Kupfapfaidza mishonga inosara mumba (IRS) ndiyo nzira huru yekuedza kudzora hutachiona hwe visceral leishmaniasis (VL) muIndia. Zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezvemhedzisiro yeIRS controls pamhando dzakasiyana dzemhuri. Pano tinoongorora kana IRS ichishandisa mishonga inouraya zvipembenene ine mhedzisiro imwechete uye yekupindira kune mhando dzese dzemhuri dziri mumusha. Takagadzirawo mamapu enjodzi dzenzvimbo pamwe chete uye mosquito density analysis models zvichibva pahunhu hwemhuri, kunzwisiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene, uye mamiriro eIRS kuti tiongorore kupararira kwezvipembenene munzvimbo imwe chete padanho re microscale.
Chidzidzo ichi chakaitwa mumisha miviri yeMahnar block mudunhu reVaishali kuBihar. Kudzora maVL vectors (P. argentipes) neIRS vachishandisa mishonga miviri yekuuraya zvipembenene [dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 50%) uye synthetic pyrethroids (SP 5%)] kwakaongororwa. Kushanda kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene panguva imwe chete pamadziro akasiyana kwakaongororwa uchishandisa nzira ye cone bioassay sezvakakurudzirwa neWorld Health Organization. Kunzwa kwe native silverfish kumishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene kwakaongororwa uchishandisa in vitro bioassay. Pre- uye post-IRS mosquito densities mudzimba nemhuka dzakachengetwa kwakaongororwa uchishandisa light traps dzakaiswa neCenters for Disease Control kubva na6:00 pm kusvika na6:00 am. Muenzaniso wakakodzera wekuongorora huwandu hwemhombwe wakagadzirwa uchishandisa multiple logistic regression analysis. GIS-based spatial analysis technology yakashandiswa kuronga kupararira kwevector pesticide sensitivity nerudzi rwemhuri, uye mamiriro emhuri IRS akashandiswa kutsanangura spatiotemporal distribution yesilver shrimp.
Umhutu hwesirivha hunonyanya kubatwa neSP (100%), asi hunoratidza kusabatwa neDDT zvakanyanya, nehuwandu hwerufu hwe49.1%. SP-IRS yakataurwa kuti yakagamuchirwa neveruzhinji kupfuura DDT-IRS pakati pemarudzi ese emhuri. Kushanda kwezvipenyu zvakasara kwakasiyana pamadziro akasiyana; hapana kana chimwe chezvipembenene chakazadzisa nguva yakakurudzirwa neWorld Health Organisation's IRS yekushanda. Munguva dzese dzeIRS mushure meIRS, kuderedzwa kwezvipembenene zvinonhuwa nekuda kweSP-IRS kwaive kwakakura pakati pemapoka emhuri (kureva, masprayers nevarindi) kupfuura DDT-IRS. Mepu yenjodzi yenzvimbo yakabatana inoratidza kuti SP-IRS ine simba rekutonga zviri nani paumhutu kupfuura DDT-IRS munzvimbo dzese dzemhuri dzine njodzi. Kuongororwa kwekuongorora kwehurongwa hwakawanda kwakaratidza zvinhu zvishanu zvine njodzi zvakabatana zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwemashrimp esirivha.
Mhedzisiro yacho ichapa kunzwisisa kuri nani kwemaitiro eIRS mukudzora visceral leishmaniasis muBihar, izvo zvinogona kubatsira kutungamira zvirongwa zveramangwana zvekuvandudza mamiriro acho ezvinhu.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), inozivikanwawo sekala-azar, chirwere chinotapuriranwa nezvipembenene zvinopararira munzvimbo dzinopisa chinokonzerwa nezvipembenene zveprotozoan zverudzi rweLeishmania. MuIndian subcontinent (IS), uko vanhu vari ivo vega vanogara mudura, hutachiona (kureva Leishmania donovani) hunotapuriranwa kuvanhu kuburikidza nekurumwa neumhutu hwechikadzi hune hutachiona (Phlebotomus argentipes) [1, 2]. MuIndia, VL inowanikwa zvakanyanya munyika ina dzepakati nedzekumabvazuva: Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal neUttar Pradesh. Kumwe kubuda kwechirwere kwakataurwawo muMadhya Pradesh (Central India), Gujarat (Western India), Tamil Nadu neKerala (South India), pamwe nenzvimbo dziri pasi peHimalayan kuchamhembe kweIndia, kusanganisira Himachal Pradesh neJammu neKashmir. 3]. Pakati penyika dziri mudura, Bihar inonyanya kupararira, matunhu makumi matatu nematatu ane VL achitora anopfuura 70% yehuwandu hwezvirwere muIndia gore rega rega [4]. Vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni makumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe munharaunda iyi vari panjodzi, uye avhareji yevanhu vanobatwa nechirwere ichi pagore inosvika 6,752 (2013-2017).
MuBihar nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeIndia, kuedza kudzora VL kunoenderana nenzira nhatu huru: kuona chirwere ichi nekukurumidza, kurapwa kwakanaka, uye kudzora zvipembenene uchishandisa mushonga wezvipembenene (IRS) mudzimba nedzimba dzemhuka [4, 5]. Semhedzisiro yekurwisa malaria, IRS yakabudirira kudzora VL muma1960 ichishandisa dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 50% WP, 1 g ai/m2), uye kudzora kwepurogiramu kwakakwanisa kudzora VL muna 1977 na1992 [5, 6]. Zvisinei, zvidzidzo zvechangobva kuitwa zvakasimbisa kuti silverbellied shrimps dzakatanga kusakwanisa kurwisa DDT [4,7,8]. Muna 2015, National Vector Borne Disease Control Program (NVBDCP, New Delhi) yakachinja IRS kubva kuDDT kuenda kumishonga ye synthetic pyrethroids (SP; alpha-cypermethrin 5% WP, 25 mg ai/m2) [7, 9]. Sangano reWorld Health Organization (WHO) rakaisa chinangwa chekubvisa chirwere cheVL panosvika gore ra2020 (kureva kuti <1 munhu pavanhu 10,000 pagore padanho remugwagwa/block) [10]. Zvidzidzo zvakati wandei zvakaratidza kuti IRS inoshanda kupfuura dzimwe nzira dzekudzora zvipembenene mukuderedza kuwanda kwezvipembenene zvejecha [11,12,13]. Imwe nzira ichangobva kuitwa inofanotaurawo kuti munzvimbo dzakanyanya kupararira kwezvirwere (kureva, huwandu hwezvirwere zvejecha husati hwatanga kupararira hwe5/10,000), IRS inoshanda inofukidza 80% yemhuri inogona kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvekubvisa chirwere ichi gore rimwe kusvika matatu rapfuura [14]. VL inokanganisa nharaunda dzemaruwa dzine urombo hwakanyanya munzvimbo dzakapararira uye kudzora zvipembenene zvavo kunongovimba neIRS chete, asi kukanganisa kwasara kwechirongwa ichi chekudzora pamhando dzakasiyana dzemhuri hakuna kumbodzidzwa mumunda munzvimbo dzekupindira [15, 16]. Pamusoro pezvo, mushure mekushanda nesimba kurwisa chirwere ichi, denda iri mumimwe misha rakagara kwemakore akati wandei uye rakashanduka kuva nzvimbo dzinopisa [17]. Saka, zvakakosha kuongorora kukanganisa kwasara kweIRS pakutarisa kuwanda kweumhutu mumhando dzakasiyana dzemhuri. Pamusoro pezvo, microscale geospatial risk mapping ichabatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani nekudzora huwandu hweumhutu kunyangwe mushure mekupindira. Geographic information systems (GIS) musanganiswa wedhijitari mapping matekinoroji anogonesa kuchengetwa, kufukidza, kushandisa, kuongorora, kutora uye kuona data rakasiyana renzvimbo uye magariro evanhu kune zvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana [18, 19, 20]. . Global positioning system (GPS) inoshandiswa kudzidza nzvimbo yenzvimbo yezvikamu zvepasi [21, 22]. GIS neGPS-based spatial modelling maturusi uye matekiniki akashandiswa kune akati wandei epidemiological mativi, akadai sekuongorora nzvimbo nenguva uye nguva yezvirwere uye kufanotaura kubuda kwechirwere, kushandisa uye kuongorora nzira dzekudzora, kusangana kwezvirwere nezvinhu zvakatipoteredza, uye spatial risk mapping. [20,23,24,25,26]. Ruzivo rwakaunganidzwa uye rwunobva kumageospatial risk maps runogona kubatsira matanho ekudzora panguva yakakodzera uye inoshanda.
Chidzidzo ichi chakaongorora kushanda zvakanaka uye mhedzisiro yeDDT neSP-IRS intervention padanho remhuri pasi peNational VL Vector Control Program muBihar, India. Zvimwe zvinangwa zvaive zvekugadzira mepu yenjodzi yenzvimbo pamwe nemuenzaniso wekuongorora huwandu hweumhutu zvichibva pahunhu hwekugara, hutachiona hwezvipembenene, uye mamiriro eIRS emhuri kuti vaongorore huwandu hwekupararira kweumhutu hudiki munzvimbo.
Chidzidzo ichi chakaitwa muMahnar block yedunhu reVaishali kumahombekombe ekuchamhembe kweGanga (Mufananidzo 1). Makhnar inzvimbo ine vanhu vakawanda, ine avhareji ye56.7 yezvirwere zveVL pagore (zviitiko 170 muna 2012-2014), huwandu hwezviitiko zvepagore i2.5–3.7 pavanhu 10,000; Misha miviri yakasarudzwa: Chakeso senzvimbo yekudzora (Mufananidzo 1d1; hapana vanhu vane chirwere cheVL mumakore mashanu apfuura) uye Lavapur Mahanar senzvimbo ine vanhu vakawanda (Mufananidzo 1d2; ine vanhu vakawanda, ine vanhu 5 kana kupfuura pavanhu 1000 pagore). mumakore mashanu apfuura). Misha yakasarudzwa zvichibva pane zvinhu zvitatu zvikuru: nzvimbo uye kusvikika (kureva kuti iri parwizi rune vanhu vakawanda vanosvikika gore rose), hunhu hwevanhu uye huwandu hwemhuri (kureva kuti mhuri dzinenge 200; Chaqueso ine mhuri 202 ne204 dzine huwandu hwemhuri hunosvika). Vanhu 4.9 ne5.1) uye Lavapur Mahanar zvichiteerana) uye rudzi rwemhuri (HT) uye rudzi rwekupararira kwadzo (kureva HT yakasanganiswa yakapararira zvisina tsarukano). Misha yese iri miviri iri mukati me500 m kubva muguta reMakhnar nechipatara chedunhu. Chidzidzo chakaratidza kuti vagari vemumisha yekutsvagisa vaibatanidzwa zvakanyanya mumabasa ekutsvagisa. Dzimba dziri mumusha wekudzidzira [dzine kamuri yekurara 1-2 ine bharukoni rimwe chete rakabatana, kicheni imwe, imba yekugezera imwe uye danga rimwe chete (rakabatana kana rakaparadzana)] dzine madziro ezvidhinha/matope uye pasi pevhu, madziro ezvidhinha ane plaster yesimende yelime. uye pasi pesimende, madziro ezvidhinha asina kupurasitwa uye asina kupendwa, pasi pevhu nedenga reuswa. Dunhu rese reVaishali rine mamiriro ekunze ane hunyoro ane mwaka wemvura (Chikunguru kusvika Nyamavhuvhu) uye mwaka wekusanaya kwemvura (Mbudzi kusvika Zvita). Avhareji yemvura inonaya pagore i720.4 mm (736.5-1076.7 mm), hunyoro 65±5% (16-79%), avhareji yekupisa kwemwedzi 17.2-32.4°C. Chivabvu naChikumi ndiyo mwedzi inodziya zvikuru (39–44°C), ukuwo Ndira ndiyo inotonhora zvikuru (7–22°C).
Mepu yenzvimbo yekudzidza inoratidza nzvimbo yeBihar pamepu yeIndia (a) uye nzvimbo yedunhu reVaishali pamepu yeBihar (b). Makhnar Block (c) Misha miviri yakasarudzwa kuti ishandiswe pakudzidza: Chakeso senzvimbo yekudzora uye Lavapur Makhnar senzvimbo yekupindira.
Sechikamu cheNational Kalaazar Control Programme, Bihar Society Health Board (SHSB) yakaita denderedzwa mbiri dzegore negore dzeIRS muna 2015 na2016 (denderedzwa rekutanga, Kukadzi-Kurume; denderedzwa rechipiri, Chikumi-Chikunguru)[4]. Kuti zvive nechokwadi chekuti mabasa ese eIRS aitwa zvinobudirira, chirongwa chidiki chekuita chakagadzirwa neRajendra Memorial Medical Institute (RMRIMS; Bihar), Patna, kambani iri pasi peIndian Council of Medical Research (ICMR; New Delhi). Misha yeIRS yakasarudzwa zvichibva pane zvinhu zviviri zvikuru: nhoroondo yezviitiko zveVL neretrodermal kala-azar (RPKDL) mumusha (kureva, misha ine nyaya imwe kana kupfuura panguva ipi zvayo mumakore matatu apfuura, kusanganisira gore rekushandiswa). , misha isiri yenzvimbo dzakapararira dzakapoteredza "nzvimbo dzinopisa" (kureva misha yagara ichitaura nezvezviitiko kwemakore ≥ 2 kana ≥ nyaya mbiri pavanhu 1000) uye misha mitsva yenzvimbo dzakapararira (hapana nyaya mumakore matatu apfuura) misha mugore rekupedzisira regore rekushandiswa rakataurwa muna [17]. Misha iri pedyo inoshandisa danho rekutanga remitero yenyika, misha mitsva inosanganisirwawo muchikamu chechipiri chehurongwa hwekuita mitero yenyika. Muna 2015, makwikwi maviri eIRS achishandisa DDT (DDT 50% WP, 1 g ai/m2) akaitwa mumisha yekudzidza nezvekupinda. Kubva muna 2016, IRS yave ichiitwa uchishandisa synthetic pyrethroids (SP; alpha-cypermethrin 5% VP, 25 mg ai/m2). Kupfapfaidza kwakaitwa uchishandisa Hudson Xpert pombi (13.4 L) ine pressure screen, variable flow valve (1.5 bar) uye 8002 flat jet nozzle panzvimbo dzine maburi [27]. ICMR-RMRIMS, Patna (Bihar) vakatarisa IRS padanho remhuri neremusha uye vakapa ruzivo rwekutanga nezve IRS kuvagari vemo kuburikidza nemamaikorofoni mukati memazuva 1-2 ekutanga. Chikwata chega chega cheIRS chine monitor (yakapihwa neRMRIMS) yekutarisa mashandiro echikwata cheIRS. Ombudsmen, pamwe chete nemapoka eIRS, vanotumirwa kumhuri dzese kuti vazivise nekunyaradza vatungamiriri vemhuri nezvekubatsira kweIRS. Munguva mbiri dzeongororo dzeIRS, huwandu hwemhuri mumisha yezvidzidzo hwakasvika 80% [4]. Mamiriro ekupfapfaidza (kureva, kusapfapfaidza, kupfapfaidza zvishoma, uye kupfapfaidza kwakazara; zvakatsanangurwa muFaira rekuwedzera 1: Tafura S1) yakanyorwa kumhuri dzese dziri mumusha wepakati pechirongwa panguva dzese dzeIRS.
Chidzidzo ichi chakaitwa kubva muna Chikumi 2015 kusvika muna Chikunguru 2016. IRS yakashandisa nzvimbo dzezvirwere kuti dzisapinde (kureva, mavhiki maviri asati apinda; ongororo yekutanga) uye mushure mekupindira (kureva, mavhiki maviri, mana, uye gumi nemaviri mushure mekupindira; ongororo dzekutevera) dzitariswe, dzitongwe, uye dziviriro yenhunzi dzejecha muchikamu chega chega cheIRS. Mumhuri yega yega Husiku humwe (kureva kubva 18:00 kusvika 6:00) musungo wechiedza [28]. Misungo yechiedza yakaiswa mumakamuri ekurara nedzimba dzemhuka. Mumusha makaitwa chidzidzo chekupindira, mhuri makumi mana nemasere dzakaongororwa huwandu hwenhunzi dzejecha pamberi peIRS (mhuri gumi nembiri pazuva kwemazuva mana akatevedzana kusvika zuva risati rasvika zuva reIRS). 12 dzakasarudzwa kune rimwe nerimwe remapoka mana makuru emhuri (kureva mhuri dzisina plaster yevhu (PMP), mhuri dzisina plaster yesimende nelaimu (CPLC), dzimba dzisina plaster uye dzisina kupendwa (BUU) nedzimba dzedenga rehuswa (TH). Mushure mezvo, mhuri gumi nembiri chete (kubva mumhuri makumi mana nesere dzisati dzatanga IRS) dzakasarudzwa kuti dzirambe dzichiunganidza data rekuwanda kweumhutu mushure memusangano weIRS. Sekureva kweWHO, mhuri nhanhatu dzakasarudzwa kubva muboka rekupindira (mhuri dziri kugamuchira kurapwa kweIRS) uye boka revarindi (mhuri dziri mumisha yekupindira, varidzi vakaramba mvumo yeIRS) [28]. Pakati peboka rekudzora (mhuri dziri mumisha iri pedyo dzisina kupinda muIRS nekuda kwekushaikwa kweVL), mhuri nhanhatu chete ndidzo dzakasarudzwa kuti dzitarise kuwanda kweumhutu pamberi uye mushure mezvikamu zviviri zveIRS. Pamapoka ese matatu ekutarisa kuwanda kweumhutu (kureva kupindira, murindi uye kudzora), mhuri dzakasarudzwa kubva mumapoka matatu edanho renjodzi (kureva yakaderera, yepakati neyakakwirira; mhuri mbiri kubva padanho rega rega renjodzi) uye hunhu hwenjodzi yeHT hwakarongwa (mamodule nemaumbirwo anoratidzwa muTafura 1 neTafura 2, zvichiteerana) [29, 30]. Mhuri mbiri padanho renjodzi dzakasarudzwa kudzivirira kufungidzira kwekuwanda kweumhutu kwakasarudzika uye kuenzanisa pakati pemapoka. Muboka rekupindira, huwandu hweumhutu mushure meIRS hwakaongororwa mumhando mbiri dzemhuri dzeIRS: hwakarapwa zvizere (n = 3; mhuri imwe padanho reboka rine njodzi) uye hwakarapwa zvishoma (n = 3; mhuri imwe padanho reboka rine njodzi). ). boka rine njodzi).
Utunga hwese hwakabatwa mumunda hwakaunganidzwa mumachubhu ekuyedza hwakaendeswa kurabhoritari, uye machubhu ekuyedza akaurayiwa uchishandisa donje rakanyikwa muchloroform. Nhunzi dzesirivha dzakaparadzaniswa kubva kune dzimwe zvipembenene neumhutu zvichibva pahunhu hwemuviri uchishandisa makodhi ekuzivikanwa [31]. Shrimp dzese dzesirivha dzechirume nedzechikadzi dzakazoiswa mumagaba zvakasiyana mu80% alcohol. Kuwanda kweumhutu paruteyo/husiku kwakaverengerwa uchishandisa fomura inotevera: huwandu hweumhutu hwakaunganidzwa/huwandu hwemisungo yechiedza yakaiswa pahusiku. Kuchinja kwehuwandu hweumhutu (SFC) nekuda kweIRS uchishandisa DDT neSP kwakafungidzirwa uchishandisa fomura inotevera [32]:
apo A iri pakati peSFC yemhuri dzinopindira, B iri pakati peSFC yeIRS yemhuri dzinopindira, C iri pakati peSFC yemhuri dzinodzora/dzinochengetedza, uye D iri pakati peSFC yemhuri dzinodzora/dzinochengetedza IRS.
Mhedzisiro yekupindira, yakanyorwa seyakaipa uye yakanaka, inoratidza kudzikira uye kuwedzera kweSFC mushure meIRS, zvichiteerana. Kana SFC mushure meIRS ikaramba yakafanana neSFC yekutanga, mhedzisiro yekupindira yakaverengerwa se zero.
Sekureva kweWorld Health Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES), kunzwisisa kweshiri dzemuno dzesilverleg shrimp kumishonga yezvipembenene yeDDT neSP kwakaongororwa uchishandisa nzira dzakajairwa dzekuongorora zvipembenene mu vitro [33]. Dzihwa dzechikadzi dzesilver shrimp dzine hutano uye dzisina kudya (18–25 SF paboka) dzakasangana nemishonga yezvipembenene yakawanikwa kubva kuUniversiti Sains Malaysia (USM, Malaysia; dzakarongwa neWorld Health Organization) dzichishandisa World Health Organization Pesticide Sensitivity Test Kit [4,9, 33,34]. Seti yega yega yemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakaedzwa kasere (miedzo mina yakadzokororwa, imwe neimwe ichiitwa panguva imwe chete nevanoongorora). Miedzo yekudzora yakaitwa uchishandisa bepa rakaiswa risella (yeDDT) nemafuta esilicone (yeSP) akapihwa neUSM. Mushure memaminitsi makumi matanhatu ekusangana, umhutu hwakaiswa mumachubhu eWHO uye hwakapihwa cotton wool inonyudza yakanyikwa mu10% shuga solution. Huwandu hweumhutu hwakaurayiwa mushure meawa imwe uye kufa kwekupedzisira mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana kwakaonekwa. Mamiriro ekurapwa kwechirwere anotsanangurwa zvichienderana nenhungamiro dzeWorld Health Organization: kufa kwe98–100% kunoratidza kurwara, 90–98% kunoratidza kurwara kunoda kusimbiswa, uye <90% kunoratidza kurwara [33, 34]. Nekuti kufa muboka rekutonga kwaive kubva pa0 kusvika pa5%, hapana kugadziriswa kwekufa kwakaitwa.
Kushanda zvakanaka kwemishonga yezvipembenene uye migumisiro yasara yemishonga yezvipembenene pazvipembenene zvemuno pasi pemamiriro emunda zvakaongororwa. Mumhuri nhatu dzinopindira (imwe neimwe ine plaster yevhu kana PMP, plaster yesimende uye lime coating kana CPLC, zvidhinha zvisina kupurwa uye zvisina kupendwa kana BUU) pamavhiki maviri, mana negumi nemaviri mushure mekupfapfaidza. Kuongororwa kwakajairika kweWHO kwakaitwa pamakoni ane misungo yechiedza. [27, 32]. Kudziyisa kwemba hakuna kuenzaniswa nekuda kwemadziro asina kuenzana. Muongororo yega yega, makoni gumi nemaviri akashandiswa mudzimba dzese dzekuedza (makoni mana pamusha, rimwe parudzi rwerunako rwemadziro). Namatira makoni pamadziro ega ega eimba pakukwirira kwakasiyana: rimwe padanho remusoro (kubva pa1.7 kusvika 1.8 m), maviri padanho rechiuno (kubva pa0.9 kusvika 1 m) uye rimwe pasi pemabvi (kubva pa0.3 kusvika 0.5 m). Umhutu gumi hwechikadzi husina kudyiswa (10 pakoni; hwakaunganidzwa kubva papuratifomu yekudzora uchishandisa aspirator) hwakaiswa mukamuri yega yega yeWHO plastic cone (koni imwe parudzi rwemhuri) senzira dzekudzora. Mushure memaminitsi makumi matatu ekubata utachiona, bvisai umhutu kubva pahuri nokungwarira; bvisai mukamuri rakaita sedenderedzwa remusana muchishandisa muchina wekusimbisa gokora mohuisa mumachubhu eWHO ane 10% shuga yekudyisa. Kufa kwekupedzisira mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana kwakanyorwa pa27 ± 2°C uye 80 ± 10% hunyoro. Mwero wekufa une mamakisi ari pakati pe5% ne20% unogadziriswa uchishandisa fomura yeAbbott [27] seinotevera:
apo P iri huwandu hwevanhu vanofa hwakagadziriswa, P1 iri huwandu hwevanhu vanofa hwakaonekwa, uye C iri huwandu hwevanhu vanofa vanodzokororwa. Miedzo ine huwandu hwevanhu vanofa vanodzokororwa >20% yakaraswa ndokudzokororwa [27, 33].
Ongororo yakazara yemhuri yakaitwa mumusha wepakati pechirongwa. Nzvimbo yeGPS yemhuri yega yega yakanyorwa pamwe chete nekugadzirwa kwayo, rudzi rwezvinhu, pekugara, uye mamiriro ekupindira. Chikuva cheGIS chakagadzira dhatabhesi redhijitari rinosanganisira miganhu yezvikamu padanho remusha, dunhu, dunhu nedunhu. Nzvimbo dzese dzemhuri dzakaiswa geotagged uchishandisa nharaunda yeGIS point layers yemumusha, uye ruzivo rwavo rwunobatanidzwa uye rwakagadziridzwa. Panzvimbo yega yega yemhuri, njodzi yakaongororwa zvichibva paHT, hutachiona hwezvipembenene, uye mamiriro eIRS (Tafura 1) [11, 26, 29, 30]. Nzvimbo dzese dzemhuri dzakazoshandurwa kuita mamepu ane dingindira vachishandisa inverse distance weighting (IDW; resolution zvichibva paavhareji yenzvimbo yemhuri ye6 m2, simba 2, nhamba yakatarwa yemapoinzi akapoteredza = 10, uchishandisa variable search radius, low pass filter). uye cubic convolution mapping) spatial interpolation technology [35]. Mhando mbiri dzemamepu ane dingindira renzvimbo dzakagadzirwa: mamepu ane dingindira reHT uye pesticide vector sensitivity uye mamepu ane dingindira reIRS (ISV neIRSS). Mamepu maviri enjodzi dzemusoro akabva abatanidzwa achishandisa weighted overlay analysis [36]. Munguva iyi, ma raster layers akaiswa muzvikamu zvezvinodiwa zvemarudzi ese zvemazinga akasiyana enjodzi (kureva, njodzi yepamusoro, yepakati, uye yakaderera/isina). Raster layers yega yega yakagadziriswazve yakabva yawedzerwa nehuremu hwayo zvichibva pakukosha kwezvikamu zvinotsigira huwandu hweumhutu (zvichienderana nekuwanda kwemhutu mumisha yezvidzidzo, nzvimbo dzekuberekera umhutu, uye maitiro ekuzorora nekudya) [26, 29]. , 30, 37]. Mamepu ese ari maviri enjodzi dzemusoro akayerwa 50:50 sezvo aibatsira zvakaenzana mukuwanda kweumhutu (Faira rekuwedzera 1: Tafura S2). Nekupfupikisa mamepu emusoro wepamusoro akayerwa, mepu yekupedzisira yenjodzi inoumbwa uye inoonekwa papuratifomu yeGIS. Mepu yekupedzisira yenjodzi inoratidzwa uye inotsanangurwa maererano neSand Fly Risk Index (SFRI) values yakaverengerwa uchishandisa fomula inotevera:
Mufomura iyi, P ndiyo nhamba yenjodzi, L ndiyo nhamba yenjodzi yese yenzvimbo yemhuri yega yega, uye H ndiyo nhamba yepamusoro yenjodzi yemhuri iri munzvimbo yekuongorora. Takagadzirira nekuita GIS layers nekuongorora tichishandisa ESRI ArcGIS v.9.3 (Redlands, CA, USA) kugadzira mamepu enjodzi.
Takaita ongororo dzakawanda dzekudzoka shure kuti tiongorore mhedzisiro yakabatana yeHT, ISV, uye IRSS (sezvakatsanangurwa muTafura 1) pahuwandu hweumhutu hwemumba (n = 24). Hunhu hwedzimba nezvinhu zvine njodzi zvichibva pakupindira kweIRS kwakanyorwa muchidzidzo zvakatorwa sezviratidzo zvinotsanangura, uye huwandu hweumhutu hwakashandiswa semhinduro inochinja. Kuongororwa kwekudzoka kweUnivariate Poisson kwakaitwa kune yega yega inotsanangura inosanganiswa nehuwandu hwesandfly. Munguva yekuongorora univariate, zviratidzo zvisina kukosha uye zvine P kukosha kupfuura 15% zvakabviswa kubva mukuongorora kwekudzoka shure kwakawanda. Kuti tiongorore kutaurirana, mazwi ekubatana kwezvose zvinobvira zvezviratidzo zvakakosha (zvinowanikwa mukuongorora kweunivariate) akabatanidzwa panguva imwe chete mukuongorora kwekudzoka shure kwakawanda, uye mazwi asina kukosha akabviswa kubva mumuenzaniso nenzira inotevedzana kuti pagadzirwe muenzaniso wekupedzisira.
Kuongororwa kwenjodzi dzemhuri kwakaitwa nenzira mbiri: kuongorora njodzi dzemhuri pamwe chete nekuongorora nzvimbo dzine njodzi pamepu. Kuongororwa kwenjodzi dzemhuri kwakafungidzirwa uchishandisa ongororo yehukama pakati pekufungidzira kwenjodzi dzemhuri nehuwandu hwenhunzi dzejecha (dzakaunganidzwa kubva kumhuri 6 dzevarindi nedzimba 6 dzekupindira; mavhiki asati asvika uye mushure mekushandiswa kweIRS). Nzvimbo dzine njodzi dzenzvimbo dzakafungidzirwa uchishandisa avhareji yehuwandu hweumhutu hwakaunganidzwa kubva kumhuri dzakasiyana uye kuenzaniswa pakati pemapoka ane njodzi (kureva nzvimbo dzakaderera, dzepakati nedzepamusoro). Muchikamu chega chega cheIRS, mhuri gumi nembiri (mhuri ina munzvimbo imwe neimwe yezvikamu zvitatu zvenzvimbo dzine njodzi; kuunganidzwa kwehusiku kunoitwa mavhiki maviri, mana, uye gumi nemaviri mushure meIRS) dzakasarudzwa zvisina kurongeka kuti dziunganidze umhutu kuti dziedze mepu yakazara yenjodzi. Data rimwe chete remhuri (kureva HT, VSI, IRSS uye huwandu hweumhutu) rakashandiswa kuyedza modhi yekupedzisira yekudzoka. Kuongorora kwehukama kuri nyore kwakaitwa pakati pekutarisa mumunda nehuwandu hweumhutu hwemhuri hwakafanotaurwa nemodhi.
Nhamba dzinotsanangura dzakadai sepakati, pasi, pakakwirira, 95% confidence intervals (CI) uye ma percentages dzakaverengerwa kupfupisa data rine chekuita nezvipembenene neIRS. Avhareji yehuwandu/huwandu uye kufa kwezvipembenene zvesirivha (zvipembenene zvinouraya zvipembenene) uchishandisa parametric tests [paired samples t-test (yedata rinoparadzirwa kazhinji)] uye non-parametric tests (Wilcoxon signed rank) kuenzanisa kushanda pakati pemhando dzepamusoro mudzimba (iee, BUU vs. CPLC, BUU vs. PMP, uye CPLC vs. PMP) bvunzo yedata risingagoverwa kazhinji). Ongororo dzese dzakaitwa uchishandisa SPSS v.20 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Kufukidzwa kwemhuri mumisha yekupindira panguva yeIRS DDT neSP kwakaverengerwa. Mhuri dzinosvika 205 dzakagamuchira IRS muchikamu chimwe nechimwe, kusanganisira mhuri 179 (87.3%) muchikamu cheDDT uye mhuri 194 (94.6%) muchikamu cheSP chekutonga VL vector. Huwandu hwemhuri dzakarapwa zvizere nemishonga yezvipembenene hwakanga hwakakwira panguva yeSP-IRS (86.3%) kupfuura panguva yeDDT-IRS (52.7%). Huwandu hwemhuri dzakasarudza kubuda muIRS panguva yeDDT hwaive 26 (12.7%) uye huwandu hwemhuri dzakasarudza kubuda muIRS panguva yeSP hwaive 11 (5.4%). Munguva yeDDT neSP, huwandu hwemhuri dzakarapwa zvishoma hwakanyoreswa hwaive 71 (34.6% yemhuri dzese dzakarapwa) uye mhuri 17 (8.3% yemhuri dzese dzakarapwa), zvichiteerana.
Zvichienderana nemirairo yeWHO yekusabatwa nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene, huwandu hweshiri dzesirivha panzvimbo yekupindira hwaive nyore kubatwa ne alpha-cypermethrin (0.05%) sezvo avhareji yekufa yakataurwa panguva yekuyedzwa (maawa makumi maviri nemana) yaive 100%. Chiyero chekufa chakacherechedzwa chaive 85.9% (95% CI: 81.1–90.6%). Kune DDT, chiyero chekufa kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana chaive 22.8% (95% CI: 11.5–34.1%), uye avhareji yekufa mukuyedzwa kwemagetsi yaive 49.1% (95% CI: 41.9–56.3%). Mhedzisiro yakaratidza kuti shiri dzesirivha dzakaramba zvachose kubatwa neDDT panzvimbo yekupindira.
Mutafura Tafura 3 inopfupikisa mhedzisiro yekuongorora kwe bioanalysis yemakoni emhando dzakasiyana dzenzvimbo (nguva dzakasiyana mushure meIRS) dzakarapwa neDDT neSP. Data redu rakaratidza kuti mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana, mishonga yezvipembenene (BUU vs. CPLC: t(2)= – 6.42, P = 0.02; BUU vs. PMP: t(2) = 0.25, P = 0.83; CPLC vs. PMP: t(2)= 1.03, P = 0.41 (yeDDT-IRS neBUU) CPLC: t(2)= − 5.86, P = 0.03 uye PMP: t(2) = 1.42, P = 0.29; IRS, CPLC nePMP: t(2) = 3.01, P = 0.10 uye SP: t(2) = 9.70, P = 0.01; huwandu hwekufa hwakaderera zvishoma nezvishoma nekufamba kwenguva. Kune SP-IRS: mavhiki maviri mushure mekupfapfaidza mhando dzese dzemadziro (kureva 95.6% zvese) uye mavhiki mana mushure mekupfapfaidza madziro eCPLC chete (kureva 82.5). Muboka reDDT, kufa kwaigara kuri pasi pe70% kune ese marudzi emadziro panguva dzese mushure mekuongororwa kweIRS. Avhareji yehuwandu hwekufa kweDDT neSP mushure memavhiki gumi nemaviri ekupfapfaidza yaive 25.1% uye 63.2%, zvichiteerana. Mhando nhatu dzepamusoro, huwandu hwepamusoro hwekufa neDDT hwaive 61.1% (yePMP mavhiki maviri mushure meIRS), 36.9% (yeCPLC mavhiki mana mushure meIRS), uye 28.9% (yeCPLC mavhiki mana mushure meIRS). Mitengo yakaderera ndeye 55% (yeBUU, mavhiki maviri mushure meIRS), 32.5% (yePMP, mavhiki mana mushure meIRS) uye 20% (yePMP, mavhiki mana mushure meIRS); US IRS). Kune SP, mwero wepamusoro wekufa kwevanhu vose pamusoro penzvimbo waive 97.2% (yeCPLC, mavhiki maviri mushure meIRS), 82.5% (yeCPLC, mavhiki mana mushure meIRS), uye 67.5% (yeCPLC, mavhiki mana mushure meIRS). Mavhiki gumi nemaviri mushure meIRS). US IRS). mavhiki mushure meIRS); mwero wakaderera waiva 94.4% (yeBUU, mavhiki maviri mushure meIRS), 75% (yePMP, mavhiki mana mushure meIRS), uye 58.3% (yePMP, mavhiki gumi nemaviri mushure meIRS). Kune mishonga yese yezvipembenene, kufa kwevanhu panzvimbo dzakarapwa nePMP kwakasiyana nekukurumidza nekufamba kwenguva kupfuura panzvimbo dzakarapwa neCPLC neBUU.
Tafura 4 inopfupikisa mhedzisiro yekupindira (kureva, shanduko mushure meIRS mukuwanda kweumhutu) yematanho eDDT- neSP-based IRS (Faira rekuwedzera 1: Mufananidzo S1). Kune DDT-IRS, kuderedzwa kwezana kwezvipembenene zvesilverlegged mushure menguva yeIRS kwaive 34.1% (pamavhiki maviri), 25.9% (pamavhiki mana), uye 14.1% (pamavhiki gumi nemaviri). Kune SP-IRS, mwero wekuderedzwa kwaive 90.5% (pamavhiki maviri), 66.7% (pamavhiki mana), uye 55.6% (pamavhiki gumi nemaviri). Kuderera kukuru kwehuwandu hweshiri dzesirivha mumhuri dzevachengeti panguva yemishumo yeDDT neSP IRS kwaive 2.8% (pamavhiki maviri) uye 49.1% (pamavhiki maviri), zvichiteerana. Munguva yeSP-IRS, kudzikira kwezvipembenene zvewhite-belly pheasants (zvisati zvaitika uye zvapera) kwakafanana mumhuri dzinopfapfaidza (t(2)= – 9.09, P < 0.001) uye mhuri dzinochengetedza (t(2) = – 1.29, P = 0.33). Zvakakwirira zvichienzaniswa neDDT-IRS panguva dzese nhatu mushure meIRS. Pamishonga yese yezvipembenene, kuwanda kwezvipembenene zvesirivha kwakawedzera mumhuri dzinochengetedza zvipembenene mavhiki gumi nemaviri mushure meIRS (kureva, 3.6% uye 9.9% yeSP neDDT, zvichiteerana). Munguva yeSP neDDT mushure memisangano yeIRS, 112 ne161 silver shrimp dzakatorwa kubva kumapurazi ekuchengetedza, zvichiteerana.
Hapana musiyano wakakosha mukuwanda kweshiri dzesirivha wakaonekwa pakati pemapoka emhuri (kureva spray vs sentinel: t(2)= – 3.47, P = 0.07; spray vs control: t(2) = – 2.03 , P = 0.18; sentinel vs. control: mukati memavhiki eIRS mushure meDDT, t(2) = - 0.59, P = 0.62). Kusiyana neizvi, musiyano mukuru mukuwanda kweshiri dzesirivha wakaonekwa pakati peboka respray neboka rekutonga (t(2) = – 11.28, P = 0.01) uye pakati peboka respray neboka rekutonga (t(2) = – 4, 42, P = 0.05). IRS mavhiki mashoma mushure meSP. Kune SP-IRS, hapana musiyano wakakosha wakaonekwa pakati pemhuri dzeshiri dzesirivha nedzekutonga (t(2)= -0.48, P = 0.68). Mufananidzo 2 unoratidza avhareji yehuwandu hwemapeasant esirivha akaonekwa mumapurazi akarapwa zvizere uye zvishoma nemavhiri eIRS. Pakanga pasina mutsauko wakakura mukuwanda kwemapeasant anotarisirwa zvizere pakati pemhuri dzinotarisirwa zvizere uye zvishoma (avhareji 7.3 na 2.7 pamurau/husiku). DDT-IRS neSP-IRS, zvichiteerana), uye dzimwe mhuri dzakapfapfaidzwa nemishonga yezvipembenene (avhareji 7.5 na 4.4 pahusiku hweDDT-IRS neSP-IRS, zvichiteerana) (t(2) ≤ 1.0, P > 0.2). Zvisinei, huwandu hwemapeasant esirivha mumapurazi akapfapfaidzwa zvizere uye zvishoma hwakasiyana zvikuru pakati peSP neDDT IRS rounds (t(2) ≥ 4.54, P ≤ 0.05).
Kuwanda kwezvipembenene zvinonhuwa zvesilver-winged stink mumhuri dzakarapwa zvizere uye zvishoma mumusha weMahanar, Lavapur, mukati memavhiki maviri IRS isati yasvika uye mavhiki maviri, mana negumi nemaviri mushure mekuongororwa kweIRS, DDT neSP.
Mepu yakazara yenjodzi yenzvimbo (musha weLavapur Mahanar; nzvimbo yese: 26,723 km2) yakagadzirwa kuti ione nzvimbo dzine njodzi dzenzvimbo dzakaderera, dzepakati nedzepamusoro kuti iongorore kubuda nekumuka kweshiri dzesirivha shrimp isati yasvika uye mavhiki akati wandei mushure mekushandiswa kweIRS (Mifananidzo 3, 4). . . Nhamba yepamusoro yenjodzi yemhuri panguva yekugadzira mepu yenjodzi yenzvimbo yakaverengerwa se "12" (kureva, "8" yemamepu enjodzi akavakirwa paHT uye "4" yemamepu enjodzi akavakirwa paVSI neIRSS). Nhamba yenjodzi yakaderera yakaverengerwa i "zero" kana "hapana njodzi" kunze kwemamepu eDDT-VSI neIRSS ane chibodzwa chidiki che1. Mepu yenjodzi yakavakirwa paHT yakaratidza kuti nzvimbo yakakura (kureva 19,994.3 km2; 74.8%) yemusha weLavapur Mahanar inzvimbo ine njodzi huru uko vagari vanogona kusangana neumhutu uye kumukazve. Kufukidzwa kwenzvimbo kunosiyana pakati penzvimbo dzakakwirira (DDT 20.2%; SP 4.9%), dzepakati (DDT 22.3%; SP 4.6%) uye dzepasi/dzisina njodzi (DDT 57.5%; SP 90.5) %) (t (2) = 12.7, P < 0.05) pakati pemagrafu enjodzi eDDT neSP-IS neIRSS (Mufananidzo 3, 4). Mepu yekupedzisira yenjodzi yakagadzirwa yakaratidza kuti SP-IRS yaive nehunyanzvi hwekudzivirira huri nani kupfuura DDT-IRS munzvimbo dzese dzenjodzi dzeHT. Nzvimbo ine njodzi huru yeHT yakaderedzwa kusvika pasi pe7% (1837.3 km2) mushure mekunge SP-IRS uye nzvimbo zhinji (kureva 53.6%) yava nzvimbo ine njodzi shoma. Munguva yeDDT-IRS, chikamu chenzvimbo dzine njodzi huru nedzisina njodzi chakaongororwa nemepu yenjodzi yakabatana chaive 35.5% (9498.1 km2) uye 16.2% (4342.4 km2), zvichiteerana. Kuwanda kwenhunzi dzejecha kwakayerwa mumhuri dzakarapwa nedzakachengetwa mavhiki asati asvika uye akati wandei mushure mekushandiswa kweIRS kwakarongwa uye kwakataridzwa pamepu yenjodzi yakabatana yechikamu chimwe nechimwe cheIRS (kureva, DDT neSP) (Mifananidzo 3, 4). Pakanga paine kubvumirana kwakanaka pakati pezvibodzwa zvenjodzi dzemhuri neavhareji yehuwandu hweshiri dzesirivha dzakanyorwa pamberi uye mushure meIRS (Mufananidzo 5). MaR2 values (P < 0.05) ekuongorora kuenderana kwakaverengerwa kubva muzvikamu zviviri zveIRS aive: 0.78 mavhiki maviri DDT isati yasvika, 0.81 mavhiki maviri mushure meDDT, 0.78 mavhiki mana mushure meDDT, 0.83 mushure meDDT-DDT mavhiki gumi nemaviri, DDT Total mushure meSP yaive 0.85, 0.82 mavhiki maviri SP isati yasvika, 0.38 mavhiki maviri mushure meSP, 0.56 mavhiki mana mushure meSP, 0.81 mavhiki gumi nemaviri mushure meSP uye 0.79 mavhiki maviri mushure meSP yese (Faira rekuwedzera 1: Tafura S3). Mhedzisiro yakaratidza kuti mhedzisiro yekupindira kweSP-IRS paHT dzese yakawedzera mukati memavhiki mana mushure meIRS. DDT-IRS yakaramba isingabatsiri kune ese maHT panguva dzese mushure mekushandiswa kweIRS. Mhedzisiro yekuongororwa kwenzvimbo yenzvimbo yengozi yakabatanidzwa yakapfupikiswa muTafura 5. Pamarounds eIRS, huwandu hweshiri dzesirivha dzine dumbu rakawanda uye huwandu hwehuwandu hwese munzvimbo dzine njodzi huru (kureva, >55%) hwaive hwakakwira kupfuura munzvimbo dzine njodzi shoma nepakati panguva dzese dzenguva mushure meIRS. Nzvimbo dzemhuri dzezvipembenene (kureva idzo dzakasarudzwa kuti dziunganidzwe) dzakarongwa uye dzakaratidzwa mufaira rekuwedzera 1: Mufananidzo S2.
Mhando nhatu dzemamepu enjodzi dzenzvimbo akavakirwa paGIS (kureva HT, IS neIRSS uye musanganiswa weHT, IS neIRSS) kuti uone nzvimbo dzine njodzi yezvipembenene zvinonhuwa DDT-IRS isati yasvika uye mushure meDDT mumusha weMahnar, Lavapur, dunhu reVaishali (Bihar)
Mhando nhatu dzemamepu enjodzi dzenzvimbo akavakirwa paGIS (kureva HT, IS neIRSS uye musanganiswa weHT, IS neIRSS) kuti uone nzvimbo dzine njodzi dzeshiri dzesirivha dzine madota (zvichienzaniswa neKharbang)
Kukanganiswa kweDDT-(a, c, e, g, i) uye SP-IRS (b, d, f, h, j) pamatanho akasiyana emapoka emhuri ane njodzi kwakaverengerwa nekufungidzira "R2" pakati penjodzi dzemhuri. Kufungidzira kwezviratidzo zvemhuri uye avhareji yehuwandu hweP. argentipes mavhiki maviri IRS isati yatanga kushanda uye mavhiki maviri, mana uye gumi nemaviri mushure mekutanga kushanda kweIRS mumusha weLavapur Mahnar, dunhu reVaishali, Bihar.
Tafura 6 inopfupikisa mhedzisiro yeongororo yemhando imwe chete yezvinhu zvese zvine njodzi zvinokanganisa kuwanda kweganda. Zvinhu zvese zvine njodzi (n = 6) zvakaonekwa kuti zvine hukama zvakanyanya nehuwandu hweumhutu hwemumba. Zvakaonekwa kuti kukosha kwezvikamu zvese zvine chekuita nazvo kwakaburitsa P values iri pasi pe 0.15. Saka, zvese zvinotsanangura zvakachengetwa kuti zviongororwe kakawanda. Musanganiswa wakakodzera wemuenzaniso wekupedzisira wakagadzirwa zvichibva pazvinhu zvishanu zvine njodzi: TF, TW, DS, ISV, uye IRSS. Tafura 7 inonyora ruzivo rwema parameter akasarudzwa mumuenzaniso wekupedzisira, pamwe ne adjusted odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals (CIs), uye P values. Muenzaniso wekupedzisira wakakosha zvikuru, une R2 value ye 0.89 (F(5)=27 .9, P<0.001).
TR yakabviswa mumuenzaniso wekupedzisira nekuti yakanga isina kukosha zvakanyanya (P = 0.46) nedzimwe nzira dzinotsanangura. Muenzaniso wakagadzirwa wakashandiswa kufanotaura huwandu hwenhunzi dzemujecha zvichibva padata rakabva kumhuri gumi nembiri dzakasiyana. Mhedzisiro yekusimbisa yakaratidza hukama hwakasimba pakati pekuwanda kweumhutu hwakaonekwa mumunda nekuwanda kweumhutu kwakafanotaurwa nemuenzaniso (r = 0.91, P < 0.001).
Chinangwa ndechekubvisa VL kubva munyika dzakapararira muIndia panosvika 2020 [10]. Kubva muna 2012, India yafambira mberi zvikuru mukuderedza kuwanda kweVL [10]. Kuchinja kubva kuDDT kuenda kuSP muna 2015 kwaive shanduko huru munhoroondo yeIRS muBihar, India [38]. Kuti tinzwisise njodzi yenzvimbo yeVL uye kuwanda kwezvipembenene zvayo, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvemacro-level zvakaitwa. Zvisinei, kunyangwe kupararira kwenzvimbo yeVL kwave kuchiwedzera kutariswa munyika yese, kutsvagurudza kushoma kwakaitwa pa micro level. Uyezve, pa micro level, data harina kuenderana zvakanyanya uye rakaoma kuongorora nekunzwisisa. Sekuziva kwedu, chidzidzo ichi ndicho mushumo wekutanga wekuongorora kushanda kwasara uye mhedzisiro yekupindira kweIRS uchishandisa zvipembenene DDT neSP pakati peHTs pasi peNational VL Vector Control Program muBihar (India). Uku ndiko kuedza kwekutanga kugadzira mepu yenjodzi yenzvimbo uye mosquito density analysis model kuratidza kupararira kweumhutu panzvimbo ye microscale pasi pemamiriro ekupindira kweIRS.
Zvakabuda muongororo yedu zvakaratidza kuti kushandiswa kweSP-IRS mudzimba kwakakwira mudzimba dzese uye kuti mhuri zhinji dzakagadziriswa zvizere. Zvakabuda muongororo iyi zvakaratidza kuti nhunzi dzesirivha mumusha wekudzidza dzaive nehutachiona hwakanyanya kubatwa ne beta-cypermethrin asi dzakaderera kuDDT. Huwandu hwerufu rwe shrimp dzesirivha kubva kuDDT huri pasi pe50%, zvichiratidza huwandu hwakanyanya hwekudzivirira kubatwa neDDT. Izvi zvinoenderana nezvakabuda muongororo dzakaitwa panguva dzakasiyana mumisha yakasiyana yeIndia, kusanganisira Bihar [8,9,39,40]. Kuwedzera pakusagona kushandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, kushanda kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene uye migumisiro yekupindira zvakare ruzivo rwakakosha. Nguva yemigumisiro yemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inokosha pakurongwa kwepurogiramu. Inosarudza nguva dziri pakati peIRS kuitira kuti huwandu hwevanhu hurambe hwakachengetedzwa kusvika pakupfapfaidzwa kunotevera. Zvakabuda muongororo iyi zvakaratidza mutsauko mukuru mukufa pakati pemhando dzemadziro panguva dzakasiyana mushure meIRS. Kufa panzvimbo dzakarapwa neDDT kwaigara kuri pasi pezinga rinogutsa reWHO (kureva, ≥80%), nepo pamadziro akarapwa neSP, kufa kwakaramba kuri kunogutsa kusvika vhiki yechina mushure meIRS; Kubva pane zvabuda izvi, zviri pachena kuti kunyangwe shiri dzesilverleg shrimp dziri munzvimbo yekudzidza dzichinyanya kubatwa neSP, kushanda kweSP kunosiyana zvichienderana neHT. Kufanana neDDT, SP haisvikiwo nenguva yekushanda yakataurwa munhungamiro dzeWHO [41, 42]. Kusashanda zvakanaka uku kunogona kunge kuri nekuda kwekusashandiswa zvakanaka kweIRS (kureva kufambisa pombi nekumhanya kwakakodzera, daro kubva pamadziro, mwero wekubuda kwemvura uye saizi yemadonhwe emvura uye kuiswa kwawo pamadziro), pamwe nekushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene (kureva kugadzirira mhinduro) [11,28,43]. Zvisinei, sezvo chidzidzo ichi chakaitwa pasi pekutariswa kwakasimba uye kudzorwa, chimwe chikonzero chekusasangana nezuva rekupera rakakurudzirwa neWorld Health Organization chingave hunhu hweSP (kureva, chikamu chechinhu chinoshanda kana "AI") chinoumba QC.
Pamhando nhatu dzepamusoro dzakashandiswa kuongorora kuramba kuripo kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene, mutsauko mukuru mukufa kwakaonekwa pakati peBUU neCPLC yemishonga miviri inouraya zvipembenene. Chimwe chitsva chakawanikwa ndechekuti CPLC yakaratidza kushanda kuri nani munguva dzinenge dzese mushure mekupfapfaidza ichiteverwa nenzvimbo dzeBUU nePMP. Zvisinei, mavhiki maviri mushure meIRS, PMP yakanyora huwandu hwepamusoro uye hwechipiri hwekufa kubva kuDDT neSP, zvichiteerana. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti mishonga inouraya zvipembenene yakaiswa pamusoro pePMP haigari kwenguva yakareba. Musiyano uyu mukushanda kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene pakati pemhando dzemadziro unogona kunge uri nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakaita sekuumbwa kwemakemikari emadziro (kuwedzera pH zvichiita kuti mimwe mishonga inouraya zvipembenene iputsike nekukurumidza), mwero wekunyudzwa (wakakwira pamadziro evhu), kuwanikwa kwekuora kwebhakitiriya uye mwero wekuora kwezvinhu zvemadziro, pamwe nekupisa nehunyoro [44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49]. Zvatakawana zvinotsigira zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakawanda pamusoro pekushanda kwakasara kwenzvimbo dzakarapwa zvipembenene kurwisa zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana [45, 46, 50, 51].
Kufungidzirwa kwekuderedzwa kweumhutu mumhuri dzakarapwa kwakaratidza kuti SP-IRS yaishanda zvakanyanya kupfuura DDT-IRS mukudzora umhutu panguva dzese dzemushure meIRS (P < 0.001). Pamitambo yeSP-IRS neDDT-IRS, mwero wekuderera kwemhuri dzakarapwa kubva pamavhiki maviri kusvika gumi nemaviri waive 55.6-90.5% uye 14.1-34.1%, zvichiteerana. Mhedzisiro iyi yakaratidzawo kuti mhedzisiro yakakosha pakuwanda kweP. argentipes mumhuri dzevachengeti yakaonekwa mukati memavhiki mana ekushandiswa kweIRS; argentipes yakawedzera mumitambo yese yeIRS mavhiki gumi nemaviri mushure meIRS; Zvisinei, pakanga pasina musiyano wakakosha muhuwandu hweumhutu mumhuri dzevachengeti pakati pemitambo miviri yeIRS (P = 0.33). Mhedzisiro kubva mukuongororwa kwenhamba dzehuwandu hwesilver shrimp pakati pemapoka emhuri mumutambo wega wega yakaratidzawo kuti hapana musiyano wakakosha muDDT mumapoka ese mana emhuri (kureva, sprayed vs. sentinel; sprayed vs. control; sentinel vs. control; complete vs. partial).). Mapoka maviri emhuri IRS neSP-IRS (kureva, sentinel vs. control uye full vs. partial). Zvisinei, mutsauko mukuru mukuwanda kweshiri dzesirivha pakati peDDT neSP-IRS rounds wakaonekwa mumapurazi akapfapfaidzwa zvishoma uye zvakakwana. Kucherechedzwa uku, pamwe chete nekuti mhedzisiro yekupindira yakaverengerwa kakawanda mushure meIRS, zvinoratidza kuti SP inoshanda pakudzivirira umhutu mudzimba dzakarapwa zvishoma kana zvakakwana, asi dzisina kurapwa. Zvisinei, kunyangwe pasina mutsauko wakakosha muhuwandu hweumhutu mudzimba dzakarapwa zvishoma kana zvakakwana, asi dzisina kurapwa. Zvisinei, kunyangwe pasina mutsauko wakakosha muhuwandu hweumhutu mudzimba dzakarapwa zvishoma kana zvakakwana, asi dzisina kurapwa. Zvisinei, kunyangwe pasina mutsauko wakakosha muhuwandu hweumhutu mudzimba dzakarapwa zvishoma kana zvakakwana, huwandu hweumhutu hwakaunganidzwa panguva yeDDT-IRS rounds hwaive hwakaderera zvichienzaniswa neSP-IRS round. .Huwandu hunopfuura huwandu. Mhedzisiro iyi inoratidza kuti mushonga wezvipembenene unonzwa zvipembenene une IRS yakawanda pakati pevanhu vemumba unogona kukanganisa huwandu hwevanhu mukudzivirira umhutu mumhuri dzisina kupfapfaidzwa. Zvichienderana nemhedzisiro, SP yaive nemhedzisiro iri nani yekudzivirira kurumwa neumhutu pane DDT mumazuva ekutanga mushure meIRS. Pamusoro pezvo, alpha-cypermethrin ndeyeboka reSP, ine kushatirwa kweganda uye ine chepfu yakananga kumhutu uye yakakodzera IRS [51, 52]. Ichi chingave chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru nei alpha-cypermethrin isina simba rakawanda muma outposts. Imwe ongororo [52] yakawana kuti kunyangwe alpha-cypermethrin yakaratidza mhinduro dziripo uye mwero wepamusoro wekudonha kweganda mukuyedzwa kwerabhoritari nemumahut, mushonga uyu hauna kukonzera kudzingwa kweganda muumhutu pasi pemamiriro ekurabhoritari akadzorwa.
Muchidzidzo ichi, mhando nhatu dzemamepu enjodzi dzenzvimbo dzakagadzirwa; Kufungidzirwa kwenjodzi dzenzvimbo dzemhuri nenzvimbo dzakaongororwa kuburikidza nekuongororwa kwenzvimbo dzeshiri dzesilverleg. Kuongororwa kwenzvimbo dzenjodzi zvichibva paHT kwakaratidza kuti nzvimbo zhinji dzemumisha (>78%) dzeLavapur-Mahanara dziri panjodzi huru yekuwanikwa kwesandfly uye kubudazve. Ichi ndicho chikonzero chikuru nei Rawalpur Mahanar VL yakakurumbira. ISV neIRSS yese, pamwe nemepu yekupedzisira yenjodzi, zvakaonekwa kuti zvinoburitsa chikamu chakaderera chenzvimbo dziri pasi penzvimbo dzine njodzi huru panguva yeSP-IRS round (asi kwete DDT-IRS round). Mushure meSP-IRS, nzvimbo huru dzenzvimbo dzine njodzi huru nepakati dzakabva paGT dzakashandurwa kuita nzvimbo dzine njodzi shoma (kureva 60.5%; kufungidzira kwemepu yenjodzi), iyo yakaderera kanenge kana (16.2%) pane DDT. - Mamiriro acho ari pachati yenjodzi yeportfolio yeIRS iri pamusoro. Mhedzisiro iyi inoratidza kuti IRS ndiyo sarudzo chaiyo yekudzivirira umhutu, asi mwero wekudzivirira uturu unoenderana nemhando yemushonga wezvipembenene, kunzwisiswa (kune chinangwa), kugamuchirwa (panguva yeIRS) uye kushandiswa kwawo;
Mhedzisiro yekuongorora njodzi dzemhuri yakaratidza kubvumirana kwakanaka (P < 0.05) pakati pefungidziro yenjodzi nehuwandu hweshiri dzesirivha dzakaunganidzwa kubva kumhuri dzakasiyana. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti zviyero zvenjodzi dzemhuri zvakaonekwa pamwe nezvikamu zvenjodzi dzadzo zvakakodzera kufungidzira huwandu hweshiri dzesirivha munharaunda. Kukosha kweR2 kweongororo yechibvumirano cheIRS DDT mushure meIRS kwaive ≥ 0.78, iyo yaive yakaenzana kana yakakura kupfuura kukosha kweIRS (kureva, 0.78). Mhedzisiro yakaratidza kuti DDT-IRS yaishanda munzvimbo dzese dzenjodzi dzeHT (kureva, yakakwira, yepakati, uye yakaderera). Pachikamu cheSP-IRS, takaona kuti kukosha kweR2 kwakachinja-chinja muvhiki yechipiri neyechina mushure mekushandiswa kweIRS, kukosha kwemavhiki maviri IRS isati yaitwa uye mavhiki gumi nemaviri mushure mekushandiswa kweIRS kwaive kwakafanana; Mhedzisiro iyi inoratidza mhedzisiro yakakosha yekusangana neSP-IRS paumhutu, iyo yakaratidza kudzikira kwenguva mushure meIRS. Kukanganiswa kweSP-IRS kwakaratidzwa uye kwakakurukurwa muzvitsauko zvakapfuura.
Zvakabuda muongororo yenzvimbo dzine njodzi dzemapu akaunganidzwa zvakaratidza kuti panguva yeIRS round, huwandu hwakanyanya hweshiri dzesirivha dzakaunganidzwa munzvimbo dzine njodzi huru (kureva, >55%), dzichiteverwa nenzvimbo dzine njodzi yepakati nepasi. Muchidimbu, GIS-based spatial risk assessment yakaratidza kuva chishandiso chinoshanda chekusarudza kuunganidza zvikamu zvakasiyana zvedata renzvimbo chimwe nechimwe kana pamwe chete kuti uone nzvimbo dzine njodzi yenhunzi dzejecha. Mepu yenjodzi yakagadzirwa inopa kunzwisisa kwakakwana kwemamiriro ezvinhu asati apinda uye mushure mekupindira (kureva, rudzi rwemhuri, mamiriro eIRS, uye mhedzisiro yekupindira) munzvimbo yekudzidza inoda chiito kana kuvandudzwa nekukurumidza, kunyanya padanho repamusoro. Mamiriro ezvinhu anozivikanwa zvikuru. Kutaura zvazviri, zvidzidzo zvakati wandei zvakashandisa maturusi eGIS kuratidza njodzi yenzvimbo dzekuberekera zvipembenene uye kupararira kwezvirwere panzvimbo padanho repamusoro [24, 26, 37].
Hunhu hwedzimba nezvinhu zvine njodzi zveIRS zvakaongororwa nenhamba kuti zvishandiswe mukuongorora kwe silver shrimp density. Kunyangwe zvinhu zvitanhatu zvese (kureva, TF, TW, TR, DS, ISV, uye IRSS) zvakabatana zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwe silverleg shrimp munharaunda mukuongorora kwe univariate, chimwe chete chazvo chakasarudzwa mu final multiple regression model kubva pazvishanu. Mhedzisiro inoratidza kuti hunhu hwe captive management nezvinhu zvinopindira zve IRS TF, TW, DS, ISV, IRSS, nezvimwewo munzvimbo yekudzidza zvakakodzera kutarisa kubuda, kupora uye kubereka kwe silver shrimp. Mukuongorora kwe multiple regression, TR haina kuwanikwa yakakosha uye saka haina kusarudzwa mu modhi yekupedzisira. Modhi yekupedzisira yaive yakakosha zvikuru, ne parameters dzakasarudzwa dzichitsanangura 89% ye silverleg shrimp density. Mhedzisiro yemuenzaniso wekururama yakaratidza hukama hwakasimba pakati pehuwandu hwe silver shrimp hwakafanotaurwa uye hwakaonekwa. Mhedzisiro yedu inotsigirawo zvidzidzo zvekare zvakakurukura nezvehupfumi uye njodzi dzedzimba zvine chekuita nekupararira kweVL uye kupararira kwevector munzvimbo dzemaruwa eBihar [15, 29].
Muchidzidzo ichi, hatina kuongorora kuiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene pamadziro akapfapfaidzwa uye hunhu (kureva) hwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inoshandiswa kuIRS. Kusiyana kwehunhu hwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene nehuwandu kunogona kukanganisa kufa kweumhutu uye kushanda kweIRS interventions. Saka, kufa kunofungidzirwa pakati pemhando dzepamusoro uye mhedzisiro yekupindira pakati pemapoka emhuri zvinogona kusiyana nemhedzisiro chaiyo. Tichifunga nezvepfungwa idzi, chidzidzo chitsva chinogona kurongwa. Kuongororwa kwenzvimbo yese iri panjodzi (uchishandisa GIS risk map) yemisha yekudzidza kunosanganisira nzvimbo dzakavhurika pakati pemisha, izvo zvinopesvedzera kurongwa kwenzvimbo dzine njodzi (kureva kuzivikanwa kwenzvimbo) uye zvinosvika kunzvimbo dzakasiyana dzine njodzi; Zvisinei, chidzidzo ichi chakaitwa padanho diki, saka nzvimbo isina chinhu ine mhedzisiro diki pakurongwa kwenzvimbo dzine njodzi; Pamusoro pezvo, kuziva nekuongorora nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzine njodzi mukati menzvimbo yese yemusha kunogona kupa mukana wekusarudza nzvimbo dzekuvaka dzimba itsva mune ramangwana (kunyanya kusarudzwa kwenzvimbo dzisina njodzi). Zvose, mhedzisiro yechidzidzo ichi inopa ruzivo rwakasiyana-siyana rusati rwambodzidzwa padanho re microscopic kare. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti, kuratidzwa kwenzvimbo kwemepu yenjodzi yemusha kunobatsira kuona nekuisa mhuri munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzine njodzi, zvichienzaniswa neongororo dzepasi dzechinyakare, nzira iyi iri nyore, iri nyore, inodhura zvishoma uye haidi vashandi vakawanda, ichipa ruzivo kune vanoita sarudzo.
Zvakawanikwa zvedu zvinoratidza kuti hove dzemuno dzesilverfish dziri mumusha wekudzidza dzakawana kusakwanisa kubatwa neDDT (kureva, dzinoramba zvakanyanya) uye kubuda kweumhutu kwakaonekwa mushure meIRS; Alpha-cypermethrin inoita seyakakodzera kudzora maVL vectors neIRS nekuda kwekufa kwayo 100% uye kushanda kwayo zviri nani kurwisa nhunzi dzesilver, pamwe nekugamuchirwa kwayo zviri nani munharaunda zvichienzaniswa neDDT-IRS. Zvisinei, takaona kuti kufa kweumhutu pamadziro akarapwa neSP kwakasiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwepamusoro; kusashanda zvakanaka kwezvisaririra kwakaonekwa uye nguva yakakurudzirwa neWHO mushure meIRS haina kuwanikwa. Chidzidzo ichi chinopa pokutangira kwakanaka kwekukurukurirana, uye mhedzisiro yacho inoda kudzidza kwakawedzerwa kuti ione zvikonzero chaizvo. Kururama kwekufungidzira kwemuenzaniso wekuongorora huwandu hwesand fly kwakaratidza kuti musanganiswa wehunhu hwedzimba, kunzwisiswa kwezvipembenene zvevectors uye mamiriro eIRS zvinogona kushandiswa kufungidzira huwandu hwesand fly mumisha inowanikwa muVL muBihar. Chidzidzo chedu chinoratidzawo kuti GIS-based spatial risk mapping (macro level) inogona kuva chishandiso chinobatsira pakuona nzvimbo dzine njodzi yekutarisa kubuda uye kubudazve kwejecha gurus pamberi uye mushure memisangano yeIRS. Pamusoro pezvo, mamapu enjodzi dzenzvimbo anopa kunzwisisa kwakakwana kwehukuru uye hunhu hwenzvimbo dzine njodzi pamatanho akasiyana, izvo zvisingagone kudzidzwa kuburikidza neongororo dzechinyakare uye nzira dzechinyakare dzekuunganidza data. Ruzivo rwenjodzi dze microspatial rwakaunganidzwa kuburikidza nemamepu eGIS runogona kubatsira masayendisiti nevaongorori vehutano hweveruzhinji kugadzira nekushandisa nzira itsva dzekudzora (kureva kupindira kumwe chete kana kudzora vector kwakabatanidzwa) kusvika kumapoka akasiyana emhuri zvichienderana nehunhu hwehuwandu hwenjodzi. Pamusoro pezvo, mamapu enjodzi anobatsira kugadzirisa kugoverwa nekushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvekudzora panguva chaiyo nenzvimbo yakakodzera kuvandudza kushanda kwechirongwa.
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