekuita nekuwanda kwayo. Kuwanda kwakaderera kunogona kukurudzira kukura, kuwanda kwakanyanya kunotadzisa kukura uye kutoita kuti chirimwa chife, kudziviswa uku kune chekuita nekuti kunogona kukonzera kuumbwa kwe ethylene here. Mhedzisiro yemuviri ye auxin inoratidzwa pamatanho maviri. Padanho remasero, auxin inogona kukurudzira kupatsanurwa kwemasero ecambium; Kukurudzira kureba kwemasero ebazi uye kudzivirira kukura kwemasero emidzi; Kukurudzira kusiyana kwemasero exylem nephloem, kukurudzira midzi yekucheka bvudzi uye kudzora callus morphogenesis. Padanho renhengo nemuti wese, auxin inoshanda kubva pambeu kusvika pakukura kwemichero. Auxin inodzorwa nemesocotyl kureba kwembeu nekudzivirira chiedza chitsvuku chinodzoreka; Kana indoleacetic acid ikaendeswa kudivi rezasi rebazi, bazi rinoburitsa geotropism. Phototropism inoitika kana indoleacetic acid ikaendeswa kudivi remashure rematavi. Indoleacetic acid yakakonzera kutonga kweapex. Kunonoka kwemashizha; Auxin yakaiswa pamashizha yakadzivirira abscission, nepo auxin yakaiswa kumagumo eproximal abscission yakasimudzira abscission. Auxin inokurudzira kutumbuka kwemaruva, inokurudzira kukura kweparthenocarpy, uye inononoka kuibva kwemichero. Mumwe munhu akauya nepfungwa yemahormone receptors. Hormone receptor chikamu chikuru chemamorekuru chemasero chinosunga zvakananga kune hormone inoenderana uye chobva chatanga maitiro akasiyana-siyana. Kusanganiswa kwe indoleacetic acid ne receptor kune mhedzisiro mbiri: yekutanga, inoshanda pamapuroteni e membrane, ichikanganisa acidification yepakati, kutakurwa kwepombi ye ion uye shanduko yekumanikidzwa, inova mhinduro inokurumidza (< maminetsi gumi); Chechipiri ndechekushanda pa nucleic acids, zvichikonzera shanduko pamadziro emasero uye kugadzirwa kweprotein, inova reaction inononoka (maminetsi gumi). Kuwanda kweacidization pakati nepakati chinhu chakakosha pakukura kwemasero. Indoleacetic acid inogona kumutsa enzyme yeATP(adenosine triphosphate) pa plasma membrane, kukurudzira ma hydrogen ions kuti ayerere kubva musero, kuderedza pH kukosha kwemedium, kuitira kuti enzyme ishande, hydrolyze polysaccharide yemadziro emasero, kuitira kuti madziro emasero anyoroveswe uye sero riwedzere. Kupiwa kwe indoleacetic acid kwakaita kuti pave nekuonekwa kwe specific messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences, izvo zvakachinja kugadzirwa kweprotein. Kurapa kweIndoleacetic acid kwakachinjawo elasticity yemadziro emasero, zvichibvumira kukura kwemasero kuenderera mberi. Mhedzisiro yekusimudzira kukura kwe auxin inonyanya kukurudzira kukura kwemasero, kunyanya kureba kwemasero, uye haina simba pakupatsanurwa kwemasero. Chikamu chemuti chinonzwa chiedza chichikuchidzira chiri pamucheto wehunde, asi chikamu chinokotama chiri pamucheto wepamusoro, izvo zvinokonzerwa nekuti masero ari pasi pemuromo ari kukura uye kukura, uye ndiyo nguva inonyanya kuoma ku auxin, saka auxin ine simba guru pakukura kwayo. Homoni yekukura kwetishu yekukwegura haishande. Chikonzero nei auxin ichigona kukurudzira kukura kwemichero uye midzi yezvidimbu ndechekuti auxin inogona kushandura kupararira kwezvinovaka muviri mumuti, uye zvinovaka muviri zvakawanda zvinowanikwa muchikamu chacho nekupararira kwakawanda kwe auxin, zvichiita nzvimbo yekugovera. Auxin inogona kukonzera kuumbwa kwematomatisi asina mbeu nekuti mushure mekurapa matumbu ematomatisi asina kuberekeswa ne auxin, ovary yetumbu rematomatisi inova nzvimbo yekugovera zvinovaka muviri, uye zvinovaka muviri zvinogadzirwa ne photosynthesis yemashizha zvinoramba zvichiendeswa ku ovary, uye ovary inokura.
Kugadzira, kutakurwa uye kugoverwa
Zvikamu zvikuru zvekugadzirwa kweauxin inhengo dzemuviri dzinoshanda, kunyanya nhungirwa diki, mashizha, nembeu dziri kukura. Auxin inopararira munhengo dzese dzemuviri wemuti, asi inonyanya kupararira muzvikamu zvekukura kwakasimba, zvakaita se coleopedia, buds, root apex meristem, cambium, mbeu dziri kukura nemichero. Kune nzira nhatu dzekutakura auxin mumiti: lateral transport, polar transport uye non-polar transport. Lateral transport (backlight transport ye auxin mumucheto we coleoptile inokonzerwa ne unilateral light, near-ground side transport ye auxin mumidzi nemidzi yemiti kana ichichinjika). Polar transport (kubva kumusoro kwe morphology kusvika pasi pe morphology). Non-polar transport (mumatishu akakura, auxin inogona kutakurwa non-polar kuburikidza ne phloem).
Huviri hwechiito chemuviri
Kuwanda kwakaderera kunobatsira kukura, kuwanda kwakanyanya kunodzivirira kukura. Nhengo dzakasiyana dzemiti dzine zvinodiwa zvakasiyana kuti auxin ive nehuwandu hwakakwana. Kuwanda kwakanyanya kwaive 10E-10mol/L yemidzi, 10E-8mol/L yemabuddha uye 10E-5mol/L yemabuddha. Auxin analogues (senge naphthalene acetic acid, 2, 4-D, nezvimwewo) dzinowanzo shandiswa mukugadzira kudzora kukura kwemiti. Semuenzaniso, kana bhinzi dzichibuda, huwandu hwakakodzera kukura kwehudzi hunoshandiswa kurapa bhinzi dzichibuda. Nekuda kweizvozvo, midzi nemabuddha zvinodziviswa, uye huddha dzakagadzirwa kubva kuhypocotyl dzinokura zvakanyanya. Kubudirira kukuru kwekukura kwehudzi hwemiti kunoenderana nehunhu hwekutakura kwemiti kuti iite auxin uye huviri hwemhedzisiro ye auxin physiological. Bundu repamusoro pemuti ndiro rinonyanya kushanda pakugadzira auxin, asi huwandu hweauxin hunogadzirwa pabundu repamusoro hunogara huchiendeswa kuhunde kuburikidza nekufambisa kuri kushanda, saka huwandu hweauxin mubundu repamusoro pacharo harisi hwakanyanya, nepo huwandu huri muhunde hudiki hwakakwira. Ndiro rakakodzera kukura kwehunde, asi rine simba rekudzivirira mabundu. Kana huwandu hweauxin hwakakwira panzvimbo iri pedyo nebundu repamusoro, simba rekudzivirira pabundu reparutivi rinowedzera, ndosaka zvirimwa zvakawanda zvirefu zvichiumba chimiro chepagoda. Zvisinei, hazvisi zvirimwa zvese zvine simba guru repamusoro, uye mamwe makwenzi anotanga kuora kana kutodzikira mushure mekukura kwebundu repamusoro kwenguva yakati, zvichirasikirwa nehukuru hwepakutanga hwebundu, saka chimiro chemuti webundu hachisi pagoda. Nekuti huwandu hwakawanda hweauxin hune simba rekudzivisa kukura kwezvirimwa, kugadzirwa kwehuwandu hwakawanda hwema auxin analogues kunogonawo kushandiswa semishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, kunyanya kune masora ane dicotyledonous.
MaAuxin analogues: NAA, 2, 4-D. Nekuti auxin inowanikwa muzvishoma mumiti, uye hazvisi nyore kuchengetedza. Kuti vagadzirise kukura kwemiti, kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwemakemikari, vanhu vakawana maAuxin analogues, ane mhedzisiro yakafanana uye anogona kugadzirwa akawanda, uye akashandiswa zvakanyanya mukurima. Mhedzisiro yegravity yepasi pakupararira kweauxin: kukura kwemashure kwemadzinde uye kukura kwemidzi pasi kunokonzerwa negravity yepasi, chikonzero ndechekuti gravity yepasi inokonzera kupararira kusina kuenzana kweauxin, iyo inopararira zvakanyanya parutivi rwedzinde uye isingaparadzike zvakanyanya kumashure. Nekuti huwandu hwakanyanya hweauxin mudzinde hwaive hwakakwira, auxin yakawanda parutivi rwedzinde yakaikurudzira, saka rutivi rwedzinde rwaikura nekukurumidza kupfuura rutivi rwekumashure, uye yakachengetedza kukura kwedzinde kumusoro. Kune midzi, nekuti huwandu hwakakwana hwe auxin mumidzi hwakaderera zvikuru, auxin yakawanda iri pedyo nepasi ine mhedzisiro inodzivisa kukura kwemasero emidzi, saka kukura kwepedyo nepasi kunononoka kupfuura kwedivi rekumashure, uye kukura kwemidzi kunoenderera mberi. Pasina simba rekukweva, midzi hairegi kudzika. Mhedzisiro yekusarema pakukura kwemiti: kukura kwemidzi kuenda pasi uye kukura kwedzinde kure nepasi kunokonzerwa nesimba rekukweva pasi, izvo zvinokonzerwa nekupararira kusina kuenzana kwe auxin pasi pekuiswa kwesimba rekukweva pasi. Munzvimbo isina simba rekukweva, nekuda kwekurasikirwa nesimba rekukweva, kukura kwedzinde kucharasikirwa nekusaririra kwaro, uye midzi icharasikirwawo nehunhu hwekukura kwevhu. Zvisinei, mukana wekukura kwedzinde uchiripo, uye kutakurwa kwe auxin ne polar hakukanganisirwi nesimba rekukweva pasi.
