Sevimbiso yakakosha yezvirimwa zvakagadzikana uye zvinokura, mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene ine basa guru mukudzivirira zvipembenene. Mishonga yeNeonicotinoids ndiyo mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inonyanya kukosha pasi rose. Yakanyoreswa kuti ishandiswe muChina nenyika dzinopfuura 120 dzinosanganisira European Union, United States, neCanada. Mugove wemusika unodarika 25% yepasi rose. Inodzora nicotinic acetylcholinesterase receptors (nAChRs) mutsinga dzezvipembenene, inomisa tsinga dzepakati uye inokonzera kufa kwezvipembenene, uye ine simba guru rekudzora paHomoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, uye kunyange zvipembenene zvinorwisa zvipembenene. Kubva munaGunyana 2021, kune mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yeneonicotinoid gumi nembiri yakanyoreswa munyika yangu, inoti imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, sflufenamid Kune mhando dzezvigadzirwa zvekugadzirira zvinopfuura 3,400 zvinosanganisira nitrile, piperazine, chlorothiline, cycloploprid uye fluoropyranone, pakati pazvo zvigadzirwa zvemakemikari zvinodarika 31%. Amine, dinotefuran, nitenpyram nezvimwewo.
Nekudyara kwakawanda kwemishonga yezvipembenene yeNeonicotinoid munzvimbo yekurima, matambudziko mazhinji esainzi akadai sekusagona kurwisa zvipembenene, njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza, uye hutano hwevanhu zvave pachenawo. Muna 2018, huwandu hwemakotoni emumunda weXinjiang hwakawedzera mwero wepakati nepakati uye wakakwira wekusagona kurwisa zvipembenene zveNeonicotinoid, pakati pazvo kusagona kurwisa imidacloprid, acetamiprid uye thiamethoxam kwakawedzera ne85.2-412 nguva uye 221-777 nguva, zvichiteerana uye 122 kusvika 1,095 nguva. Zvidzidzo zvepasi rose pamusoro pekusagona kurwisa mishonga kwehuwandu hweBemisia tabaci zvakaratidzawo kuti kubva muna 2007 kusvika 2010, Bemisia tabaci yakaratidza kusagona kurwisa zvipembenene zveNeonicotinoid, kunyanya imidacloprid nethiacloprid. Chechipiri, mishonga yezvipembenene yeNeonicotinoid haingokanganisi zvakanyanya huwandu hwevanhu, maitiro ekudya, simba renzvimbo uye thermoregulation yenyuchi, asiwo ine mhedzisiro yakaipa pakukura nekubereka kwehonye dzepasi. Pamusoro pezvo, kubva muna 1994 kusvika 2011, huwandu hwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inonzi neonicotinoid muweti yevanhu hwakawedzera zvakanyanya, zvichiratidza kuti kuunganidzwa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inonzi neonicotinoid mumuviri kwakawedzera gore negore. Kuburikidza ne microdialysis muuropi hwemakonzo, zvakaonekwa kuti clothianidin ne thiamethoxam stress zvinogona kukonzera kuburitswa kwedopamine mumakonzo, uye thiacloprid inogona kukonzera kuwedzera kwemazinga ehormone yethyroid muplasma yemakonzo. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inonzi neonicotinoid inogona kukanganisa kuyamwisa. Kukuvadzwa kwemasisitimu etsinga neendocrine emhuka. Chidzidzo che in vitro model chemasero emapfupa evanhu mesenchymal stem study chakasimbisa kuti nitenpyram inogona kukonzera kukuvara kweDNA uye chromosomal aberrations, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwemarudzi e intracellular reactive oxygen, izvo zvinokanganisa osteogenic differentiation. Zvichibva pane izvi, Canadian Pest Management Agency (PMRA) yakatanga maitiro ekuongorora patsva mimwe mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inonzi neonicotinoid, uye European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) yakarambidzawo nemidacloprid, thiamethoxam neclothianidin.
Kusanganiswa kwemishonga yakasiyana-siyana hakungogumiri pakunonoka kwemishonga imwe chete inouraya zvipembenene uye kuvandudza mashandiro emishonga iyi, asiwo kuderedza huwandu hwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene uye kuderedza njodzi yekusangana nezvakatipoteredza, zvichipa mikana yakakura yekuderedza matambudziko esainzi ari pamusoro apa uye kushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene kwenguva refu. Nokudaro, bepa iri rine chinangwa chekutsanangura tsvakiridzo pamusoro pekubatanidzwa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inonzi neonicotinoid nedzimwe mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukurima chaiko, ichifukidza mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inonzi organophosphorus, carbamate, pyrethroids. Kuti tipe ruzivo rwesainzi rwekushandiswa zvine musoro uye kutarisira zvinobudirira mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inonzi neonicotinoid.
1 Kufambira mberi mukuwedzera mishonga yezvipembenene inonzi organophosphorus
Mishonga yezvipembenene inonzi Organophosphorus ndiyo mishonga yezvipembenene inowanzo shandiswa mukutanga kwekurwisa zvipembenene munyika yangu. Inodzivirira kushanda kweacetylcholinesterase uye inokanganisa kupararira kwetsinga mumuviri, zvichikonzera kufa kwezvipembenene. Mishonga yezvipembenene inonzi Organophosphorus ine nguva yakareba yasara, uye matambudziko echepfu yezvakatipoteredza uye kuchengetedzeka kwevanhu nemhuka anonyanya kuonekwa. Kuisanganisa nemishonga yezvipembenene inonzi neonicotinoid kunogona kuderedza matambudziko esainzi ari pamusoro apa. Kana huwandu hwemishonga yeimidacloprid nemishonga yezvipembenene inonzi organophosphorus malathion, chlorpyrifos nephoxim huri 1:40-1:5, simba rekutonga pahonye dzeleek rinenge riri nani, uye co-toxicity coefficient inogona kusvika 122.6-338.6 (ona Tafura 1). . Pakati padzo, simba rekutonga kwemidacloprid nephoxim parape aphids rinosvika 90.7% kusvika 95.3%, uye nguva inoshanda inopfuura mwedzi 7. Panguva imwe chete, kugadzirwa kwemishonga yeimidacloprid nephoxim (zita rekutengeserana reDiphimide) kwakashandiswa pa900 g/hm2, uye simba rekutonga parape aphids munguva yese yekukura raive rinopfuura 90%. Kugadzirwa kwemishonga yethiamethoxam, acephate nechlorpyrifos kune basa rakanaka rekuuraya zvipembenene pakubikira, uye co-toxicity coefficient inosvika 131.1 kusvika 459.0. Pamusoro pezvo, apo chiyero chethiamethoxam nechlorpyrifos chaive 1:16, huwandu hwehalf-dethal concentration (LC50 value) yeS. striatellus hwaive 8.0 mg/L, uye co-toxicity coefficient hwaive 201.12; Mhedzisiro yakanaka kwazvo. Kana chiyero chemishonga yenitenpyram nechlorpyrifos chaive 1∶30, chaive nemhedzisiro yakanaka yekubatana pakudzora white-backed planthopper, uye kukosha kweLC50 kwaive 1.3 mg/L chete. Kusanganiswa kwecyclopentapyr, chlorpyrifos, triazophos, uye dichlorvos kune simba rakanaka rekubatsirana mukudzora wheat aphids, cotton bollworm uye flea beetle, uye co-toxicity coefficient iri 134.0-280.0. Pakasanganiswa fluoropyranone nephoxim muchikamu che1:4, co-toxicity coefficient yaive 176.8, izvo zvakaratidza simba riri pachena rekudzora leek honye dzine makore mana.
Muchidimbu, mishonga yezvipembenene yeNeonicotinoid inowanzo sanganiswa nemishonga yezvipembenene yeOrganophosphorus yakaita semalathion, chlorpyrifos, phoxim, acephate, triazophos, dichlorvos, nezvimwewo. Kushanda zvakanaka kwekutonga kunovandudzwa, uye kukanganisa nharaunda kunoderedzwa zvinobudirira. Zvinokurudzirwa kuwedzera kugadzira mishonga yezvipembenene yeNeonicotinoid, phoxim nemalathion, uye kuwedzera kushandisa mabhenefiti ekudzora mishonga yezvipembenene.
2 Kufambira mberi mukugadzira mishonga yezvipembenene inonzi carbamate
Mishonga yeCarbamate inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukurima, masango, uye kupfuya mhuka nekudzivisa mashandiro ezvipembenene acetylcholinease necarboxylesterase, zvichikonzera kuunganidzwa kweacetylcholine necarboxylesterase uye kuuraya zvipembenene. Nguva iyi ipfupi, uye dambudziko rekusabatwa nezvipembenene rakakura. Nguva yekushandisa mishonga yezvipembenene yecarbamate inogona kuwedzerwa nekubatanidza mishonga yezvipembenene yeneonicotinoid. Imidacloprid neisoprocarb padzakashandiswa mukudzora white-backed planthopper pachiyero che7:400, co-toxicity coefficient yakasvika pamusoro, yaive 638.1 (ona Tafura 1). Apo chiyero cheimidacloprid neiprocarb chaive 1∶16, mhedzisiro yekudzora rice planthopper ndiyo yakanyanya kujeka, co-toxicity coefficient yaive 178.1, uye nguva yemhedzisiro yaive yakareba kupfuura iyo yedosi imwe chete. Chidzidzo ichi chakaratidzawo kuti 13% microencapsulated suspension yethiamethoxam necarbosulfan yaive nemhedzisiro yakanaka yekudzora uye kuchengetedzeka pazvipembenene zvegorosi mumunda. d yakawedzera kubva pa97.7% kusvika pa98.6%. Mushure mekunge 48% acetamiprid necarbosulfan dispersible oil suspension yaiswa pa36 ~ 60 g ai / hm2, mhedzisiro yekudzora pazvipembenene zvedonje yaive 87.1% ~ 96.9%, uye nguva inoshanda inogona kusvika mazuva gumi nemana, uye vavengi vezvisikwa zvedonje Aphid vakachengeteka.
Muchidimbu, mishonga yezvipembenene yeneonicotinoid inowanzo sanganiswa ne isoprocarb, carbosulfan, nezvimwewo, izvo zvinogona kunonotsa kuramba kwezvipembenene zvakaita seBemisia tabaci ne aphids, uye zvinogona kuwedzera nguva yemishonga yezvipembenene. , simba rekugadzirisa mishonga iyi riri nani pane remushonga mumwe chete, uye rinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukurima chaiko. Zvisinei, zvakakosha kungwarira carbosulfur, chigadzirwa chekuora che carbosulfan, ine chepfu yakawanda uye yakarambidzwa kurimwa mukurima miriwo.
3 Kufambira mberi mukushandisa mishonga yezvipembenene inonzi pyrethroid
Mishonga yezvipembenene inonzi Pyrethroid inokonzera matambudziko e neurotransmission nekukanganisa nzira dze sodium ion mutsinga dzemuviri, izvo zvinozokonzera kufa kwezvipembenene. Nekuda kwekudyara zvakanyanya, kugona kwekubvisa chepfu mumuviri uye metabolism yezvipembenene kunowedzerwa, kunzwa kwechinangwa kunoderedzwa, uye kuramba mishonga kunogadzirwa zviri nyore. Tafura 1 inoratidza kuti kusanganiswa kweimidacloprid nefenvalerate kune simba riri nani rekutonga aphid yembatatisi, uye co-toxicity coefficient ye2:3 ratio inosvika 276.8. Kugadzirwa kwemishonga yeimidacloprid, thiamethoxam ne etherethrin inzira inoshanda yekudzivirira mafashamo e brown planthopper, apo imidacloprid ne etherethrin zvinosanganiswa zviri nani muchiyero che5:1, thiamethoxam ne etherethrin muchiyero che7:1 Kusanganiswa ndiko kwakanakisa, uye co-toxicity coefficient iri 174.3-188.7. Mushonga we microcapsule suspension we13% thiamethoxam uye 9% beta-cyhalothrin une simba guru rekubatana, uye co-toxicity coefficient i232, iri pakati pe123.6- Mukati me169.5 g/hm2, simba rekutonga pafodya aphids rinogona kusvika 90%, uye ndiwo mushonga mukuru wezvipembenene wekutonga zvipembenene zvefodya. Clothianidin ne beta-cyhalothrin pazvakabatanidzwa pachiyero che1:9, co-toxicity coefficient yeflea beetle ndiyo yaive yepamusoro (210.5), izvo zvakanonotsa kuitika kweclothianidin resistance. Kana ratios dze acetamiprid ku bifenthrin, beta-cypermethrin ne fenvalerate dzaive 1:2, 1:4 uye 1:4, co-toxicity coefficient yaive yepamusoro, kubva pa409.0 kusvika 630.6. Kana zviyero zve thiamethoxam:bifenthrin, nitenpyram:beta-cyhalothrin zvese zvaive 5:1, co-toxicity coefficients yaive 414.0 uye 706.0, zvichiteerana, uye mhedzisiro yekudzora yakabatana paaphids ndiyo yakanyanya kukosha. Mhedzisiro yekudzora ye clothianidin ne beta-cyhalothrin musanganiswa (LC50 value 1.4-4.1 mg/L) paaphid yemelon yaive yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura ye single agent (LC50 value 42.7 mg/L), uye mhedzisiro yekudzora pamazuva manomwe mushure mekurapwa yaive yakakwira kupfuura 92%.
Parizvino, tekinoroji yemishonga yezvipembenene yeNeonicotinoid nemishonga yezvipembenene yePyrethroid yakakura, uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukudzivirira nekudzivirira zvirwere nezvipembenene munyika yangu, izvo zvinononotsa kuramba kwemishonga yezvipembenene yePyrethroid uye zvinoderedza chepfu yakawanda uye isina kurongeka. Pamusoro pezvo, kushandiswa pamwe chete kwemishonga yezvipembenene yeNeonicotinoid neDeltamethrin, Butoxide, nezvimwewo kunogona kudzora Aedes aegypti neAnopheles gambiae, izvo zvinodzivirira mishonga yezvipembenene yePyrethroid, uye zvinopa gwara rekudzivirira nekudzivirira zvipembenene zvehutsanana pasi rese.
4 Kufambira mberi mukushandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inonzi amide
Mishonga yezvipembenene inonzi amide inonyanya kudzivirira ma receptors ehove nitin ezvipembenene, zvichiita kuti zvipembenene zvirambe zvichigumira uye zvichiomesa tsandanyama dzazvo zvofa. Kusanganiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene inonzi neonicotinoid pamwe chete nekubatanidzwa kwayo kunogona kuderedza kusasimba kwezvipembenene uye kuwedzera hupenyu hwazvo. Kuti zvidzore zvipembenene zvinotarirwa, co-toxicity coefficient yaive 121.0 kusvika 183.0 (ona Tafura 2). Apo thiamethoxam nechlorantraniliprole zvakasanganiswa ne15∶11 kudzora mabuu eB. citricarpa, co-toxicity coefficient yepamusoro yaive 157.9; thiamethoxam, clothianidin ne nitenpyram zvakasanganiswa nesnainamide Kana chiyero chaive 10:1, co-toxicity coefficient yakasvika 170.2-194.1, uye apo chiyero chedinotefuran nespirulina chaive 1:1, co-toxicity coefficient yaive yepamusoro, uye mhedzisiro yekudzora paN. lugens yaive inoshamisa. Kana zviyero zveimidacloprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran uye sflufenamid zvaive 5:1, 5:1, 1:5 uye 10:1, zvichiteerana, mhedzisiro yekudzora yaive yakanakisa, uye co-toxicity coefficient yaive yakanakisa. Zvaive 245.5, 697.8, 198.6 uye 403.8, zvichiteerana. mhedzisiro yekudzora kurwisa cotton aphid (mazuva manomwe) yaigona kusvika 92.4% kusvika 98.1%, uye mhedzisiro yekudzora kurwisa diamondback moth (mazuva manomwe) yaigona kusvika 91.9% kusvika 96.8%, uye mukana wekushandisa waive mukuru.
Muchidimbu, kusanganiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene inonzi neonicotinoid neamide hakungorerutsi chete kuramba mishonga yezvipembenene zvinovavarira, asiwo kunoderedza kushandiswa kwemishonga, kunoderedza mari inoshandiswa, uye kunokurudzira budiriro inoenderana nenzvimbo yezvakatipoteredza. Mishonga yezvipembenene inonzi Amide inonyanya kukosha mukutonga zvipembenene zvinovavarira kurwisa, uye ine simba rakanaka rekutsiva mimwe mishonga yezvipembenene ine chepfu yakawanda uye nguva yakareba yasara. Mugove wemusika uri kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma, uye vane mikana yakakura yekukura mukurima chaiko.
5 Kufambira mberi mukushandisa mishonga yezvipembenene yebenzoylurea
Mishonga yezvipembenene yeBenzoylurea inodzivirira zvipembenene, iyo inoparadza zvipembenene nekuchinja kukura kwazvo kwakajairika. Hazvisi nyore kugadzira hutachiona hunodzivirira zvipembenene nemamwe marudzi ezvipembenene, uye inogona kudzora zvipembenene zvinorwisa organophosphorus uye pyrethroid pesticides. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumishonga yezvipembenene yeneonicotinoid. Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa kubva paTafura 2: kusanganiswa kweimidacloprid, thiamethoxam uye diflubenzuron kune simba rakanaka rekubatana pakudzora leek larvae, uye mhedzisiro yacho inonyanya kunaka kana thiamethoxam nediflubenzuron zvakawedzerwa pa5:1. Chepfu factor inosvika 207.4. Kana chiyero chekusanganisa checlothianidin neflufenoxuron chaive 2:1, co-toxicity coefficient against leek larvae chaive 176.5, uye control effect mumunda yakasvika 94.4%. Kusanganiswa kwe cyclofenapyr nemishonga yakasiyana-siyana yebenzoylurea yakadai se polyflubenzuron ne flufenoxuron kune simba rakanaka rekudzora diamondback moth ne rice leaf roller, ine co-toxicity coefficient ye100.7 kusvika 228.9, izvo zvinogona kuderedza zvinobudirira mari inoshandiswa mumishonga yezvipembenene.
Zvichienzaniswa nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inonzi organophosphorus nepyrethroid, kushandiswa pamwe chete kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inonzi neonicotinoid nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inonzi benzoylurea kunoenderana zvikuru nepfungwa yekuvandudza mishonga inouraya zvipembenene yakasvibira, iyo inogona kuwedzera simba rekutonga uye kuderedza kupinda kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene. Nzvimbo yezvakatipoteredza yakachengetekawo.
6 Kufambira mberi mukushandisa mishonga yezvipembenene inonzi necrotoxin
Mishonga yezvipembenene inonzi Neretoxin inodzivirira zvipembenene kubva kuNicotinic Acetylcholine receptor inhibitors, iyo inogona kukonzera chepfu yezvipembenene nerufu nekudzivirira kutapurirana kwema neurotransmitters. Nekuda kwekushandiswa kwayo kwakakura, pasina kusveta kana kufuridzira, zviri nyore kukura kwe resistance. Mhedzisiro yekudzora kweboka rerice stem borer netri stem borer dzakakura dzisingagoni kudziviswa nekubatanidza mishonga yeNeonicotinoid insecticide yakanaka. Tafura 2 inoratidza: kana imidacloprid ne insecticidal single zvikabatanidzwa muchiyero che2:68, mhedzisiro yekudzora pazvipembenene zveDiploxin ndiyo yakanakisa, uye co-toxicity coefficient i146.7. Kana chiyero chethiamethoxam ne insecticidal single agent chiri 1:1, pane mhedzisiro yakakosha yekubatana pacorn aphids, uye co-toxicity coefficient i214.2. Kudzora kwe40% thiamethoxam·insecticide single suspension agent kuchiri kwakakwirira sezuva rechi15 93.0% ～97.0%, kunoshanda kwenguva refu, uye kwakachengeteka pakukura kwechibage. 50% imidacloprid·insecticide ring soluble powder ine simba rakanaka pakurwisa apple golden stripe moth, uye kudzora kunoshanda se79.8% kusvika 91.7% mazuva gumi nemashanu mushure mekunge zvipembenene zvatumbuka zvizere.
Semushonga wezvipembenene wakagadzirwa wega nenyika yangu, mushonga wezvipembenene unobatwa nehuswa, izvo zvinoderedza kushandiswa kwawo kusvika pamwero wakati. Kusanganiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene inonzi necrotoxin nemishonga yezvipembenene inonzi neonicotinoid kunopa mhinduro dzakawanda dzekudzora zvipembenene zvinotarirwa mukugadzirwa chaiko, uye zvakare muenzaniso wakanaka wekushandiswa murwendo rwekugadzira mishonga yezvipembenene.
7 Kufambira mberi mukushandisa mishonga yezvipembenene inonzi heterocyclic
Mishonga yezvipembenene inonzi Heterocyclic ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa uye huwandu hukuru hwemishonga yezvipembenene zveorganic mukurima, uye yakawanda yacho ine nguva yakareba yasara munzvimbo uye yakaoma kuiparadza. Kusanganiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene inonzi neonicotinoid kunogona kuderedza zvakanyanya huwandu hwemishonga yezvipembenene inonzi heterocyclic uye kuderedza phytotoxicity, uye kusanganiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene ine dose shoma kunogona kuita synergistic effect. Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa kubva paTafura 3: kana huwandu hwemishonga yeimidacloprid nepymetrozine huri 1:3, co-toxicity coefficient inosvika pakakwirira 616.2; Planthopper control inokurumidza uye inogara kwenguva refu. Imidacloprid, dinotefuran nethiacloprid zvakasanganiswa nemesylconazole zvakateerana kudzora zvipembenene zvegiant black gill beetle, zvipembenene zvesmall cutworm, uye ditch beetle. Thiacloprid, nitenpyram nechlorothiline zvakateerana zvakasanganiswa. Kusanganiswa kwemesylconazole kune simba rakanaka rekudzora pacitrus psyllids. Kusanganiswa kwemishonga minomwe yezvipembenene inonzi neonicotinoid yakaita seimidacloprid, thiamethoxam uye chlorfenapyr kwakaita kuti pave nekubatana pakati pemagonye emuchindwe. Kana chiyero chekuwedzera chethiamethoxam nefipronil chiri 2:1-71:1, chiyero chekuwedzera pakati pemagonye chiri 152.2-519.2, chiyero chekuwedzera pakati pethiamethoxam nechlorfenapyr chiri 217:1, uye chiyero chekuwedzera pakati pemagonye chiri 857.4, zvine simba guru rekudzora zvipembenene. Kusanganiswa kwethiamethoxam nefipronil semushonga wekurapa mbeu kunogona kuderedza huwandu hwezvipembenene zvegorosi mumunda uye kudzivirira mbeu dzezvirimwa nembeu dzakamera. Kana chiyero chakasanganiswa cheacetamiprid nefipronil chiri 1:10, kudzora nhunzi dzemumba dzisingarapike nemishonga ndiko kwakanyanya kukosha.
Muchidimbu, mishonga yezvipembenene inonzi heterocyclic pesticide inonyanya kushandiswa semishonga inouraya fungi, kusanganisira pyridines, pyrroles uye pyrazoles. Inowanzoshandiswa mukurima kugadzira mbeu, kuvandudza kumera kwembeu, uye kuderedza zvipembenene nezvirwere. Yakachengeteka kuzvirimwa nezvisikwa zvisingatarisirwi. Mishonga yezvipembenene inonzi heterocyclic pesticide, semishonga yakabatanidzwa yekudzivirira nekudzora zvipembenene nezvirwere, ine basa rakanaka mukusimudzira kukura kwekurima kwezvirimwa, zvichiratidza zvakanakira kuchengetedza nguva, vashandi, hupfumi uye kuwedzera kugadzirwa.
8 Kufambira mberi mukushandisa mishonga yezvipembenene yebhayoloji nemishonga yemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yekurima
Mishonga yezvipembenene inouraya zvipembenene nemishonga yekurima inononoka kushanda, ine simba kwenguva pfupi, uye inokanganiswa zvikuru nenharaunda. Nekubatanidza mishonga yezvipembenene inonzi neonicotinoid, inogona kuita basa rakanaka rekubatana, kuwedzera simba rekutonga, uye kuwedzera kushanda kwayo uye kuvandudza kugadzikana. Zvinogona kuonekwa kubva paTafura 3 kuti kusanganiswa kweimidacloprid neBeauveria bassiana kana Metarhizium anisopliae kwakawedzera basa rekuuraya zvipembenene ne60.0% uye 50.6% zvichiteerana mushure memaawa 96 zvichienzaniswa nekushandiswa kweBeauveria bassiana neMetarhizium anisopliae chete. Kusanganiswa kwethiamethoxam neMetarhizium anisopliae kunogona kuwedzera kufa kwevanhu uye huwandu hwehutachiona hwefungus hwehuswa. Chechipiri, kusanganiswa kweimidacloprid neMetarhizium anisopliae kwaive nemhedzisiro yakakura yekubatana pakutonga kwehuswa hune nyanga refu, kunyangwe huwandu hwehuswa hwefungi hwakaderedzwa. Kushandiswa kwemidacloprid nematodes musanganiswa kunogona kuwedzera huwandu hwehutachiona hwesandflies, nokudaro zvichivandudza kugara kwadzo mumunda uye kugona kwadzo kudzora zvipenyu. Kushandiswa pamwe chete kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene yeneonicotinoid inokwana 7 neoxymatrine kwakabatsira zvikuru pakudzora zvirimwa zvemupunga, uye co-toxicity coefficient yaive 123.2-173.0. Pamusoro pezvo, co-toxicity coefficient yeclothianidin neabamectin mumusanganiswa we4:1 neBemisia tabaci yaive 171.3, uye kubatana kwaive kwakakosha. Kana compound ratio yenitenpyram neabamectin yaive 1:4, control effect paN. lugens kwemazuva manomwe yaigona kusvika 93.1%. Kana clothianidin nespinosad yaive 5∶44, control effect yaive yakanakisisa pakurwisa B. citricarpa adults, ine co-toxicity coefficient ye169.8, uye pasina crossover pakati pespinosad neneonicotinoids dzakawanda yakaratidzwa Inodzivirira, pamwe chete ne control effect yakanaka.
Kudzora pamwe chete mishonga yezvipembenene zvezvipenyu inzvimbo inonyanya kukosha mukukura kwekurima kwezvirimwa. Common Beauveria bassiana neMetarhizium anisopliae zvine simba rakanaka rekudzora mishonga yemakemikari. Chinhu chimwe chete chezvipenyu chinokanganisa zviri nyore nemamiriro ekunze, uye kushanda kwacho hakuna kugadzikana. Kusanganisa mishonga yezvipembenene yeneonicotinoid kunokunda kukanganisa uku. Nepo ichideredza huwandu hwemishonga yemakemikari, zvinoita kuti mishonga yemishonga yemishonga ishande nekukurumidza uye kwenguva refu. Kudzivirira nekudzora kwakawedzerwa, uye mutoro wezvakatipoteredza waderedzwa. Kusanganiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene zvezvipenyu nemakemikari yemakemikari kunopa pfungwa itsva yekuvandudza mishonga yezvipembenene yegirini, uye mukana wekushandisa mishonga iyi wakakura.
9 Kufambira mberi mukugadzira mishonga yezvipembenene
Kusanganiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inonzi neonicotinoid nedzimwe mishonga inouraya zvipembenene kwakaratidzawo mhedzisiro yakanaka kwazvo yekudzora. Zvinogona kuonekwa kubva paTafura 3 kuti apo imidacloprid nethiamethoxam zvakasanganiswa netebuconazole semishonga yekurapa mbeu, mhedzisiro yekudzora pa aphid yegorosi yaive yakanaka kwazvo, uye kwete Biosafety ukuwo ichivandudza mwero wekumera kwembeu. Kugadzirwa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inonzi imidacloprid, triazolone nedinconazole kwakaratidza mhedzisiro yakanaka mukudzora zvirwere zvegorosi nezvipembenene. %～99.1%. Kusanganiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inonzi neonicotinoid nesyringostrobin (1∶20～20∶1) kune mhedzisiro yakajeka yekubatana pa aphid yedonje. Kana chiyero chehukuru chethiamethoxam, dinotefuran, nitenpyram nepenpyramid chiri 50:1-1:50, co-toxicity coefficient iri 129.0-186.0, iyo inogona kudzivirira uye kudzora zvipembenene zvinobaya-zvinosveta muromo. Kana chiyero che epoxifen ne phenoxycarb chaive 1:4, co-toxicity coefficient yaive 250.0, uye control effect pa rice planthopper yaive yakanakisisa. Kusanganiswa kwe imidacloprid ne amitimidine kwaive nemhedzisiro yakajeka yekudzivirira cotton aphid, uye synergy rate yaive yepamusoro apo imidacloprid yaive dose yakaderera yeLC10. Kana mass ratio ye thiamethoxam ne spirotetramat yaive 10:30-30:10, co-toxicity coefficient yaive 109.8-246.5, uye pakanga pasina phytotoxic effect. Pamusoro pezvo, mineral oil pesticides greengrass, diatomaceous earth nezvimwe zvipembenene kana adjuvants zvakasanganiswa ne neonicotinoid pesticides zvinogonawo kuvandudza control effect pazvipembenene zvainangwa.
Kushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene mumimwe mishonga inouraya zvipembenene kunosanganisira triazoles, methoxyacrylates, nitro-aminoguanides, amitraz, quaternary keto acids, mineral oils uye diatomaceous earth, nezvimwewo. Pakuongorora mishonga inouraya zvipembenene, tinofanira kungwarira dambudziko re phytotoxicity uye kuona zvinobudirira maitiro aripo pakati pemhando dzakasiyana dzemishonga inouraya zvipembenene. Mienzaniso inowedzera inoratidzawo kuti mhando dzakawanda dzemishonga inouraya zvipembenene dzinogona kuwedzerwa nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inonzi neonicotinoid, zvichipa dzimwe nzira dzekudzivirira zvipembenene.
10 Mhedziso uye Maonero
Kushandiswa zvakanyanya kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inonzi neonicotinoid kwakaita kuti pave nekuwedzera kukuru kwekusagona kurwisa zvipembenene, uye kusakwana kwayo muzvinhu zvipenyu nenjodzi dzekusangana nehutano zvava nzvimbo dzinotsvagurudza uye matambudziko ekushandiswa. Kusanganisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene zvakasiyana-siyana kana kugadzira mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inzira yakakosha yekunonotsa kusagona kurwisa mishonga, kuderedza kushandiswa kwayo uye kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka, uye zvakare inzira huru yekushandiswa kwenguva refu kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakadaro mukurima chaiko. Pepa iri rinoongorora kufambira mberi kwekushandiswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inonzi neonicotinoid pamwe chete nedzimwe mhando dzemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, uye rinojekesa zvakanakira kubatanidzwa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene: ① kunonoka kusagona kurwisa mishonga; ② kuvandudza simba rekudzora; ③ kuwedzera simba rekudzora; ④ kuwedzera nguva yekushanda kwayo; ⑤ kuvandudza simba nekukurumidza ⑥ Kudzora kukura kwezvirimwa; ⑦ Deredza kushandiswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene; ⑧ Kuvandudza njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza; ⑨ Deredza mari yehupfumi; ⑩ Kuvandudza mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yemakemikari. Panguva imwe chete, kutarisisa kukuru kunofanirwa kupihwa pakusanganiswa kwemishonga iyi munzvimbo yakapoteredza, kunyanya kuchengetedzeka kwezvisikwa zvisiri zvekutapukirwa (semuenzaniso, vavengi vezvipembenene) uye zvirimwa zvinonzwa zviri nyore pamatanho akasiyana ekukura, pamwe nenyaya dzesainzi dzakadai sekusiyana kwemhedzisiro yekudzora inokonzerwa nekuchinja kwehunhu hwemakemikari emishonga inouraya zvipembenene. Kugadzirwa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene yechinyakare kunotora nguva uye kunoda simba, nemitengo yakakwira uye kutenderera kwenguva refu kwekutsvaga nekugadzira. Seimwe nzira inoshanda, kuwedzera mishonga inouraya zvipembenene, kushandiswa kwayo zvine musoro, zvesainzi uye zvakajairwa hakungorerutsi chete kutenderera kwekushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene, asiwo kunokurudzira kutenderera kwakanaka kwekutonga zvipembenene. Kubudirira kwakasimba kwezvakatipoteredza kunotsigira zvakasimba.
Nguva yekutumira: Chivabvu-23-2022