Indoor residual spraying (IRS) ndiyo musimboti we visceral leishmaniasis (VL) vector control kuedza muIndia.Zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezve kukanganisa kweIRS kutonga pamhando dzakasiyana dzemhuri.Pano tinoongorora kana IRS ichishandisa mishonga yezvipembenene ine zvisaririra zvakafanana nekupindira kwemarudzi ese emhuri mumusha.Isu takagadzira zvakare akasanganiswa enzvimbo yenjodzi mepu uye mosquito density yekuongorora maitiro zvichienderana nehunhu hwemumba, kunzwisiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene, uye IRS chimiro chekuongorora spatiotemporal kugoverwa kwemavector padanho remicroscale.
Chidzidzo ichi chakaitwa mumisha miviri yeMahnar block muVaishali mudunhu reBihar.Kudzora kweVL vectors (P. argentipes) ne IRS vachishandisa mishonga miviri yezvipembenene [dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 50%) uye synthetic pyrethroids (SP 5%)] yakaongororwa.Kushanda kwechinguva kusara kwemishonga yezvipembenene pamhando dzakasiyana dzemadziro kwakaongororwa pachishandiswa nzira yecone bioassay sezvakakurudzirwa neWorld Health Organisation.Kunzwa kwesirilverfish yekuzvarwa kune mishonga yezvipembenene kwakaongororwa uchishandisa in vitro bioassay.Pre- uye post-IRS mosquito densities munzvimbo dzekugara uye mudzimba dzemhuka dzakatariswa pachishandiswa misungo yakapfava yakaiswa neCenters for Disease Control kubva 6:00 pm kusvika 6:00 am. kuongorora.GIS-based spatial analysis tekinoroji yakashandiswa kumepu kugoverwa kwevector pesticide sensitivity nerudzi rwemhuri, uye imba IRS mamiriro akashandiswa kutsanangura spatiotemporal kugoverwa kwesirivheri shrimp.
Umhutu hweSilver hunonyanya kunzwira SP (100%), asi hunoratidza kuramba kwakanyanya kuDDT, nehuwandu hwekufa kwe49.1%.SP-IRS inonzi ine kugamuchirwa zvirinani neveruzhinji kupfuura DDT-IRS pakati pemarudzi ese emhuri.Kushanda kwakasara kwakasiyana-siyana pamadziro akasiyana-siyana;hapana kana imwe yezvipembenene yakasangana neWorld Health Organisation's IRS yakakurudzirwa nguva yekuita.Panguva dzese dzepashure peIRS nguva, kudzikisira kwetsikidzi nekuda kweSP-IRS kwaive kwakakura pakati pemapoka emhuri (kureva, vapfapfaidza nevarindi) kupfuura DDT-IRS.Mepu yakasanganiswa yengozi yenzvimbo inoratidza kuti SP-IRS ine kudzora kurinani paumhutu pane DDT-IRS munzvimbo dzese dzine njodzi dzemhuri.Multilevel logistic regression analysis yakaratidza zvinhu zvishanu zvengozi izvo zvakabatanidzwa zvakanyanya nesirivha shrimp density.
Mhedzisiro yacho ichapa kunzwisisa kuri nani kwemaitiro eIRS mukudzora visceral leishmaniasis muBihar, izvo zvinogona kubatsira kutungamira kuedza kweramangwana kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), inozivikanwawo sekuti kala-azar, chirwere chisingaperi chisingatarisirwi chetropical vector-borne chirwere chinokonzerwa neprotozoan parasites yegenus Leishmania.MuIndia subcontinent (IS), umo vanhu vari ivo chete dura remvura, utachiona (kureva Leishmania donovani) hunotapurirwa kuvanhu kuburikidza nekurumwa neumhutu hwechikadzi (Phlebotomus argentipes) [1, 2].MuIndia, VL inowanikwa zvakanyanya munzvimbo ina dzepakati nekumabvazuva: Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal uye Uttar Pradesh.Kumwe kubuda kwakaitika zvakare kuMadhya Pradesh (Central India), Gujarat (Western India), Tamil Nadu neKerala (South India), pamwe nenzvimbo dziri kuchamhembe kweHimalayan kuchamhembe kweIndia, kusanganisira Himachal Pradesh neJammu neKashmir.3].Pakati penyika dzine chirwere ichi, Bihar inonyanya kupararira nematunhu makumi matatu nematatu akabatwa neVL anoverengera anopfuura makumi manomwe muzana ezviitiko zvese muIndia gore rega rega.Vanenge 99 miriyoni vanhu mudunhu iri vari panjodzi, neavhareji gore negore zviitiko 6,752 (2013-2017).
MuBihar nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeIndia, kuedza kweVL kutonga kunovimba nematanho matatu makuru: kuonekwa kwekutanga, kurapwa kunobudirira, uye kutonga kwevector kushandisa insecticide spraying (IRS) mudzimba uye mudzimba dzemhuka [4, 5].Semhedzisiro yekurwisa marariya, IRS yakabudirira kudzora VL muma1960 ichishandisa dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 50% WP, 1 g ai/m2), uye kutonga kwechirongwa kwakabudirira kudzora VL muna 1977 uye 1992 [5, 6].Zvisinei, zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakasimbisa kuti silverbellied shrimp yakave yakapararira kuramba DDT [4,7,8].Muna 2015, National Vector Borne Disease Control Program (NVBDCP, New Delhi) yakashandura IRS kubva kuDDT kuenda kune synthetic pyrethroids (SP; alpha-cypermethrin 5% WP, 25 mg ai/m2) [7, 9].World Health Organisation (WHO) yakaisa chinangwa chekubvisa VL panosvika 2020 (kureva <1 kesi pa10,000 vanhu pagore pamugwagwa / mubhuroka level) [10].Ongororo dzinoverengeka dzakaratidza kuti IRS inoshanda zvakanyanya kupfuura dzimwe nzira dzekudzora vheji mukuderedza jecha nhunzi densities [11,12,13].Imwe nzira ichangoburwa inofanotaurawo kuti munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzedenda (kureva, pre-control denda rate ye5/10,000), IRS inoshanda inovhara 80% yemhuri inogona kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvekubvisa gore rimwe kusvika matatu apfuura [14].VL inobata varombo varombo vekumaruwa munharaunda dzinogara uye vector yavo yekutonga inovimba chete ne IRS, asi kusara kwemaitiro aya ekutonga pamhando dzakasiyana dzemhuri hakuna kumbodzidzwa mumunda munzvimbo dzinopindira [15, 16].Mukuwedzera, mushure mekushanda kwakasimba kurwisa VL, denda mune mamwe misha rakagara kwemakore anoverengeka uye rakashanduka rikava nzvimbo dzinopisa [17].Naizvozvo, zvinodikanwa kuti uongorore kusarira kweIRS pane mosquito density yekutarisa mumhando dzakasiyana dzemhuri.Pamusoro pezvo, microscale geospatial risk mepu ichabatsira kunzwisisa zvirinani nekudzora huwandu hweumhutu kunyangwe mushure mekupindira.Geographic information system (GIS) musanganiswa wedhijitari mepu tekinoroji inogonesa kuchengetedza, kufukidza, kunyengedza, kuongorora, kudzoreredza uye kuona kweakasiyana seti yenzvimbo yezvakatipoteredza uye yemagariro-demographic data nekuda kwakasiyana [18, 19, 20]..Iyo yepasi rose yekumisikidza system (GPS) inoshandiswa kudzidza nzvimbo yenzvimbo yezvikamu zvepasi [21, 22].GIS uye GPS-yakavakirwa nzvimbo yekuenzanisira maturusi uye matekiniki akashandiswa kune akati wandei epidemiological zvinhu, senge nzvimbo uye yenguva yekuongorora chirwere uye kufanotaura kwekuputika, kuita uye kuongororwa kwemaitiro ekudzora, kusangana kwehutachiona nemamiriro ekunze, uye mepu yengozi yenzvimbo.[20,23,24,25,26].Ruzivo rwakaunganidzwa uye rwakatorwa kubva kugeospatial njodzi mepu inogona kufambisa panguva uye inoshanda matanho ekudzora.
Ichi chidzidzo chakaongorora kushanda kwakasara nemhedzisiro yeDDT uye SP-IRS kupindira padanho remhuri pasi peNational VL Vector Control Chirongwa muBihar, India.Zvimwe zvinangwa zvanga zviri zvekugadzira mepu yenjodzi yenzvimbo yakasanganiswa uye mosikito density yekuongorora modhi yakavakirwa pahunhu hwekugara, kutapurira kwezvipembenene zvezvipembenene, uye chimiro chemhuri IRS kuti tiongorore hutongi hwekugoverwa kwespatiotemporal kweumhutu hushoma.
Chidzidzo chacho chakaitwa muMahnar block yedunhu reVaishali kumahombekombe ekuchamhembe kweGanga (Fig. 1).Makhnar inzvimbo yakanyanya kupararira, ine avhareji ye56.7 zviitiko zveVL pagore (170 zviitiko mu2012-2014), chiitiko chegore negore ndeye 2.5-3.7 zviitiko pa10,000 vanhu;Misha miviri yakasarudzwa: Chakeso senzvimbo yekutonga (Fig. 1d1; hapana nyaya dzeVL mumakore mashanu apfuura) uye Lavapur Mahanar senzvimbo yakapararira (Fig. 1d2; yakanyanya endemic, ine 5 kana kupfuura zviitiko pa1000 vanhu pagore. ).mumakore mashanu apfuura).Misha yakasarudzwa zvichienderana nemaitiro matatu makuru: nzvimbo uye kusvikika (kureva iri parwizi rwuri nyore kupinda gore rose), maitiro ehuwandu nehuwandu hwedzimba (kureva dzimba dzinosvika mazana maviri; Chaqueso ine 202 uye 204 dzimba dzine avhareji saizi yemhuri) .4.9 uye 5.1 vanhu) uye Lavapur Mahanar zvichiteerana) uye rudzi rwemhuri (HT) uye chimiro chekugovera kwavo (kureva kugoverwa zvisina tsarukano kwakasanganiswa HT).Misha miviri yekudzidza iri mukati me500 m yeMakhnar dhorobha uye chipatara chedunhu.Ongororo iyi yakaratidza kuti vagari vemumisha yezvidzidzo vaibatikana zvakanyanya mumabasa ekutsvagisa.Dzimba dziri mumusha wekudzidzira [dzine dzimba dzekurara 1-2 ine 1-yakabatanidzwa balcony, kicheni 1, imba yekugezera imwe uye 1 barn (yakanamatira kana yakavharirwa)] ine zvidhinha / madhaka madziro uye adobe pasi, zvidhinha madziro ane lime simende plaster.uye pasirendi, madziro ezvidhina asina kupurastira uye asina kupendwa, uriri hwevhu uye denga rakapfirirwa.Dunhu rose reVaishali rine hunyoro hwemamiriro ekunze ane mwaka wekunaya kwemvura (Chikunguru kusvika Nyamavhuvhu) uye mwaka wakaoma (Mbudzi kusvika Zvita).Avhareji yekunaya kwepagore ndeye 720.4 mm (renji 736.5-1076.7 mm), hunyoro hunoenderana 65±5% (renji 16-79%), avhareji yetembiricha yepamwedzi 17.2-32.4°C.Chivabvu naChikumi ndiyo mwedzi inodziya zvikurusa (tembiricha 39–44 °C), ukuwo Ndira ndiyo inotonhora zvakanyanya (7–22 °C).
Mepu yenzvimbo yekudzidza inoratidza nzvimbo yeBihar pamepu yeIndia (a) nenzvimbo yedunhu reVaishali pamepu yeBihar (b).Makhnar Block (c) Misha miviri yakasarudzwa pachidzidzo ichi: Chakeso senzvimbo yekutonga uye Lavapur Makhnar senzvimbo yekupindira.
Sechikamu cheNational Kalaazar Control Programme, Bihar Society Health Board (SHSB) yakaita matenderedzwa maviri epagore IRS panguva ya2015 uye 2016 (kutanga, Kukadzi-Kurume; yechipiri, Chikumi-Chikunguru) [4].Kuti ive nechokwadi chekuitwa kunoshanda kwezvese zviitiko zveIRS, chirongwa chidiki chekuita chakagadzirwa neRajendra Memorial Medical Institute (RMRIMS; Bihar), Patna, mubatsiri weIndia Council of Medical Research (ICMR; New Delhi).nodal Institute.IRS misha yakasarudzwa zvichienderana nemaitiro maviri makuru: nhoroondo yenyaya dzeVL uye retrodermal kala-azar (RPKDL) mumusha (kureva, misha ine 1 kana kupfuura nyaya panguva ipi neipi mumakore matatu apfuura, kusanganisira gore rekuita. )., misha isina magumo yakatenderedza "nzvimbo dzinopisa" (kureva misha yakaramba ichishuma nyaya dze ≥ 2 makore kana ≥ 2 nyaya pa 1000 vanhu) nemisha mitsva yakapararira (hapana nyaya mumakore matatu apfuura) misha mugore rekupedzisira re gore rekushandisa rakataurwa muna [17].Misha yakavakidzana iyo inoshandisa kutenderera kwekutanga kwemitero yenyika, misha mitsva inosanganisirwa muchikamu chechipiri chehurongwa hwekuita mutero wenyika.Muna 2015, mapeji maviri e IRS achishandisa DDT (DDT 50% WP, 1 g ai/m2) akaitwa mumisha yezvidzidzo zvekupindira.Kubva 2016, IRS yakaitwa pachishandiswa synthetic pyrethroids (SP; alpha-cypermethrin 5% VP, 25 mg ai/m2).Kupfapfaidza kwaiitwa pachishandiswa Hudson Xpert pombi (13.4 L) ine pressure screen, variable flow valve (1.5 bar) uye 8002 flat jet nozzle for porous surface [27].ICMR-RMRIMS, Patna (Bihar) yakatarisisa IRS pamba nemusha uye yakapa ruzivo rwekutanga nezve IRS kune vagari vemumusha kuburikidza nemakrofoni mukati memazuva ekutanga 1-2.Chikwata chega chega che IRS chine chemoni (inopihwa neRMRIMS) yekutarisa mashandiro echikwata che IRS.Ombudsmen, pamwe nezvikwata zve IRS, vanoendeswa kudzimba dzese kuzivisa nekusimbisa misoro yedzimba nezve zvinobatsira zve IRS.Munguva mbiri dzeongororo dzeIRS, kuvharwa kwemhuri kwese mumisha yezvidzidzo kwakasvika 80% [4].Mamiriro ekupfapfaidza (kureva, kusapfapfaidza, kupfapfaidza zvishoma, nekupfapfaidza kwakazara; zvinotsanangurwa muKuwedzera faira 1: Tafura S1) yakarekodhwa kudzimba dzese mumusha wekupindira panguva dzese dzeIRS.
Chidzidzo chacho chakaitwa kubva munaJune 2015 kusvika munaJuly 2016. IRS yakashandisa nzvimbo dzezvirwere zvekugadzirisa kusati kwaitwa (kureva, mavhiki e2 kusati kwapindira; kuongorora kwekutanga) uye mushure mekupindira (kureva, 2, 4, uye mavhiki e12 mushure mekupindira; ongororo yekutevera) yekutarisa, density control, uye jecha kudzivirira nhunzi mune yega yega IRS kutenderera.mumba yega yega Husiku humwe (kureva kubva 18:00 kusvika 6:00) musungo wakareruka [28].Miteyo yakareruka yakaiswa mudzimba dzekurara nemudzimba dzezvipfuyo.Mumusha umo chidzidzo chekupindira chakaitwa, dzimba makumi mana nemasere dzakaedzwa kuti jecha nhunzi dzisvike pamberi peIRS (dzimba gumi nemaviri pazuva kwemazuva mana akateedzana kusvika zuva risati rasvika IRS).Dzimba gumi nembiri dzakasarudzirwa rimwe nerimwe remapoka mana makuru emhuri (kureva plain clay plaster (PMP), simende plaster uye lime cladding (CPLC) dzimba, zvidhinha zvisina kunasiwa uye zvisina kupendwa (BUU) nedzimba dzakapfirirwa nouswa (TH).Mushure mezvo, mhuri gumi nembiri chete (kunze kwedzimba dze48 pre-IRS) dzakasarudzwa kuti dzienderere mberi nekuunganidza data rehuwandu hweumhutu mushure memusangano we IRS.Zvinoenderana nekurudziro yeWHO, mhuri dze6 dzakasarudzwa kubva muboka rekupindira (dzimba dzinogamuchira IRS kurapwa) uye boka revarindi (dzimba mumisha inopindira, avo varidzi vakaramba mvumo yeRS) [28].Pakati peboka rinodzora (dzimba dziri mumisha yakavakidzana dzisina kuita IRS nekuda kwekushaikwa kweVL), mhuri 6 chete dzakasarudzwa kuti dzitarise hutsi hweumhutu pamberi uye mushure mezvikamu zviviri zveIRS.Pamapoka matatu ese matatu ekutarisisa humhutu (kureva kupindira, vatariri nekudzora), dzimba dzakasarudzwa kubva mumapoka matatu ane njodzi (kureva yakaderera, yepakati nepamusoro; dzimba mbiri kubva padanho rega rega renjodzi) uye HT maitiro enjodzi akaiswa (modules nezvimiro zvakaiswa. inoratidzwa muTable 1 uye Tafura 2, maererano) [29, 30].Mhuri mbiri pachikamu chenjodzi dzakasarudzwa kuti dzidzivise fungidziro dzehuwandu hweumhutu hwakarerekera uye kuenzanisa pakati pemapoka.Muboka rekupindira, post-IRS mosquito densities yakatariswa mumhando mbiri dzemhuri dze IRS: dzakabatwa zvakakwana (n = 3; 1 mhuri pazinga reboka rengozi) uye yakabatwa zvishoma (n = 3; 1 mhuri pazinga reboka rengozi).).boka rengozi).
Umhutu hwese hwakabatwa mumunda hwakaunganidzwa mumachubhu ebvunzo hwakaendeswa murabhoritari, uye machubhu ebvunzo akaurayiwa pachishandiswa donje rakanyikwa muchloroform.Majecha eSilver akaitwa zvepabonde uye akaparadzaniswa kubva kune zvimwe zvipembenene uye umhutu zvichibva pane morphological hunhu uchishandisa yakajairwa identification codes [31].Yese shrimp yechirume neyechikadzi sirivheri dzakabva dzaiswa mumagaba zvakasiyana mu80% doro.Kuwanda kweumhutu pamuteyo/usiku hwakaverengerwa pachishandiswa fomula inotevera: huwandu hweumhutu hwakaunganidzwa/nhamba yemateya akareruka akateyiwa husiku hwese.Iko kushanduka kwezana mukuwanda kweumhutu (SFC) nekuda kweIRS kushandisa DDT uye SP yakafungidzirwa uchishandisa fomura inotevera [32]:
apo A ndiyo yekutanga kureva SFC yedzimba dzekupindira, B ndiyo IRS inoreva SFC yedzimba dzekupindira, C ndiyo yekutanga kureva SFC yekutonga/varindi vedzimba, uye D ndiyo inorevesa SFC yeIRS kutonga/varindi vedzimba dzimba.
Mhedzisiro yekupindira inoguma, yakanyorwa seyakashata uye yakanaka tsika, inoratidza kuderera uye kuwedzera kweSFC mushure meIRS, zvichiteerana.Kana SFC mushure me IRS yakaramba yakafanana neyekutanga SFC, kupindira kwakaverengerwa sezero.
Maererano neWorld Health Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES), kunzwisiswa kwezvisikwa zvesilverleg shrimp kune mishonga yezvipembenene DDT uye SP yakaongororwa uchishandisa in vitro bioassays [33].Sirivha shrimp yechikadzi ine hutano uye isina kudyiwa (18-25 SF paboka) yakaratidzwa kune mishonga yezvipembenene yakawanikwa kubva kuUniversiti Sains Malaysia (USM, Malaysia; yakarongedzwa neWorld Health Organisation) vachishandisa World Health Organisation Pesticide Sensitivity Test Kit [4,9, 33 ,34].Yese seti yezvipembenene bioassays yakaedzwa kasere (ina bvunzo replicates, imwe neimwe inomhanya panguva imwe chete nekutonga).Kudzora bvunzo kwakaitwa pachishandiswa bepa pre-impregnated nerisella (yeDDT) uye silicone mafuta (yeSP) yakapihwa neUSM.Mushure memaminitsi makumi matanhatu ekuonekwa, mosquito dzakaiswa mumachubhu eWHO uye inopiwa nedonje inonwa mvura yakanyoroveswa mu10% shuga solution.Huwandu hweumhutu hwakaurayiwa mushure meawa 1 uye kufa kwekupedzisira mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana kwakaonekwa.Mamiriro ekudzivirira anotsanangurwa maererano nemitemo yeWorld Health Organization: kufa kwe98-100% kunoratidza kusununguka, 90-98% inoratidza kukwanisa kupikisa kunoda kusimbiswa, uye <90% inoratidza kuramba [33, 34].Nokuti kufa muboka rekutonga kwakabva ku0 kusvika ku5%, hapana kugadziriswa kwekufa kwakaitwa.
Iyo bioefficacy uye yakasara mhedzisiro yezvipembenene pazvipembenene zvekuzvarwa pasi pemamiriro emumunda zvakaongororwa.Mudzimba nhatu dzekupindira (imwe neimwe ine plain clay plaster kana PMP, simende plaster uye lime coating kana CPLC, isina kupurasita uye isina kupendwa zvidhinha kana BUU) pa2, 4 uye 12 mavhiki mushure mekupfapfaidza.Iyo yakajairwa WHO bioassay yakaitwa pamakoni ane mwenje misungo.yakatangwa [27, 32].Kudziisa mumba kwainge kusingabatanidzwe nekuda kwemadziro asina kuenzana.Mukuongorora kwega kwega, makoni gumi nemaviri akashandiswa padzimba dzese dzekuyedza (makoni mana paimba, imwe yemhando yega yega yemadziro).Batanidza makoni kune imwe neimwe madziro emukamuri pahupamhi hwakasiyana: imwe kumusoro kumusoro (kubva pa1.7 kusvika 1.8 m), maviri pachiuno chechiuno (kubva 0.9 kusvika 1 m) uye imwe pasi pemabvi (kubva 0.3 kusvika 0.5 m).Umhutu hwechikadzi gumi husina kudyiwa (gumi pakoni imwe; yakaunganidzwa kubva panzvimbo yekudzora uchishandisa aspirator) yakaiswa mune yega yega WHO yepurasitiki cone chamber (koni imwe parudzi rwemhuri) sekudzora.Mushure memaminitsi makumi matatu ekuonekwa, nyatsobvisa umhutu kubva mairi;conical chamber uchishandisa aspirator yemagokora uye woaendesa mumachubhu eWHO ane 10% shuga solution yekudyisa.Kufa kwekupedzisira mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana kwakanyorwa pa 27 ± 2 ° C uye 80 ± 10% hunyoro hunoenderana.Kufa kwehuwandu nezvikamu pakati pe5% ne20% zvinogadziriswa uchishandisa Abbott formula [27] sezvinotevera:
uko P ndiyo yakagadziridzwa kufa, P1 ndiyo inocherechedzwa yekufa muzana, uye C ndiyo inodzora kufa muzana.Miedzo ine kudzora kufa> 20% yakaraswa uye yakadzokororwa [27, 33].
Ongororo yakazara yemhuri yakaitwa mumusha wekupindira.Nzvimbo yeGPS yeimba yega yega yakanyorwa pamwe chete nemagadzirirwo ayo uye rudzi rwezvinhu, pekugara, uye mamiriro ekupindira.Iyo GIS papuratifomu yakagadzira dhijitari geodatabase iyo inosanganisira miganhu miganho pamusha, dunhu, dunhu nematunhu.Nzvimbo dzese dzemba dzakaiswa geotagged vachishandisa musha-level GIS point layer, uye ruzivo rwavo rwehunhu hwakabatana uye hunovandudzwa.Panzvimbo yega yega yemhuri, njodzi yakaongororwa zvichibva paHT, insecticide vector susceptibility, uye IRS mamiriro (Table 1) [11, 26, 29, 30].Ese mapoinzi edzimba akabva ashandurwa kuita mamepu ane thematic achishandisa inverse distance weighting (IDW; resolution yakavakirwa paavhareji yenzvimbo yeimba ye6 m2, simba 2, nhamba yakatarwa yemapoinzi akapoterera = 10, uchishandisa shanduko yekutsvaga radius, yakaderera pass sefa).uye cubic convolution mepu) tekinoroji yekududzira nzvimbo [35].Mhando mbiri dzemamepu enzvimbo yenjodzi dzakagadzirwa: HT-based thematic mepu uye pesticide vector senitivity uye IRS mamiriro (ISV uye IRSS) thematic mepu.Iwo maviri mamepu engozi yengozi akabva asanganiswa achishandisa huremu hwepamusoro pekuongorora [36].Munguva iyi, ma raster layer akaiswazve kuita makirasi akasarudzika emhando dzakasiyana dzengozi (kureva, yakakwirira, yepakati, uye yakaderera / isina njodzi).Imwe neimwe yakadzokororwa raster layer yakazowedzerwa nehuremu hwayakapihwa zvichibva pakukosha kwezviyero zvinotsigira humhutu huzhinji (zvichienderana nekuwanda mumisha yekudzidza, nzvimbo dzekuberekesa umhutu, uye kuzorora nekudyisa maitiro) [26, 29]., 30, 37].Mamepu ese ari maviri enjodzi akayerwa 50:50 sezvo ivo vakapa zvakaenzana mukuwanda kweumhutu (Yakawedzerwa faira 1: Tafura S2).Nekupfupikisa akaremerwa pamusoro pemamepu ezvinyorwa, mepu yekupedzisira inosanganiswa yenjodzi inogadzirwa uye inoonekwa papuratifomu yeGIS.Mepu yekupedzisira yenjodzi inoratidzwa uye inotsanangurwa maererano neSand Fly Risk Index (SFRI) maitiro akaverengerwa uchishandisa inotevera formula:
Muchinyorwa, P ndiyo indekisi yengozi, L ndiyo ine ngozi ukoshi hwese kwenzvimbo yemhuri yega yega, uye H ndiyo yakanyanya njodzi ukoshi hwemhuri munzvimbo yefundo.Takagadzirira uye takaita zvidimbu zveGIS uye kuongorora tichishandisa ESRI ArcGIS v.9.3 (Redlands, CA, USA) kugadzira mamepu enjodzi.
Takaita ongororo dzakawanda dzekudzokorora kuti tiongorore zvakasanganiswa mhedzisiro yeHT, ISV, uye IRSS (sezvinotsanangurwa muTebhurari 1) pane density yemumba (n = 24).Hunhu hwedzimba uye njodzi dzinobva mukupindira kwe IRS dzakanyorwa muchidzidzo zvakabatwa seanotsanangurwa akasiyana, uye huwandu hweumhutu hwakashandiswa semhinduro yekupindura.Univariate Poisson regression analyzes yakaitwa kune yega yega inotsanangura inosiyana yakabatana nejecha density.Munguva yekuongorora univariate, zvakasiyana-siyana zvakanga zvisingakoshi uye zvine P kukosha kukuru kudarika 15% zvakabviswa kubva pakuongorora kwakawanda.Kuti uongorore kushamwaridzana, mazwi ekubatana kwezvose zvinogona kusanganiswa kwezvakasiyana-siyana (zvinowanikwa muunivariate analysis) zvakabatanidzwa panguva imwechete mukuongorora kwakawanda kwekudzokorora, uye mazwi asina kukosha akabviswa kubva mumuenzaniso nenzira yakadzikama kuti agadzire muenzaniso wekupedzisira.
Ongororo yenjodzi yemumba yakaitwa nenzira mbiri: ongororo yenjodzi yemumba uye kuongororwa kwenzvimbo kwakabatana kwenzvimbo dzine njodzi pamepu.Huwandu hwengozi hwepadzimba hunofungidzirwa huchishandiswa ongororo yekuenzanisa pakati pefungidziro dzengozi dzemumba uye jecha nhunzi densities (yakaunganidzwa kubva kumhuri dze6 sentinel uye 6 dzimba dzekupindira; mavhiki pamberi uye mushure mekushandisa IRS).Nzvimbo dzengozi dzenzvimbo dzakafungidzirwa kushandisa avhareji yehuwandu hweumhutu hwakaunganidzwa kubva kumhuri dzakasiyana uye zvichienzaniswa pakati pemapoka ane njodzi (kureva nzvimbo dzakaderera, dzepakati nepamusoro).Muchikamu chega chega cheIRS, mhuri gumi nembiri (dzimba ina mune imwe neimwe yezvikamu zvitatu zvenzvimbo dzine njodzi; kuunganidzwa kwehusiku kunoitwa ega ega 2, 4, uye mavhiki gumi nemaviri mushure meIRS) dzakasarudzwa zvisina tsarukano kuti dziunganidze umhutu kuti dziedze yakazara njodzi mepu.Mashoko emumba mamwechete (kureva HT, VSI, IRSS uye kureba kweumhutu) akashandiswa kuedza muenzaniso wekupedzisira wekudzoreredza.Ongororo yakapfava yekuenzanisa yakaitwa pakati pekutarisa kwemumunda uye modhi-inofanotaurwa yehuwandu hweumhutu hwemhuri.
Nhamba dzinotsanangura dzakadai sezvinoreva, zvishoma, zvakanyanya, 95% nguva dzekuvimba (CI) uye zvikamu zvakaverengerwa kupfupisa data yeentomological uye IRS.Avhareji yenhamba/density uye kufa kwetsikidzi dzesirivheri (insecticidal agent residues) uchishandisa parametric bvunzo [paired samples t-test (yedata inowanzogoverwa)] uye isiri-parametric bvunzo (Wilcoxon yakasainwa chinzvimbo) kuenzanisa kushanda pakati pemhando dzepamusoro mudzimba (kureva. , BUU vs. CPLC, BUU vs. PMP, uye CPLC vs. PMP) bvunzo yedata risingawanzo kugoverwa).Ongororo dzese dzakaitwa uchishandisa SPSS v.20 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Kuvharirwa kwedzimba mumisha yekupindira panguva yeIRS DDT uye SP kutenderera kwakaverengerwa.Mhuri mazana maviri neshanu dzakagashira IRS munharaunda yega yega, kusanganisira dzimba zana nemakumi manomwe nepfumbamwe (87.3%) muDDT kutenderera uye dzimba zana nemakumi mapfumbamwe neina (94.6%) muchikamu cheSP cheVL vector control.Huwandu hwemhuri dzakarapwa zvizere nemishonga yezvipembenene hwaive hwakanyanya panguva yeSP-IRS (86.3%) pane panguva yeDDT-IRS (52.7%).Huwandu hwemhuri dzakabuda muIRS panguva yeDDT hwaive makumi maviri nenhanhatu (12.7%) uye huwandu hwemhuri dzakabuda muIRS panguva yeSP hwaive gumi nerimwe (5.4%).Munguva yeDDT neSP, huwandu hwedzimba dzakarapwa zvishoma dzakanyoreswa dzaive makumi manomwe neimwe (34.6% yedzimba dzese dzakarapwa) uye gumi nenomwe (8.3% yedzimba dzese dzakarapwa), zvichiteerana.
Sekureva kwe WHO inodzivirira mishonga yekurwisa zvipembenene, huwandu hwemashirivha esirivheri panzvimbo yekupindira hwainyatso batwa nealpha-cypermethrin (0.05%) sezvo avhareji yekufa yakataurwa panguva yekutongwa (maawa makumi maviri nemana) yaive zana.Iyo yakacherechedzwa yekugogodza mwero yaive 85.9% (95% CI: 81.1-90.6%).Nokuda kweDDT, kugogodza kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana kwaiva 22.8% (95% CI: 11.5-34.1%), uye nhamba yekufa kwekuongorora kwemagetsi kwaiva 49.1% (95% CI: 41.9-56.3%).Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza kuti silverfoots yakatanga kuramba zvachose kuDDT panzvimbo yekupindira.
Mutafura Tafura 3 inopfupikisa mhedzisiro yebioanalysis yemakoni emhando dzakasiyana dzenzvimbo (yakasiyana nguva dzenguva mushure meIRS) inorapwa neDDT neSP.Nhoroondo yedu yakaratidza kuti mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana, zvose zvipembenene (BUU vs. CPLC: t (2) = - 6.42, P = 0.02; BUU vs. PMP: t (2) = 0.25, P = 0.83; CPLC vs PMP: t ( 2) = 1.03, P = 0.41 (yeDDT-IRS neBUU) CPLC: t (2) = - 5.86, P = 0.03 uye PMP: t (2) = 1.42, P = 0.29; (2) = 3.01, P = 0.10 uye SP: t (2) = 9.70, P = 0.01; nhamba yekufa yakaderera zvishoma nezvishoma nekufamba kwenguva. uye mavhiki mana mushure mekupfapfaidza kumadziro eCPLC chete (kureva 82.5 muboka reDDT, kufa kwaigara kuri pasi pe70% yemarudzi ese emadziro panguva dzese mushure meiyo IRS bioassay yeavhareji yekufa kweDDT uye SP mushure megumi nemaviri mavhiki ekupfapfaidza aive 25.1% uye 63.2%, zvichienderana nemhando nhatu dzepamusoro, huwandu hwepamusoro hwekufa neDDT hwaive 61.1% (yePMP 2 mavhiki mushure meIRS), 36.9% (yeCPLC 4 mavhiki mushure meIRS), uye 28.9% ( kweCPLC 4 mavhiki mushure meIRS) Maminimum rates ndeye 55% (yeBUU, mavhiki e2 mushure meIRS), 32.5% (yePMP, mavhiki mana mushure meIRS) uye 20% (yePMP, mavhiki mana mushure meIRS);US IRS).Kune SP, huwandu hwepamusoro hwekufa kwemarudzi ese epasi hwaive 97.2% (yeCPLC, mavhiki maviri mushure meIRS), 82.5% (yeCPLC, mavhiki mana mushure meIRS), uye 67.5% (yeCPLC, mavhiki mana mushure meIRS).mavhiki gumi nemaviri mushure meIRS).US IRS).mavhiki mushure meIRS);iyo yakaderera mitengo yaive 94.4% (yeBUU, 2 mavhiki mushure meIRS), 75% (yePMP, 4 mavhiki mushure meIRS), uye 58.3% (yePMP, mavhiki gumi nemaviri mushure meIRS).Kune ese ezvipembenene, kufa kwePMP-yakarapwa nzvimbo kwakasiyana nekukurumidza nekufamba kwenguva pane pane CPLC- neBUU-yakarapwa nzvimbo.
Tafura 4 inopfupisa mhedzisiro yekupindira (kureva, post-IRS inoshanduka mukuwanda kwemosquito) yeDDT- uye SP-based IRS rounds (Yakawedzerwa faira 1: Mufananidzo S1).Kune DDT-IRS, kuderedzwa kwezana muzana muzvipembenene zvesilverlegged mushure menguva yeIRS yaive 34.1% (pamavhiki maviri), 25.9% (pamasvondo mana), uye 14.1% (pamasvondo gumi nemaviri).Kune SP-IRS, mazinga ekuderedza aiva 90.5% (pamavhiki maviri), 66.7% (pamasvondo mana), uye 55.6% (pamasvondo gumi nemaviri).Kuderera kukuru kwesirivheri shrimp kuwanda mudzimba dzevarindi panguva yeDDT uye SP IRS yekushuma nguva yaive 2.8% (pamavhiki maviri) uye 49.1% (pamavhiki maviri), zvichiteerana.Munguva yeSP-IRS nguva, kuderera (kusati kwapera uye shure) kwewhite-bellied pheasants kwakafanana mukupfira dzimba (t (2) = - 9.09, P <0.001) uye mhuri dzevarindi (t (2) = - 1.29, P = 0.33).Yakakwirira kana ichienzaniswa neDDT-IRS panguva dzese 3 nguva dzenguva mushure meIRS.Pazvose zviri zviviri zvipembenene, sirivheri bug kuwanda kwakawedzera mudzimba dzevarindi mavhiki gumi nemaviri mushure meIRS (kureva, 3.6% uye 9.9% yeSP neDDT, zvichiteerana).Munguva yeSP neDDT zvichitevera misangano yeIRS, 112 uye 161 sirivheri shrimp yakaunganidzwa kubva kumapurazi evarindi, zvichiteerana.
Hapana misiyano yakakosha mukuwanda kwesirivheri shrimp density yakaonekwa pakati pemapoka emhuri (kureva spray vs sentinel: t(2)= - 3.47, P = 0.07; spray vs control: t(2) = - 2.03 , P = 0.18; sentinel vs. control : mukati memavhiki eIRS mushure meDDT, t (2) = - 0.59, P = 0.62).Kusiyana neizvi, misiyano mikuru yesirivheri shrimp density yakaonekwa pakati peboka rekupfapfaidza neboka rekutonga (t (2) = - 11.28, P = 0.01) uye pakati peboka rekupfapfaidza neboka rekutonga (t (2) = - 4, 42, P = 0.05).IRS mavhiki mashoma mushure meSP.Kune SP-IRS, hapana misiyano yakakosha yakaonekwa pakati pevarindi nemhuri dzekutonga (t (2) = -0.48, P = 0.68).Mufananidzo 2 unoratidza avhareji esirivha-bellied pheasant densities inocherechedzwa pamapurazi zvizere uye zvishoma zvakabatwa neIRS mavhiri.Pakange pasina misiyano yakakosha muhutsi hwemapeasants akanyatso tarisirwa pakati pedzimba dzakadzorwa zvizere uye zvishoma (zvinoreva 7.3 uye 2.7 pamusungo / husiku).DDT-IRS uye SP-IRS, zvichiteerana), uye dzimwe dzimba dzakapfapfaidzwa nemishonga yezvipembenene (zvinoreva 7.5 uye 4.4 pausiku hweDDT-IRS uye SP-IRS, zvichiteerana) (t(2) ≤ 1.0, P> 0.2).Zvakadaro, sirivheri shrimp density mumapurazi akapfapfaidzwa zvizere uye zvishoma aisiyana zvakanyanya pakati peSP neDDT IRS kutenderera (t(2) ≥ 4.54, P ≤ 0.05).
Kufungidzirwa kunoreva kuwanda kwemasirivha ane mapapiro anonhuwa mudzimba dzakabatwa zvizere uye zvishoma mumusha weMahanar, Lavapur, mukati memavhiki maviri IRS isati yasvika uye mavhiki maviri, mana uye gumi nemaviri mushure meiyo IRS, DDT uye SP kutenderera.
Mepu yakazara yenjodzi yenzvimbo (musha weLavapur Mahanar; nzvimbo yese: 26,723 km2) yakagadziridzwa kuti ione nzvimbo dzakaderera, dzepakati uye dzepamusoro dzenzvimbo yekutarisa kubuda uye kudzoka kwesirivheri shrimp pamberi uye mavhiki akati wandei mushure mekushandiswa kwe IRS (Fig. , 4)...Nhamba yepamusoro-soro yenjodzi kumhuri panguva yekugadzirwa kwemepu yengozi yenzvimbo yakanzi "12" (kureva, "8" yeHT-based risk mamepu uye "4" yeVSI- uye IRSS-based risk mepu).Izvo zvishoma zvakaverengerwa njodzi yengozi ndeye "zero" kana "hapana njodzi" kunze kweDDT-VSI uye IRSS mepu dzine zvibodzwa zvishoma zve1. Mepu yeHT yakavakirwa panjodzi yakaratidza kuti nzvimbo yakakura (kureva 19,994.3 km2; 74.8%) yeLavapur Musha weMahanar inzvimbo ine njodzi huru umo vagari vanogona kusangana nekubudazve umhutu.Kuvharwa kwenzvimbo kunosiyana pakati pepamusoro (DDT 20.2%; SP 4.9%), yepakati (DDT 22.3%; SP 4.6%) uye yakaderera/isina njodzi (DDT 57.5%; SP 90.5) nzvimbo %) (t (2) = 12.7, P <0.05) pakati pengozi magirafu DDT uye SP-IS uye IRSS (Fig. 3, 4).Mepu yekupedzisira inosanganiswa yenjodzi yakagadziridzwa yakaratidza kuti SP-IRS yaive nani yekudzivirira kupfuura DDT-IRS pamatanho ese eHT nzvimbo dzine njodzi.Nzvimbo yengozi yeHT yakaderedzwa kusvika pasi pe7% (1837.3 km2) mushure meSP-IRS uye nzvimbo zhinji (kureva 53.6%) yakava nzvimbo yakaderera.Munguva yeDDT-IRS nguva, chiyero chenzvimbo dzakakwirira uye dzakaderera dzakaongororwa nemepu yengozi yakabatanidzwa yaiva 35.5% (9498.1 km2) uye 16.2% (4342.4 km2), maererano.Kuwanda kwenhunzi dzejecha kuyerwa mudzimba dzakarapwa uye dzevarindi pamberi uye mavhiki akati wandei mushure mekushandiswa kweIRS zvakarongwa uye zvakaonekwa pamepu yengozi yakabatanidzwa yega yega IRS (kureva, DDT uye SP) (Figs. 3, 4).Paive nekubvumirana kwakanaka pakati pezvibodzwa zvengozi dzemhuri uye avhareji esirivha shrimp densities yakanyorwa pamberi uye mushure meIRS (Fig. 5).Iwo maR2 values (P <0.05) ekuenderana kwekuongorora kwakaverengerwa kubva kumativi maviri eIRS aive: 0.78 2 mavhiki pamberi peDDT, 0.81 2 mavhiki mushure meDDT, 0.78 4 mavhiki mushure meDDT, 0.83 mushure meDDT- DDT mavhiki gumi nemaviri, DDT. Total pashure SP aiva 0.85, 0.82 2 mavhiki SP asati, 0.38 2 mavhiki pashure SP, 0.56 4 mavhiki pashure SP, 0.81 12 mavhiki pashure SP uye 0.79 2 mavhiki pashure SP zvachose (Kuwedzera faira 1: Tafura S3).Mhedzisiro yakaratidza kuti mhedzisiro yekupindira kweSP-IRS pane ese maHTs yakakwidziridzwa mukati memavhiki mana anotevera IRS.DDT-IRS yakaramba isingabatsiri kune ese maHT panguva dzese mushure mekushandisa IRS.Mhedzisiro yekuongororwa kwemunda wenzvimbo yakabatanidzwa ine njodzi mepu inopfupikiswa muTebhura 5. Kune IRS kutenderera, zvinoreva silverbellied shrimp kuwanda uye muzana yehuwandu hwehuwandu munzvimbo dzine njodzi huru (kureva, > 55%) yaive yakakwira pane yakaderera- uye. nzvimbo dzine njodzi yepakati pane ese post-IRS nguva mapoinzi.Nzvimbo dzemhuri dzezvipembenene (kureva idzo dzakasarudzirwa kuunganidzwa kweumhutu) dzakamepurwa uye dzinoonekwa mune Yekuwedzera faira 1: Mufananidzo S2.
Mhando nhatu dzeGIS yakavakirwa spatial njodzi mepu (kureva HT, IS uye IRSS uye musanganiswa weHT, IS uye IRSS) kuona nzvimbo dzenjodzi dzinonhuwa pamberi uye mushure meDDT-IRS mumusha weMahnar, Lavapur, Vaishali mudunhu (Bihar)
Mhando nhatu dzeGIS-yakavakirwa spatial njodzi mepu (kureva HT, IS uye IRSS uye musanganiswa weHT, IS uye IRSS) kuona sirivha ine mavara ane njodzi nzvimbo dzeshiri (zvichienzaniswa neKharbang)
Kukanganisa kweDDT-(a, c, e, g, i) neSP-IRS (b, d, f, h, j) pamatanho akasiyana emapoka enjodzi dzemhuri akaverengerwa nekufungidzira "R2" pakati penjodzi dzemumba. .Kufungidzira kwezviratidzi zvemumba uye avhareji density yeP. argentipes mavhiki maviri IRS isati yaitwa uye 2, 4 uye 12 mavhiki mushure mekuita IRS muLavapur Mahnar musha, Vaishali mudunhu, Bihar.
Tafura 6 inopfupisa mhedzisiro yeunivariate kuongororwa kwezvinhu zvese zvine njodzi zvinobata flake density.Zvose zvinokonzerwa nengozi (n = 6) zvakawanikwa zvakanyanyobatanidzwa nehuwandu hwemhutu hwemhuri.Izvo zvakacherechedzwa kuti kukosha kweyero yeese akakodzera akasiyana akagadzira P kukosha isingasviki 0.15.Nokudaro, zvose zvinotsanangurwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvakachengeterwa kuongororwa kwakawanda.Musanganiswa wakanyatsokodzera weiyo yekupedzisira modhi yakagadzirwa zvichienderana neshanu njodzi zvinhu: TF, TW, DS, ISV, uye IRSS.Tafura 7 inonyora tsanangudzo yezviyero zvakasarudzwa mumuenzaniso wekupedzisira, pamwe chete nekugadzirisa zviyero, 95% nguva dzekuvimba (CIs), uye P values.Yekupedzisira modhi yakakosha zvikuru, ine R2 kukosha kwe0.89 (F(5)=27 .9, P<0.001).
TR yakanga isingabatanidzwe kubva kumuenzaniso wekupedzisira nekuti yakanga isinganyanyi kukosha (P = 0.46) nemamwe madhizaini anotsanangura.Iyo yakagadziridzwa modhi yakashandiswa kufanotaura density yejecha nhunzi zvichienderana nedata kubva kudzimba gumi nembiri dzakasiyana.Mhedzisiro yemhedzisiro yakaratidza kuwirirana kwakasimba pakati pehuturu hweumhutu hunoonekwa mumunda uye hutsi hweumhutu hwakafanotaurwa nemuenzaniso (r = 0.91, P <0.001).
Chinangwa ndechekubvisa VL kubva kumatunhu eIndia panosvika 2020 [10].Kubva 2012, India yakafambira mberi zvakanyanya mukuderedza chiitiko uye kufa kweVL [10].Shanduko kubva kuDDT kuenda kuSP muna 2015 yaive shanduko huru munhoroondo ye IRS muBihar, India [38].Kuti unzwisise njodzi yenzvimbo yeVL uye kuwanda kwemavheji ayo, akati wandei macro-level zvidzidzo zvakaitwa.Nekudaro, kunyangwe kugovaniswa kwenzvimbo kwekuwanda kweVL kwakagamuchira kutariswa kuri kuwedzera munyika yose, tsvakiridzo shoma yakaitwa padanho diki.Zvakare, paiyo micro level, data haina kuenderana uye yakanyanya kuoma kuongorora nekunzwisisa.Sekuziva kwedu, chidzidzo ichi ndicho chirevo chekutanga chekuongorora kushanda kwakasara uye kupindira kwe IRS uchishandisa mishonga yezvipembenene DDT neSP pakati peHTs pasi peNational VL Vector Control Program muBihar (India).Uku zvakare kuyedza kwekutanga kugadzira mepu yengozi yenzvimbo uye mosquito density yekuongorora modhi kuratidza kupararira kwespatiotemporal kweumhutu pamicroscale pasi pemamiriro ekupindira kweIRS.
Mhedzisiro yedu yakaratidza kuti kutorwa kwemhuri kweSP-IRS kwaive kwakakwira mudzimba dzese uye kuti dzimba zhinji dzakagadziriswa zvizere.Mhedzisiro yebioassay yakaratidza kuti nhunzi dzejecha resirivha mumusha wekudzidza dzaive nehanya zvakanyanya nebeta-cypermethrin asi dzakaderera kuDDT.Avhareji yehuwandu hwekufa kwesirivheri shrimp kubva kuDDT iri pasi pe50%, zvichiratidza huwandu hwepamusoro hwekuramba DDT.Izvi zvinopindirana nemigumisiro yezvidzidzo zvekare zvakaitwa panguva dzakasiyana mumisha yakasiyana yeVL-endemic states yeIndia, kusanganisira Bihar [8,9,39,40].Pamusoro pekunzwa kwemushonga wezvipembenene, kushanda kwakasara kwemishonga yezvipembenene nemigumisiro yekupindira zvakare ruzivo rwakakosha.Nguva yezvakasara mhedzisiro yakakosha kune chirongwa chechirongwa.Iyo inosarudza nguva dzepakati pakati pekutenderera kwe IRS kuitira kuti huwandu hwevanhu hurambe hwakachengetedzwa kusvika pakupfapfaidza kunotevera.Cone bioassay mhedzisiro yakaratidza mutsauko wakakura wekufa pakati pemadziro emhando yemhando panguva dzakasiyana dzenguva mushure meIRS.Kufa pamusoro peDDT-yakagadziriswa nzvimbo yaigara iri pasi pehutano hunogutsa hweWHO (kureva, ≥80%), asi pamadziro akabatwa neSP, kufa kwakaramba kuchigutsa kusvikira vhiki yechina mushure me IRS;Kubva pane izvi zvabuda, zviri pachena kuti kunyangwe silverleg shrimp inowanikwa munzvimbo yekudzidza ichinyanya kunzwisiswa neSP, iyo yakasara inoshanda yeSP inosiyana zvichienderana neHT.Kufanana neDDT, SP zvakare haina kusangana nenguva yekushanda yakatsanangurwa mu WHO mirayiridzo [41, 42].Kusashanda zvakanaka uku kunogona kukonzerwa nekusaita zvakanaka kweIRS (kureva kufambisa pombi nekumhanya kwakakodzera, chinhambwe kubva pamadziro, mwero wekuyerera uye saizi yemadonhwe emvura nekuiswa kwawo pamadziro), pamwe nekusashandisa kwekuchenjera kwemishonga yezvipembenene (kureva. gadziriro yekugadzirisa) [11,28,43].Zvakadaro, sezvo chidzidzo ichi chakaitwa pasi pekutariswa nekudzorwa kwakasimba, chimwe chikonzero chekusasangana neWorld Health Organisation yakakurudzirwa zuva rekupera inogona kunge iri mhando yeSP (kureva, chikamu cheiyo inoshanda ingredient kana "AI") inoumba QC.
Pamhando nhatu dzepamusoro dzinoshandiswa kuongorora kuramba kwemishonga yezvipembenene, musiyano mukuru wekufa wakaonekwa pakati peBUU neCPLC pamishonga miviri yezvipembenene.Chimwe chitsva chakawanikwa ndechekuti CPLC yakaratidza kuita zvirinani kusara mukati menguva dzese mushure mekupfapfaidza ichiteverwa neBUU nePMP nzvimbo.Nekudaro, mavhiki maviri mushure meIRS, PMP yakanyora huwandu hwepamusoro uye hwechipiri hwepamusoro hwekufa kubva kuDDT neSP, zvichiteerana.Mhedzisiro iyi inoratidza kuti mushonga wezvipembenene wakaiswa pamusoro pePMP haurambe uripo kwenguva yakareba.Musiyano uyu mukubudirira kwezvisaririra zvezvipembenene pakati pemhando dzemadziro zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana, senge kuumbwa kwemakemikari emumadziro (yakawedzera pH ichiita kuti mamwe mishonga yezvipembenene iparare nekukurumidza), kutorwa kwemvura (yakakwirira pamadziro evhu), kuwanikwa. yekuparara kwebhakitiriya uye chiyero chekuparara kwezvinhu zvemadziro, pamwe nekupisa uye humidity [44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49].Zvigumisiro zvedu zvinotsigira zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakawanda pamusoro pekusara kwekushanda kwezvipembenene-zvakagadziriswa zvipembenene zvinopesana nezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvirwere [45, 46, 50, 51].
Kufungidzira kwekuderedzwa kweumhutu mudzimba dzakarapwa kwakaratidza kuti SP-IRS yainyanya kushanda kupfuura DDT-IRS mukudzora umhutu panguva dzese dzepost-IRS (P <0.001).Pakutenderera kweSP-IRS neDDT-IRS, mitengo yekuderera kwedzimba dzakarapwa kubva ku2 kusvika kumavhiki gumi nemaviri yaive 55.6-90.5% uye 14.1-34.1%, zvichiteerana.Migumisiro iyi yakaratidzawo kuti zvakakosha zvinokonzerwa neP. argentipes kuwanda mudzimba dzevarindi zvakaonekwa mukati memavhiki e4 ekushandiswa kwe IRS;argentipes yakawedzera mumativi ese eIRS mavhiki gumi nemaviri mushure meIRS;Nekudaro, pakanga pasina musiyano wakakosha muhuwandu hweumhutu mudzimba dzevarindi pakati pematenderedzwa maviri eIRS (P = 0.33).Mibairo kubva kuongororo yehuwandu hwemashiripu esirivheri pakati pemapoka emhuri munharaunda yega yega zvakaratidzawo kuti hapana misiyano yakakosha muDDT pamapoka mana ese emhuri (kureva., sprayed vs. sentinel; sprayed vs. control; sentinel vs. control; yakakwana vs. partial).).Mapoka maviri emhuri IRS uye SP-IRS (kureva, murindi anopesana nekutonga uye azere vs. chikamu).Nekudaro, mutsauko wakakura mukuwanda kwesirivheri shrimp pakati peDDT neSP-IRS kutenderera kwakaonekwa mune zvishoma uye zvakapfapfaidzwa mapurazi.Kucherekedza uku, kwakabatanidzwa nenyaya yekuti mhedzisiro yakaverengerwa kakawanda mushure meIRS, inoratidza kuti SP inoshanda pakudzora umhutu mudzimba dzine chikamu kana zvizere kurapwa, asi isina kurapwa.Zvakadaro, kunyangwe pakange pasina misiyano yakakosha muhuwandu hweumhutu mudzimba dzevarindi pakati peDDT-IRS neSP IRS rounds, avhareji yenhamba yeumhutu yakaunganidzwa panguva yeDDT-IRS round yaive yakaderera kana ichienzaniswa neSP-IRS round..Kuwanda kunodarika huwandu.Mhedzisiro iyi inoratidza kuti mushonga wezvipembenene wevector-sensitive une yakanyanya kuvharwa neIRS pakati pevagari vemumba unogona kuve nemhedzisiro yehuwandu hwekudzivirira umhutu mudzimba dzisina kupfapfaidzwa.Zvinoenderana nemhedzisiro, SP yaive nekudzivirira kurinani pakurumwa neumhutu pane DDT mumazuva ekutanga mushure meIRS.Mukuwedzera, alpha-cypermethrin ndeyeboka reSP, ine kutsamwa kwekusangana uye yakananga chepfu kune umhutu uye inokodzera IRS [51, 52].Ichi chinogona kunge chiri chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru nei alpha-cypermethrin iine mashoma maitiro munzvimbo dzekunze.Chimwe chidzidzo [52] chakawana kuti kunyange zvazvo alpha-cypermethrin yakaratidza mhinduro dziripo uye mazinga akakwirira ekugogodza mumarabhoritari assays uye mudzimba, komboni haina kuburitsa mhinduro inodzinga muumhutu pasi pemamiriro erabhoritari akadzorwa.cabin.website.
Muchidzidzo ichi, marudzi matatu emamepu enjodzi yenzvimbo akagadzirwa;Mhirizhonga yenzvimbo yedzimba uye yenzvimbo-yenzvimbo yakaongororwa kuburikidza nekutarisa kumunda kwekuwanda kwemashirivha.Ongororo yenzvimbo dzine njodzi yakavakirwa paHT yakaratidza kuti ruzhinji rwenzvimbo dzemumusha (> 78%) dzeLavapur-Mahanara dziri padanho repamusoro renjodzi yekuitika kwejecha uye kubuda zvakare.Zvichida ichi ndicho chikonzero chikuru nei Rawalpur Mahanar VL yakakurumbira.Iyo yakazara ISV uye IRSS, pamwe chete nemepu yekupedzisira yakasanganiswa yengozi, yakawanikwa ichiburitsa yakaderera muzana yenzvimbo dziri pasi penzvimbo dzine njodzi panguva yeSP-IRS kutenderera (asi kwete iyo DDT-IRS kutenderera).Mushure meSP-IRS, nzvimbo huru dzenzvimbo dzine njodzi dzakakwirira uye dziri pakati nepakati dzakabva paGT dzakashandurwa kuva nzvimbo dzine njodzi yakaderera (kureva 60.5%; fungidziro dzemepu dzakasanganiswa), dzinodzikira zvakapetwa kana (16.2%) pane DDT.- Mamiriro acho ari pane IRS portfolio njodzi chati pamusoro.Ichi chigumisiro chinoratidza kuti IRS ndiyo sarudzo yakarurama yekudzivirira mosquito, asi chiyero chekudzivirira chinoenderana nehutano hwezvipembenene, kunzwa (kune chinangwa chevector), kugamuchirwa (panguva ye IRS) uye kushandiswa kwayo;
Migumisiro yekuongorora njodzi yemumba yakaratidza kubvumirana kwakanaka (P <0.05) pakati pefungidziro dzengozi uye kuwanda kwemasilverleg shrimp inounganidzwa kubva kumhuri dzakasiyana.Izvi zvinoratidza kuti zvakaonekwa zvenjodzi dzemhuri uye huwandu hwadzo hwenjodzi dzakanyatsokodzera kufungidzira kuwanda kwenzvimbo dzesirivheri shrimp.Iko R2 kukosha kwemashure-IRS DDT chibvumirano chekuongorora chaiva ≥ 0.78, iyo yakanga yakaenzana kana yakakura kudarika pre-IRS kukosha (kureva, 0.78).Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza kuti DDT-IRS yaive inoshanda munzvimbo dzese dzeHT njodzi (kureva, yakakwirira, yepakati, uye yakaderera).Pakutenderera kweSP-IRS, takaona kuti kukosha kweR2 kwakachinja muvhiki yechipiri neyechina mushure mekuitwa kweIRS, kukosha mavhiki maviri IRS isati yaitwa uye mavhiki gumi nemaviri mushure mekuitwa kweIRS kwakada kufanana;Mhedzisiro iyi inoratidza mhedzisiro yakakosha yekufumurwa kweSP-IRS paumhutu, iyo yakaratidza kudzikira kwemaitiro nekufamba kwenguva mushure meIRS.Mhedzisiro yeSP-IRS yakasimbiswa uye yakakurukurwa muzvitsauko zvakapfuura.
Mhedzisiro kubva mukuwongorora kwenzvimbo dzenjodzi dzemepu dzakabatanidzwa dzakaratidza kuti panguva yeIRS kutenderera, nhamba dzepamusoro dzesirivheri dzakaunganidzwa munzvimbo dzine njodzi huru (kureva,> 55%), ichiteverwa nenzvimbo dzine njodzi yepakati nepakati.Muchidimbu, GIS-based spatial risk assessment yakaratidza kuva chishandiso chinoshanda chekuita sarudzo chekubatanidza dhata renzvimbo dzakasiyana kana kuti musanganiswa kuona nzvimbo dzine njodzi yejecha.Mepu yenjodzi yakagadziridzwa inopa kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemamiriro epamberi uye mushure mekupindira (kureva, rudzi rwemhuri, chimiro cheIRS, uye mhedzisiro yekupindira) munzvimbo yekudzidza inoda chiito kana kuvandudzwa nekukurumidza, kunyanya padanho diki.Mamiriro akakurumbira zvikuru.Kutaura zvazviri, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakashandisa zvishandiso zveGIS kuisa mapeji engozi yevector yekuberekesa nzvimbo uye kuparadzirwa kwenzvimbo yezvirwere pamacro level [24, 26, 37].
Hunhu hwedzimba uye njodzi dzeIRS-based kupindira kwakaongororwa nenhamba kuti ishandiswe mune sirivheri shrimp density analyses.Kunyange zvazvo zvinhu zvitanhatu zvose (kureva, TF, TW, TR, DS, ISV, uye IRSS) zvakanyanyobatanidzwa nehuwandu hwemunharaunda hwesilverleg shrimp mukuongorora univariate, chimwe chete chazvo chakasarudzwa mumuenzaniso wekupedzisira wekudzokorora wakawanda kubva pavashanu.Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti hunhu hwehunhapwa hwekutarisira uye kupindira zvinhu zveIRS TF, TW, DS, ISV, IRSS, nezvimwewo munzvimbo yekudzidza yakakodzera kutarisa kubuda, kupora uye kuberekana kwesirivheri shrimp.Mukuongorora kwakawanda kwekudzokorora, TR haina kuwanikwa yakakosha uye saka haina kusarudzwa mumuenzaniso wekupedzisira.Iyo yekupedzisira modhi yaive yakakosha zvakanyanya, neakasarudzwa paramita achitsanangura 89% ye silverleg shrimp density.Mienzaniso yechokwadi yemhedzisiro yakaratidza kuwirirana kwakasimba pakati pezvakafanotaurwa uye zvakacherechedzwa sirivheri shrimp densities.Mhedzisiro yedu inotsigirawo zvidzidzo zvekare zvakakurukura nezvemagariro ehupfumi uye edzimba zvine chekuita nekuwanda kweVL uye kugoverwa kwenzvimbo yevector kumaruwa Bihar [15, 29].
Muchidzidzo ichi, hatina kuongorora kuiswa kwemushonga pamadziro akapfapfaidzwa uye kunaka (kureva) kwemushonga unoshandiswa kuIRS.Kusiyana kwemhando yemishonga yezvipembenene uye huwandu hunogona kukanganisa kufa kweumhutu uye kushanda kweIRS kupindira.Saka, kufa kunofungidzirwa pakati pemhando dzepamusoro uye mhedzisiro yekupindira pakati pemapoka emhuri inogona kusiyana nemhedzisiro chaiyo.Tichifunga nezvepfungwa idzi, chidzidzo chitsva chinogona kurongwa.Kuongororwa kwenzvimbo yese iri panjodzi (kuchishandisa GIS mapping yengozi) yemisha yeongororo inosanganisira nzvimbo dzakavhurika pakati pemisha, izvo zvinokonzeresa kurongwa kwenzvimbo dzine njodzi (kureva kuzivikanwa kwenzvimbo) uye inoenda kune dzakasiyana nzvimbo dzine njodzi;Zvakadaro, chidzidzo ichi chakaitwa padanho diki, saka ivhu risina munhu rinongokanganisa diki pakurongwa kwenzvimbo dzine njodzi;Pamusoro pezvo, kuona uye kuongorora nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzenjodzi mukati menzvimbo yese yemusha zvinogona kupa mukana wekusarudza nzvimbo dzekuvaka dzimba nyowani (kunyanya kusarudzwa kwenzvimbo dzine njodzi shoma).Pakazara, mhedzisiro yeongororo iyi inopa ruzivo rwakasiyana-siyana rusina kumbodzidzwa padanho remicroscopic kare.Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti kumiririrwa kwenzvimbo yemepu yenjodzi yemumusha kunobatsira kuona nekuisa mhuri dziri munzvimbo dzine njodzi dzakasiyana, zvichienzaniswa neongororo dzechinyakare, nzira iyi iri nyore, yakanakira, isingadhuri uye isinganyanyi kushanda nesimba, ichipa ruzivo kune vanoita sarudzo.
Zvatinowana zvinoratidza kuti silverfish yemuno mumusha wekudzidza yakagadzira kuramba (kureva kuti, inodzivirira zvakanyanya) kuDDT, uye kubuda kweumhutu kwakaonekwa pakarepo mushure meIRS;Alpha-cypermethrin inoratidzika seyo sarudzo yakanaka yekutonga kwe IRS yeVL vectors nekuda kwekufa kwayo kwe100% uye kupindira kuri nani kurwisa silverflies, pamwe nekugamuchirwa kwayo kwenharaunda kuri nani zvichienzaniswa neDDT-IRS.Zvakadaro, takaona kuti kufa kweumhutu pamadziro anorapwa neSP kwakasiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwepamusoro;kusashanda zvakanaka kwakasara kwakaonekwa uye WHO yakakurudzira nguva mushure mekunge IRS isati yawanikwa.Ichi chidzidzo chinopa pekutangira kwakanaka kwenhaurirano, uye mhedzisiro yacho inoda imwe ongororo yekuona zvikonzero chaizvo.Kufanotaura chokwadi chejecha fly density yekuongorora modhi yakaratidza kuti musanganiswa wezvimiro zvemba, kunzwisiswa kwezvipembenene zvemavekita uye chimiro cheIRS chinogona kushandiswa kufungidzira kuzara kwejecha nhunzi mumisha yeVL endemic muBihar.Chidzidzo chedu zvakare chinoratidza kuti yakasanganiswa GIS-yakavakirwa spatial njodzi mepu (macro level) inogona kuve chishandiso chinobatsira chekuziva nzvimbo dzine njodzi yekutarisa kubuda uye kubudazve kwejecha ruzhinji pamberi uye mushure memisangano ye IRS.Pamusoro pezvo, mepu dzengozi dzenzvimbo dzinopa kunzwisiswa kwakazara kwehukuru uye chimiro chenzvimbo dzenjodzi pamatanho akasiyana, ayo asingagone kudzidzwa kuburikidza neyakajairwa munda ongororo uye dzakajairwa nzira dzekuunganidza data.Ruzivo rwengozi yeMicrospatial inounganidzwa kuburikidza nemamepu eGIS inogona kubatsira vesainzi nevatsvaguri vezvehutano hweveruzhinji kugadzira nekushandisa nzira itsva dzekudzora (kureva kupindira kamwe chete kana kubatanidzwa kwevector control) kusvika kumapoka akasiyana emhuri zvichienderana nemhando yemazinga enjodzi.Pamusoro pezvo, mepu yenjodzi inobatsira kukwirisa kugova uye kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvekutonga panguva chaiyo uye nenzvimbo yekuvandudza kushanda kwechirongwa.
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