Sevimbiso yakakosha yezvirimwa zvakatsiga uye zvakakura, mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inoita basa risingatsivike mukudzora tumbuyu. Neonicotinoids ndiyo inonyanya kukosha mishonga yemakemikari munyika. Vakanyoreswa kuti vashandise kuChina nenyika dzinodarika zana nemakumi maviri dzinosanganisira European Union, United States, neCanada. Mugove wemusika unodarika 25% yenyika. Iyo inosarudza inodzora nicotinic acetylcholinesterase receptors (nAChRs) mutsinga yezvipembenene, inoomesa tsinga dzepakati uye inokonzeresa kufa kwezvipembenene, uye ine yakanakisa kudzora mhedzisiro paHomoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, uye kunyangwe tupukanana takanangana. Kubva munaGunyana 2021, kune gumi nembiri neonicotinoid mishonga yezvipembenene yakanyoreswa munyika yangu, inoti imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, sflufenamid Kune anopfuura zviuru zvitatu nemazana mana emhando dzemishonga yekugadzirira chloroplothiline, pipeothiline uye fluoropyranone, pakati payo gadziriro dzekomboni dzinodarika 31%. Amine, dinotefuran, nitenpyram uye zvichingodaro.
Nekuenderera mberi kwekudyara kwakakura kwezvipembenene zveneonicotinoid munharaunda yezvekurima, matambudziko akatevedzana esainzi akadai sekupokana kwechinangwa, njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza, uye hutano hwevanhu zvavewo mukurumbira. Muna 2018, huwandu hwedonje hweaphid mudunhu reXinjiang hwakagadzira mwero uye wakakwira mwero wekupokana nemishonga yezvipembenene neonicotinoid, pakati peiyo kushorwa kwemidacloprid, acetamiprid uye thiamethoxam kwakawedzera ne85.2-412 nguva uye 221-777 nguva, zvichiteerana uye ka1,025 kusvika ka1,295. . Zvidzidzo zvepasi rese pamusoro pekuramba zvinodhaka kweBemisia tabaci populations zvakaratidzawo kuti kubva 2007 kusvika 2010, Bemisia tabaci yakaratidza kuramba kwakanyanya kune neonicotinoid mishonga yezvipembenene, kunyanya imidacloprid uye thiacloprid. Chechipiri, neonicotinoid mishonga yezvipembenene haingokanganisa zvakanyanya kuwanda kwevanhu, maitiro ekudya, simba renzvimbo uye thermoregulation yenyuchi, asiwo ane mhedzisiro yakaipa pakukura nekuberekana kwemakonye. Mukuwedzera, kubva ku1994 kusvika ku2011, chiyero chekuonekwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene neonicotinoid muweti yevanhu yakawedzera zvakanyanya, zvichiratidza kuti kubatwa kusina kunanga uye kuunganidza kwemuviri kwemishonga yezvipembenene neonicotinoid yakawedzera gore negore. Kuburikidza ne microdialysis muuropi hwegonzo, zvakaonekwa kuti clothianidin uye thiamethoxam kushushikana kunogona kukurudzira kuburitswa kwe dopamine mumakonzo, uye thiacloprid inogona kukurudzira kuwedzera kweiyo thyroid mahormone mu rat plasma. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti neonicotinoid mishonga yezvipembenene inogona kukanganisa lactation Kukuvadza kune tsinga uye endocrine masisitimu emhuka. Iyo in vitro modhi yekudzidza yemapfupa emunhu mesenchymal stem masero akasimbisa kuti nitenpyram inogona kukonzera DNA kukuvadzwa uye chromosomal aberrations, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kweiyo intracellular reactive oxygen marudzi, izvo zvinozokanganisa osteogenic kusiyanisa. Zvichienderana neizvi, Canadian Pest Management Agency (PMRA) yakatanga chirongwa chekuongororazve zvimwe zvipembenene zveneonicotinoid, uye European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) yakarambidza uye kurambidza imidacloprid, thiamethoxam uye clothianidin.
Iko kusanganiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene kwakasiyana hakungononoke kuramba kwechinangwa chimwe chete chemushonga uye kugadzirisa basa remushonga, asi zvakare kuderedza huwandu hwemishonga yezvipembenene uye kuderedza njodzi yekufumurwa kwezvakatipoteredza, zvichipa tarisiro yakakura yekudzikiswa kwematambudziko esainzi ari pamusoro uye kushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene. Naizvozvo, bepa rino rine chinangwa chekutsanangura tsvagiridzo yekusanganiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene neonicotinoid uye zvimwe zvipembenene zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa chaiko kwekurima, kuvhara mishonga yezvipembenene ye organophosphorus, carbamate pesticides, pyrethroids Kuti ipe chirevo chesainzi chekushandisa zvine musoro uye kutonga kwakanaka kweneonicotinoid. mishonga yezvipembenene.
1 Kufambira mberi mukusanganiswa nemishonga yezvipembenene inonzi organophosphorus
Organophosphorus mishonga inouraya zvipembenene mukutanga kudzora zvipembenene munyika yangu. Ivo vanodzivisa kuita kweacetylcholinesterase uye kunokanganisa yakajairika neurotransmission, zvichikonzera kufa kwezvipembenene. Organophosphorus mishonga yezvipembenene ine nguva yakareba yakasara, uye matambudziko eecological chepfu uye kuchengetedza kwevanhu nemhuka kwakakurumbira. Kuzvibatanidza neonicotinoid mishonga yezvipembenene kunogona kunyatsogadzirisa matambudziko esainzi ari pamusoro. Kana muyero wemukomboni weimidacloprid uye wakajairwa organophosphorus mishonga yezvipembenene malathion, chlorpyrifos uye phoxim iri 1:40-1:5, kudzora mhedzisiro pamagonye ereki kuri nani, uye co-toxicity coefficient inogona kusvika 122.6-338.6 (ona Tafura 1). . Pakati pavo, iyo munda wekutonga mhedzisiro ye imidacloprid uye phoxim pakubata chibharo aphid yakakwira se90.7% kusvika 95.3%, uye nguva inoshanda inopfuura mwedzi 7. Panguva imwecheteyo, kugadzirira kwekomboni ye imidacloprid uye phoxim (zita rekutengeserana reDiphimide) rakashandiswa pa900 g / hm2, uye simba rekutonga pakubata chibharo aphid munguva yose yekukura yakanga inopfuura 90%. Kugadzirira kwekomboni ye thiamethoxam, acephate uye chlorpyrifos ine basa rakanaka rekuuraya zvipembenene kurwisa kabichi, uye co-toxicity coefficient inosvika 131.1 kusvika 459.0. Mukuwedzera, apo chiyero che thiamethoxam uye chlorpyrifos chaiva 1: 16, hafu-inouraya concentration (LC50 value) yeS. striatellus yaiva 8.0 mg / L, uye co-toxicity coefficient yaiva 201.12; Excellent effect. Kana iyo yekomboni reshiyo ye nitenpyram ne chlorpyrifos yaive 1∶30, yaive yakanaka synergistic mhedzisiro pakutonga kwewhite-backed planthopper, uye kukosha kweLC50 kwaingova 1.3 mg/L. Iko kusanganiswa kwecyclopentapyr, chlorpyrifos, triazophos, uye dichlorvos kune yakanaka synergistic mhedzisiro pakutonga kwegorosi hove, donje bollworm uye flea beetle, uye co-toxicity coefficient i134.0-280.0. Pakasanganiswa fluoropyranone nephoxim mureshiyo ye1:4, co-toxicity coefficient yaive 176.8, iyo yairatidza kupindirana kuri pachena kwekutonga kwemagonye ane makore mana.
Kupfupisa, neonicotinoid pesticides inowanzobatanidzwa ne organophosphorus pesticides yakadai semalathion, chlorpyrifos, phoxim, acephate, triazophos, dichlorvos, nezvimwewo. Kubudirira kwekutonga kunovandudzwa, uye kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza zvakaderedzwa zvinobudirira. Zvinokurudzirwa kuenderera mberi nekugadzira gadziriro yekomboniti yezvipembenene neonicotinoid, phoxim uye malathion, uye nekuwedzera kushandisa mabhenefiti ekudzora ekugadzirira kwekomboni.
2 Kufambira mberi mukusanganiswa nemishonga yezvipembenene yecarbamate
Carbamate pesticides inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukurima, masango, uye kupfuya mhuka nekudzivisa mabasa ezvipembenene acetylcholinease uye carboxylesterase, zvichikonzera kuunganidzwa kweacetylcholine uye carboxylesterase nekuuraya zvipembenene. Nguva ipfupi, uye dambudziko rekurwisa zvipembenene rakakura. Nguva yekushandiswa kwecarbamate pesticides inogona kuwedzerwa nekubatanidza neonicotinoid pesticides. Apo imidacloprid uye isoprocarb zvakashandiswa mukutonga kwewhite-backed planthopper pachiyero che7: 400, co-toxicity coefficient yakasvika pakakwirira, iyo yaiva 638.1 (ona Tafura 1). Kana reshiyo yeimidacloprid uye iprocarb yaive 1∶16, mhedzisiro yekudzora mupunga planthopper ndiyo yainyanya kuoneka, co-toxicity coefficient yaive 178.1, uye nguva yemhedzisiro yaive yakareba kupfuura yedosi rimwe chete. Chidzidzo ichi chakaratidzawo kuti 13% microencapsulated kumiswa kwethiamethoxam uye carbosulfan yaive yakanaka yekudzora maitiro uye chengetedzo pagorosi hove mumunda. d yakawedzera kubva pa97.7% kusvika pa98.6%. Mushure me48% acetamiprid necarbosulfan dispersible oil suspension yakaiswa pa36～60 g ai/hm2, kudzora maaphid edonje aive 87.1% -96.9%, uye nguva inoshanda inogona kusvika mazuva gumi nemana, uye donje Aphid vavengi venyama vakachengeteka. .
Kupfupisa, mishonga yezvipembenene neonicotinoid inowanzosanganiswa neisoprocarb, carbosulfan, zvichingodaro, izvo zvinogona kunonotsa kurwisa kwezvipembenene zvinotangwa zvakaita seBemisia tabaci nemaaphid, uye zvinokwanisa kurebesa nguva yemishonga yezvipembenene. , kudzora mhedzisiro yegadziriro yekomboni iri nani zvakanyanya pane iyo yemumiriri mumwechete, uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa chaiko kwekurima. Nekudaro, zvinodikanwa kuve wakangwarira kune carbosulfur, iyo yakashata chigadzirwa checarbosulfan, iyo ine muchetura zvakanyanya uye yakarambidzwa mukurima miriwo.
3 Kufambira mberi mukusanganiswa nemishonga yepyrethroid
Pyrethroid insecticides inokonzeresa neurotransmission kusagadzikana nekukanganisa sodium ion migero mutsinga membranes, izvo zvinozotungamira mukufa kwezvipembenene. Nekuda kwekudyara kwakanyanya, detoxification uye kugona kwemetabolism yezvipembenene kunowedzerwa, chinangwa chekunzwa chinodzikiswa, uye kuramba zvinodhaka kunogadzirwa nyore. Tafura 1 inonongedza kuti kusanganiswa kwemidacloprid uye fenvalerate kune zvirinani kudzora mhedzisiro pamatato aphid, uye co-toxicity coefficient ye2: 3 chiyero inosvika 276.8. Kugadziriswa kwemusanganiswa we imidacloprid, thiamethoxam uye etherethrin inzira inoshanda yekudzivirira mafashama ebrown planthopper, umo imidacloprid ne etherethrin zvakanyatsosanganiswa muchikamu che5: 1, thiamethoxam uye etherethrin muchikamu che7: 1 Kusanganiswa iyo yakanakisa, uye co-toxicity coefficient ndeye 174.3-188.7. Iyo microcapsule suspension compound ye13% thiamethoxam uye 9% beta-cyhalothrin ine yakakosha synergistic effect, uye co-toxicity coefficient ndeye 232, iyo iri muhuwandu hwe123.6- Mukati mehuwandu hwe169.5 g/hm2, simba rekutonga Fodya yefodya inogona kusvika pa90%, uye ndiwo mushonga mukuru wezvipembenene wekudzora fodya tupukanana. Apo clothianidin uye beta-cyhalothrin zvakasanganiswa pachiyero che1: 9, co-toxicity coefficient yeflea beetle yaiva yakakwirira (210.5), iyo yakanonoka kuitika kwe clothianidin kuramba. Apo reshiyo dzeacetamiprid kune bifenthrin, beta-cypermethrin nefenvalerate dzaive 1:2, 1:4 uye 1:4, co-toxicity coefficient yaive yepamusoro-soro, kubva pa409.0 kusvika pa630.6. Apo reshiyo dze thiamethoxam:bifenthrin, nitenpyram:beta-cyhalothrin dzese dzaive 5:1, co-toxicity coefficients yaive 414.0 uye 706.0, zvichiteerana, uye mubatanidzwa wekudzora mhedzisiro pamaaphid ndiwo wakanyanya kukosha. Kudzora mhedzisiro ye clothianidin uye beta-cyhalothrin musanganiswa (LC50 kukosha 1.4-4.1 mg / L) pamelon aphid yaive yakanyanya kukwirira kupfuura iyo yeimwe agent (LC50 kukosha 42.7 mg / L), uye kudzora mhedzisiro pamazuva manomwe mushure mekurapwa. pamusoro pe92%.
Parizvino, tekinoroji yekomboni yemishonga yezvipembenene neonicotinoid uye pyrethroid pesticides yakura, uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukudzivirira uye kudzora kwezvirwere uye zvipembenene munyika yangu, izvo zvinononotsa kurwisa kwakanangwa kwepyrethroid pesticides uye kuderedza neonicotinoid pesticides. yakakwirira yakasara uye isina-chinangwa chepfu. Pamusoro pezvo, kusanganiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene neonicotinoid ine deltamethrin, butoxide, zvichingodaro inogona kudzora Aedes aegypti neAnopheles gambiae, inoshingirira kumishonga yepyrethroid, uye inopa nhungamiro yekudzivirira nekudzora tupukanana pasi rese. kukosha.
4 Kufambira mberi mukusanganiswa neamide mishonga yezvipembenene
Amide mishonga yezvipembenene inonyanya kuvharidzira hove nitin receptors yezvipembenene, zvichiita kuti zvipembenene zvirambe zvichibatana uye kuomesa mhasuru uye kufa. Kusanganiswa kwezvipembenene neonicotinoid uye kusanganiswa kwavo kunogona kuderedza kurwisa kwezvipembenene uye kurebesa hupenyu hwavo. Pakudzora twupukanana chaivavarira, co-toxicity coefficient yaive 121.0 kusvika 183.0 (ona Tafura 2). Apo thiamethoxam ne chlorantraniliprole zvakasanganiswa ne 15∶11 kudzora mhute yeB. citricarpa, iyo yepamusoro-soro co-toxicity coefficient yaiva 157.9; thiamethoxam, clothianidin uye nitenpyram zvakasanganiswa ne snailamide Apo chiyero chakanga chiri 10: 1, co-toxicity coefficient yakasvika 170.2-194.1, uye apo chiyero che dinotefuran uye spirulina chaiva 1: 1, co-toxicity coefficient yaiva yakakwirira, uye kudzora mhedzisiro paN. lugens yaishamisa. Apo zviyero zve imidacloprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran uye sflufenamid zvaive 5: 1, 5: 1, 1: 5 uye 10: 1, zvakateerana, maitiro ekudzora aive akanakisa, uye co-toxicity coefficient yaive yakanyanya kunaka. Vaive 245.5, 697.8, 198.6 uye 403.8, zvichiteerana. The control effect against donje aphid (7 days) inogona kusvika 92,4% kusvika 98.1%, uye kudzora mhedzisiro kurwisa diamondback moth (7 mazuva) aigona kusvika 91.9% kusvika 96.8%, uye chikumbiro chaigona yakakura.
Kupfupisa, kusanganiswa kweneonicotinoid uye amide mishonga yezvipembenene haingodzikisi kurwisa kwemishonga yezvipembenene zvinonangwa, asi zvakare inoderedza huwandu hwekushandisa zvinodhaka, inoderedza mutengo wehupfumi, uye inosimudzira budiriro inofambirana nemamiriro ecosystem. Mishonga yeAmide ine mukurumbira mukutonga kwezvipembenene zvinorwisa tupukanana, uye zvine maitiro akanaka ekutsiva mamwe emishonga ine muchetura wakanyanya uye nguva yakareba yasara. Chikamu chemusika chiri kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma, uye vane tarisiro yakakura yebudiriro mukugadzirwa chaiko kwekurima.
5 Kufambira mberi mukusanganiswa nemishonga yezvipembenene inonzi benzoylurea
Benzoylurea insecticides inonzi chitinase synthesis inhibitors, iyo inoparadza zvipembenene nekukanganisa kukura kwadzo. Hazvisi nyore kugadzira kupesana nemamwe marudzi emishonga yezvipembenene, uye inokwanisa kunyatso kudzora zvipembenene zvinotarirwa zvinopikisa organophosphorus nepyrethroid pesticides. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa kwepesticide neonicotinoid. Inogona kuonekwa kubva kuTable 2: kusanganiswa kwemidacloprid, thiamethoxam uye diflubenzuron ine yakanaka synergistic effect pakutonga kwe leek larvae, uye mhedzisiro yacho ndiyo yakanakisisa apo thiamethoxam uye diflubenzuron zvinosanganiswa pa5: 1. Iyo chepfu chinhu chakakwira se207.4. Kana musanganiswa wechikamu checlothianidin neflufenoxuron wakanga uri 2:1, co-toxicity coefficient kurwisana nemakonye erekisi yaiva 176.5, uye simba rekutonga mumunda rakasvika 94.4%. Iko kusanganiswa kwecyclofenapyr nemishonga yezvipembenene yakasiyana-siyana yebenzoylurea yakadai sepolyflubenzuron neflufenoxuron ine hunhu hwakanaka hwekudzora padiamondback moth uye mupunga mashizha roller, ine co-toxicity coefficient ye100.7 kusvika 228.9, iyo inogona kunyatso kudzikisa kudyara kwehuwandu hwemishonga.
Zvichienzaniswa nemishonga yezvipembenene inonzi organophosphorus nepyrethroid, kushandiswa kwakasanganiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene neonicotinoid nebenzoylurea kunoenderana nepfungwa yekuvandudza yemishonga yegirinhi, iyo inogona kunyatso wedzera kudzora spectrum uye kuderedza kuiswa kwemishonga. Mhoteredzo yezvakatipoteredza zvakare yakachengeteka.
6 Kufambira mberi mukubatanidza necrotoxin mishonga yezvipembenene
Neretoxin insecticides is nicotinic acetylcholine receptor inhibitors, iyo inogona kukonzera chepfu yezvipembenene uye kufa nekudzivisa kutapurirwa kwemaitiro emagetsi emagetsi. Nekuda kwekushandiswa kwayo kwakakura, hapana systemic kusveta uye fumigation, zviri nyore kukudziridza kuramba. Kudzora mhedzisiro yemupunga stem borer uye tri stem borer vanhu vakagadzira kusawirirana nekubatanidza neonicotinoid mishonga yezvipembenene yakanaka. Tafura 2 inonongedza: apo imidacloprid uye insecticidal single inosanganiswa muchiyero che2:68, simba rekutonga pazvipembenene zveDiploxin ndiyo yakanakisisa, uye co-toxicity coefficient ndeye 146.7. Kana reshiyo ye thiamethoxam uye mumiririri mumwe chete wezvipembenene iri 1: 1, pane yakakosha synergistic maitiro pachibage aphid, uye co-toxicity coefficient i214.2. The control effect ye40% thiamethoxam·insecticide single suspension agent ichiri yakakwira sezuva regumi neshanu 93.0%～97.0%, inogara kwenguva refu, uye yakachengeteka pakukura kwechibage. Iyo 50% imidacloprid · insecticide ring soluble powder ine yakanakisa kudzora mhedzisiro paapuro yegoridhe mutsara moth, uye kudzora mhedzisiro inosvika 79.8% kusvika 91.7% mazuva gumi nemashanu mushure mekunge chipembenene chatumbuka.
Semushonga wezvipembenene wakazvimiririra wakagadzirwa nenyika yangu, mushonga wezvipembenene unonzwa huswa, unoganhurira kushandiswa kwawo kusvika kumwero wakati. Iko kusanganiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene necrotoxin uye neonicotinoid mishonga inopa mamwe magadzirirwo ekutonga kwezvipembenene zvinonangwa mukugadzirwa chaiko, uye zvakare inyaya yakanaka yekushandisa murwendo rwekusimudzira kwemushonga wezvipembenene.
7 Kufambira mberi mukubatanidza neheterocyclic pesticides
Heterocyclic pesticides ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa uye yakakura nhamba yezvipembenene zvezvipembenene mukugadzirwa kwekurima, uye mazhinji acho ane nguva yakareba yakasara munharaunda uye yakaoma kudzikisa. Iko kusanganiswa neonicotinoid mishonga yezvipembenene inogona kunyatso kudzikisa kuyerwa kweheterocyclic pesticides uye kuderedza phytotoxicity, uye kusanganiswa kweiyo yakaderera-dose mishonga yezvipembenene inogona kuita synergistic mhedzisiro. Inogona kuonekwa kubva paTebhu 3: apo chiyero chemidacloprid uye pymetrozine chiri 1: 3, co-toxicity coefficient inosvika pakakwirira 616.2; Planthopper control inokurumidza-kuita uye inogara. Imidacloprid, dinotefuran uye thiacloprid zvakabatanidzwa ne mesylconazole zvakateerana kudzora mapere ehombe dema gill beetle, mhute yediki cutworm, uye ditch beetle. Thiacloprid, nitenpyram uye chlorothiline zvakabatanidzwa pamwe chete Kusanganiswa kwe mesylconazole kune unhu hwakanaka hwekutonga pane citrus psyllids. Iko kusanganiswa kwe7 neonicotinoid mishonga yezvipembenene yakadai seimidacloprid, thiamethoxam uye chlorfenapyr yakaita synergistic effect pakutonga kwegonye re leek. Kana musanganiswa wetiyamethoxam nefipronil uri 2:1-71:1, co-toxicity coefficient iri 152.2-519.2, musanganiswa wetiyamethoxam nechlorfenapyr uri 217:1, uye co-toxicity coefficient iri 857.4 kudzora maitiro pamujuru. Kusanganiswa kwethiamethoxam nefipronil semushonga wekurapa mbeu kunogona kunyatso dzikisa kuwanda kwetwupukanana hwegorosi mumunda uye kudzivirira mbeu yembeu nemadzinde anenge amera. Kana musanganiswa wereshiyo weacetamiprid nefipronil waive 1:10, kudzora nhunzi isingaurayiwi nemishonga ndiko kwakanyanya kukosha.
Muchidimbu, heterocyclic pesticide compound gadziriro inonyanya fungicides, kusanganisira pyridines, pyrroles uye pyrazoles. Inowanzoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwekurima kupfekedza mbeu, kuvandudza kumera, uye kuderedza zvipembenene nezvirwere. Haina ngozi kune zvirimwa uye zvipenyu zvisina chinangwa. Heterocyclic mishonga yezvipembenene, segadziriro dzakabatanidzwa dzekudzivirira nekudzora tupukanana nezvirwere, dzine basa rakanaka mukusimudzira kukura kwekurima kwakasvibira, zvichiratidza zvakanakira kuchengetedza nguva, basa, hupfumi uye kuwedzera kugadzirwa.
8 Kufambira mberi mukusanganiswa nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene nemishonga yekurima
Mishonga yezvipembenene nemishonga yekurima inononoka kushanda, ine nguva pfupi yekuita, uye inokanganiswa zvakanyanya nemhoteredzo. Nekubatanidza neonicotinoid mishonga yezvipembenene, vanogona kutamba yakanaka synergistic mhedzisiro, kuwedzera iyo control spectrum, uye zvakare kurebesa kushanda uye kugadzirisa kugadzikana. Zvinogona kuonekwa kubva Tafura 3 kuti kusanganiswa kwemidacloprid uye Beauveria bassiana kana Metarhizium anisopliae yakawedzera basa rekuuraya zvipembenene ne 60.0% uye 50.6% maererano mushure me96 h zvichienzaniswa nekushandiswa kweBeauveria bassiana neMetarhizium anisopliae chete. Iko kusanganiswa kwethiamethoxam neMetarhizium anisopliae kunogona kunyatso wedzera kufa kwese uye huwandu hwehutachiona hwehutachiona hwehugi. Chechipiri, kusanganiswa kwemidacloprid uye Metarhizium anisopliae kwakave nekuita kwakasiyana-siyana pakutonga kwezvipembenene zvenguva refu, kunyange zvazvo huwandu hwefungal conidia hwakaderedzwa. Kushandiswa kwakasanganiswa kwemidacloprid nenematodes kunogona kuwedzera huwandu hwehutachiona hwejecha, nekudaro kuvandudza kushingirira kwavo mumunda uye kugona kudzora zvipenyu. Iko kushandiswa kwakabatanidzwa kwe7 neonicotinoid mishonga yezvipembenene uye oxymatrine yakanga ine simba rakanaka rekutonga pamupunga planthopper, uye co-toxicity coefficient yaiva 123.2-173.0. Pamusoro pezvo, iyo co-toxicity coefficient ye clothianidin uye abamectin mumusanganiswa we4: 1 kuBemisia tabaci yaive 171.3, uye kuwirirana kwaive kwakakosha. Kana chiyero chemukomboni chenitenpyram neabamectin chaive 1:4, simba rekutonga paN. lugens kwemazuva manomwe raigona kusvika pa93.1%. Apo chiyero che clothianidin kune spinosad chaiva 5∶44, simba rekutonga raive rakanakisisa kupikisana nevakuru veB citricarpa, ne-co-toxicity coefficient ye 169.8, uye pasina crossover pakati pe spinosad uye neonicotinoids yakawanda yakaratidzwa Resistant, yakasanganiswa nehutano hwakanaka hwekutonga. .
Kubatana kwekutonga kwemishonga yezvipembenene inzvimbo inopisa mukuvandudzwa kwekurima kwegirinhi. Common Beauveria bassiana neMetarhizium anisopliae vane yakanaka synergistic control mhedzisiro nemakemikari ejenti. Imwe biological agent inobatwa nyore nyore nemamiriro ekunze, uye kushanda kwayo hakuna kugadzikana. Kubatanidza neonicotinoid zvipembenene zvinokunda kukanganisa uku. Nepo ichidzikisa huwandu hwemakemikari ejenti, inova nechokwadi chekukurumidza-kuita uye chisingaperi mhedzisiro yeakasanganiswa gadziriro. Iyo yekudzivirira nekudzora spectrum yakawedzerwa, uye mutoro wezvakatipoteredza wakaderedzwa. Iko kusanganiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene uye kemikari inouraya tupukanana inopa pfungwa nyowani yekugadzirwa kwegirinhi mishonga yezvipembenene, uye tarisiro yekushandisa yakakura.
9 Kufambira mberi mukusanganiswa nemimwe mishonga yezvipembenene
Iko kusanganiswa kweneonicotinoid mishonga yezvipembenene nemamwe mishonga yakaratidzawo yakanakisa kudzora mhedzisiro. Inogona kuonekwa kubva paTebhu 3 kuti apo imidacloprid uye thiamethoxam zvakasanganiswa ne tebuconazole semishonga yekurapa mbeu, migumisiro yekutonga pagorosi aphid yakanga yakanaka kwazvo, uye isina chinangwa Biosafety apo ichivandudza kumera kwembeu. Kugadzirira kwemusanganiswa kwemidacloprid, triazolone uye dinconazole kwakaratidza kushanda kwakanaka mukutonga kwezvirwere zvegorosi uye zvipembenene. %～99.1%. Kusanganiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene neonicotinoid uye syringostrobin (1∶20～20∶1) ine synergistic effect padonje aphid. Kana huwandu hwehuwandu hwe thiamethoxam, dinotefuran, nitenpyram uye penpyramid iri 50: 1-1: 50, co-toxicity coefficient iri 129.0-186.0, iyo inogona kudzivirira nekudzora zvinobaya-inoyamwa tupukanana pamuromo. Apo reshiyo ye epoxifen ne phenoxycarb yaiva 1:4, co-toxicity coefficient yaiva 250.0, uye simba rekutonga parice planthopper ndiro rakanyanya kunaka. Iko kusanganiswa kwemidacloprid uye amitimidine kwaive kwakajeka inhibitory effect pakotoni aphid, uye chiyero che synergy chaive chepamusoro apo imidacloprid yaive yakaderera muyero weLC10. Apo huwandu hwehuwandu hwe thiamethoxam uye spirotetramat hwakanga huri 10: 30-30: 10, co-toxicity coefficient yaiva 109.8-246.5, uye pakanga pasina phytotoxic effect. Pamusoro pezvo, zvicherwa zvemafuta ezvipembenene greengrass, diatomaceous pasi uye mamwe mishonga yezvipembenene kana adjuvants akasanganiswa neonicotinoid mishonga yezvipembenene anogona zvakare kuvandudza maitiro ekutonga pane zvinotangwa zvipembenene.
Iko kushandiswa kwemamwe mishonga yezvipembenene kunonyanya kusanganisira triazoles, methoxyacrylates, nitro-aminoguanidines, amitraz, quaternary keto acids, mineral oils uye diatomaceous earth, nezvimwewo. mhando dzemishonga yezvipembenene. Mienzaniso inobatanidza inoratidzawo kuti mhando dzakawanda dzemishonga yezvipembenene dzinogona kusanganiswa neonicotinoid mishonga yezvipembenene, ichipa dzimwe sarudzo dzekudzora zvipembenene.
10 Mhedziso uye Outlook
Kushandiswa kwakapararira kwemishonga yezvipembenene neonicotinoid kwakonzera kuwedzera kukuru kwekupokana kwezvipembenene zvinotarirwa, uye kusazvibata kwavo kwezvakatipoteredza uye njodzi dzekufumurwa kwehutano dzave nzvimbo dzazvino dzekutsvagisa uye matambudziko ekushandisa. Iko kurongeka kusanganiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene yakasiyana kana kugadzirwa kwezvipembenene synergistic agents chiyero chakakosha kunonoka kuramba zvinodhaka, kuderedza kushandiswa uye kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka, uye zvakare zano guru rekushandisa kwakasimba kwemishonga yakadai mukugadzirwa chaiko kwekurima. Pepa rino rinoongorora mafambiro ekushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene neonicotinoid pamwe chete nemamwe marudzi emishonga yezvipembenene, uye rinojekesa zvakanakira kusanganisa mishonga yezvipembenene: ① kunonoka kuramba zvinodhaka; ② kunatsiridza kudzora maitiro; ③ kuwedzera kudzora spectrum; ④ kuwedzera nguva yekuita; ⑤ kunatsiridza kukurumidza kuita ⑥ Rongedza kukura kwezvirimwa; ⑦ Kuderedza kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene; ⑧ Kuvandudza njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza; ⑨ Kuderedza mari yehupfumi; ⑩ Kuvandudza mishonga yezvipembenene. Panguva imwecheteyo, kutarisisa kwakanyanya kunofanirwa kubhadharwa kune yakasanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kuratidzwa kwezvakagadzirwa, kunyanya kuchengetedzwa kwezvisina chinangwa zvipenyu (semuenzaniso, vavengi vezvipembenene) uye zvirimwa zvinonzwisisika pamatanho ekukura akasiyana, pamwe nenyaya dzesainzi dzakadai. semisiyano yekudzora mhedzisiro inokonzerwa nekuchinja kwemakemikari maitiro ezvipembenene. Kugadzirwa kwemishonga yechinyakare kunotora nguva uye kushanda nesimba, nekudhura kwakanyanya uye kutenderera kwenguva refu kwekutsvaga nekusimudzira. Sechimwe chiyero chinoshanda, kusanganisa kwemishonga yezvipembenene, kushandisa kwayo zvine musoro, kwesainzi uye kwakamisikidzwa hakungorebesi chete kutenderera kwekushandisa kwemishonga yezvipembenene, asi zvakare inosimudzira kutenderera kwakanaka kwekudzora zvipembenene. Kubudirira kwakasimba kwezvakatipoteredza kunopa tsigiro yakasimba.
Nguva yekutumira: May-23-2022