Kubudirirakudzora umhutuuye kuderedza kuwanda kwezvirwere zvavanotakura, nzira, dzakasimba, dzakasimba uye dzinochengetedza zvakatipoteredza kune mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inodiwa.Takaongorora kudya kwembeu kubva kune imwe Brassicaceae (mhuri Brassica) sechitubu chemiti-inotorwa isothiocyanates yakagadzirwa ne enzymatic hydrolysis ye biologically inactive glucosinolates kuti ishandiswe mukutonga kweEgypt Aedes (L., 1762).Mbeu yembeu shanu-yakasvibiswa (Brassica juncea (L) Czern., 1859, Lepidium sativum L., 1753, Sinapis alba L., 1753, Thlaspi arvense L., 1753 uye Thlaspi arvense - matatu makuru emhando yekupisa kwekupisa uye en. zvigadzirwa Kuti uone huturu (LC50) ye allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate uye 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate kuAedes aegypti mhute pa24-hour exposure = 0.04 g/120 ml dH2O).LC50 kukosha kwemasitadhi, chena yemasitadhi uye muswe webhiza.mhodzi yekudya yaiva 0.05, 0.08 uye 0.05 maererano nekuenzanisa ne allyl isothiocyanate (LC50 = 19.35 ppm) uye 4. -Hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (LC50 = 55.41 ppm) yakanga yakanyanya kutyisa kune mhute / 20 ml 1 mushure memaawa 20.Migumisiro iyi inofambirana nekugadzirwa kwehupfu hwemhodzi yealfalfa.Kubudirira kwepamusoro kwebenzyl esters kunoenderana neakaverengerwa LC50 kukosha.Kushandisa hupfu hwemhodzi kunogona kupa nzira inoshanda yekudzivirira umhutu.kushanda kwe cruciferous mhodzi yehupfu uye makemikari ayo makuru emakemikari anopesana neumhutu uye anoratidza kuti masikirwo echisikigo mu cruciferous mhou yeupfu inogona kushanda sechinhu chinovimbisa chekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza chekudzivirira mosquito.
Zvirwere zvinotapurirwa nevector zvinokonzerwa nehumhutu hweAedes zvinoramba zviri dambudziko guru rehutano hwevanhu pasi rose.Chiitiko chezvirwere zvinotapuriranwa neumhutu chinopararira munharaunda1,2,3 uye chinotangazve, zvichiita kuti kunyuka kwechirwere chakakomba4,5,6,7.Kupararira kwezvirwere pakati pevanhu nemhuka (semuenzaniso, chikungunya, dengue, Rift Valley fever, yellow fever uye Zika virus) hazvisati zvamboitika.Dengue fever chete inoisa vanhu vangangosvika bhiriyoni 3.6 panjodzi yekutapukirwa munzvimbo dzinopisa, nezvirwere zvinofungidzirwa kuti 390 miriyoni zvichiitika pagore, zvichikonzera 6,100-24,300 nzufu pagore8.Kuonekwa zvakare uye kubuda kwechirwere cheZika kuSouth America kwakwezva vanhu pasi rose nekuda kwekukuvadzwa kwehuropi hwahunokonzera muvana vanozvarwa nevakadzi vane utachiona.Kremer et al 3 vanofanotaura kuti huwandu hwenzvimbo dzeumhutu hweAedes hucharamba huchiwedzera uye kuti panosvika gore ra2050, hafu yehuwandu hwepasi rose ichange iri panjodzi yekutapukirwa nemosquito-borne viruses.
Kunze kwemajekiseni achangobva kugadzirwa anodzivirira dengue uye yellow fever, majekiseni ekudzivirira zvirwere zvinotapurirwa neumhutu haasati agadzirwa9,10,11.Majekiseni achiri kuwanikwa muhuwandu hushoma uye anoshandiswa chete muzviedzo zvekiriniki.Kudzorwa kwezvipembenene zveumhutu kushandisa mishonga inouraya zvipembenene yave iri nzira huru yekudzivirira kupararira kwezvirwere zvinokonzerwa neumhutu12,13.Kunyange zvazvo mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inobudirira mukuuraya umhutu, kuenderera mberi kwekushandiswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene kunokanganisa zvisina kunaka zvipenyu zvisingatarisirwi uye zvinosvibisa zvakatipoteredza14,15,16.Kunyanya kutyisa ndiyo maitiro ekuwedzera kwekudzivirira kwehutu kune mishonga yemakemikari17,18,19.Matambudziko aya ane chekuita nemishonga yezvipembenene akakuchidzira kutsvaga kwedzimwe nzira dzinoshanda uye dzinochengetedza zvakatipoteredza dzekudzora utachiona hwezvirwere.
Zvidyarwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvakagadziridzwa sezvitubu zve phytopesticides yekudzora tupukanana20,21.Zvinhu zvinodyarwa zvinowanzoenderana nemhoteredzo nekuti zvinogona kuparara uye zvine muchetura wakaderera kana usingaonekwi kune zvipenyu zvisina kunangwa zvakaita semhuka dzinoyamwisa, hove nemhuka dzemumvura20,22.Mishonga yemishonga inozivikanwa kuti ibudise zvakasiyana-siyana zvebioactive makemikari ane maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekuita kuti abudirire kutonga mararamiro akasiyana-siyana eumhutu23,24,25,26.Mishonga inotorwa nezvirimwa yakaita semafuta akakosha uye zvimwe zvinorimwa zvinorimwa zvakatora pfungwa uye zvakagadzira nzira yezvishandiso zvitsva zvekudzora mosquito vectors.Mafuta anokosha, monoterpenes uye sesquiterpenes anoita seanodzinga, anodyisa zvinodzivirira uye ovicides27,28,29,30,31,32,33.Mafuta akawanda emiriwo anokonzera kufa kwehumhutu, pupae uye vanhu vakuru34,35,36, inokanganisa tsinga, kufema, endocrine uye mamwe maitiro anokosha ezvipembenene37.
Zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakapa nzwisiso yekugona kushandiswa kwemiti yemasitadhi uye mhodzi dzadzo sesosi yebioactive komisheni.Mhodzi yemasitadhi yakaongororwa sebiofumigant38,39,40,41 uye yakashandiswa sechigadziriso chevhu pakudzvanya sora42,43,44 uye kudzora utachiona hwezvinomera muvhu45,46,47,48,49,50, kudya kwezvirimwa.nematodes 41, 51, 52, 53, 54 uye tupukanana 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60. Basa refungicidal yehupfu hwembeu iyi inonzi inokonzerwa nemishonga inodzivirira yemiti inonzi isothiocyanates38,42,60.Muzvirimwa, izvi zvinodzivirira zvinosanganiswa zvinochengetwa mumasero emiti nenzira ye-non-bioactive glucosinolates.Zvisinei, apo zvinomera zvakakuvadzwa nekudya kwezvipembenene kana hutachiona hwehutachiona, glucosinolates inogadziriswa ne myrosinase mu bioactive isothiocyanates55,61.Isothiocyanates inokonzerwa nekuputika inozivikanwa kuva ne-broad-spectrum antimicrobial uye insecticidal basa, uye maitiro avo, biological activity uye zvinyorwa zvinosiyana zvakasiyana pakati peBrassicaceae marudzi42,59,62,63.
Kunyangwe isothiocyanates inotorwa kubva muhupfu hwemhodzi yemasitadhi ichizivikanwa kuve ine zvipembenene, data rezvipembenene rinopesana nemishonga yakakosha arthropod vectors iri kushomeka.Chidzidzo chedu chakaongorora kuita kwelarvicidal yezvina defatted mbeu poda kurwisa Aedes mosquito.Manyoka eAedes egypti.Chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekuongorora mashandisirwo avanogona kuita semishonga inochengetedza nharaunda yekuuraya umhutu.Zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru zvekemikari zvechikafu chembeu, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), uye 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (4-HBITC) zvakaedzwawo kuti zviedze kushanda kwebiology yezvikamu zvemakemikari aya pahonye yeumhutu.Uyu ndiwo mushumo wekutanga kuongorora kushanda kwehupfu ina dzembeu dzekabichi uye nemakemikari adzo makuru kurwisa makonye eumhutu.
Laboratory colonies yeAedes aegypti (Rockefeller strain) yakachengetedzwa pa26 ° C, 70% hunyoro hunyoro (RH) uye 10:14 h (L: D photoperiod).Vakadzi vakasangana vakaiswa mumakeji epurasitiki (urefu 11 cm uye dhayamita 9.5 cm) uye vaidyiswa kuburikidza nebhodhoro rekudya nzira vachishandisa citrated bovine ropa (HemoStat Laboratories Inc., Dixon, CA, USA).Kudyisa ropa kwaiitwa semazuva ese pachishandiswa membrane multi-glass feeder (Chemglass, Life Sciences LLC, Vineland, NJ, USA) yakabatana nechubhu inotenderera yekugeza mvura (HAAKE S7, Thermo-Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) ine tembiricha. kudzora 37 °C.Tambanudza firimu reParafilm M pasi pekamuri yega yega yekudya yegirazi (nzvimbo 154 mm2).Feeder yega yega yaibva yagadzikwa pagridi repamusoro rakavhara chizarira chaive nehadzi yekusvirana.Inenge 350–400 μl yeropa rebovine yakawedzerwa kune girazi rinodyisa fanini pachishandiswa Pasteur pipette (Fisherbrand, Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) uye honye dzakura dzakabvumirwa kudonha kweinenge awa imwe chete.Vakadzi vane pamuviri vakabva vapihwa 10% sucrose solution uye vakabvumirwa kukandira mazai papepa rakanyorova refirita rakamisikidzwa mumakapu ega ega ega ega soufflé (1.25 fl oz size, Dart Container Corp., Mason, MI, USA).keji nemvura.Isa bepa resefa rine mazai mubhegi rakavharwa (SC Johnsons, Racine, WI) wochengeta pa26°C.Mazai acho akachochonywa uye mhunga dzinosvika mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu dzakasimudzwa mumatireyi epurasitiki aive nemusanganiswa wetsuro chow (ZuPreem, Premium Natural Products, Inc., Mission, KS, USA) nehupfu yechiropa (MP Biomedicals, LLC, Solon, OH, USA).uye fillet yehove (TetraMin, Tetra GMPH, Meer, Germany) muchikamu che2:1:1.Kunonoka kwechitatu instar larvae yakashandiswa mune yedu bioassays.
Mbeu dzembeu dzakashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi dzakawanikwa kubva kune dzinotevera dzekutengeserana nehurumende: Brassica juncea (brown mustard-Pacific Gold) neBrassica juncea (white mustard-Ida Gold) kubva kuPacific Northwest Farmers' Cooperative, Washington State, USA;(Garden Cress) kubva kuKelly Seed and Hardware Co., Peoria, IL, USA uye Thlaspi arvense (Field Pennycress-Elisabeth) kubva ku USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL, USA;Hapana mhodzi yakashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi yakarapwa nemishonga yezvipembenene.Mbeu dzese dzakagadziridzwa uye dzakashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi zvinoenderana nemirairo yemuno neyenyika uye zvichiteerana nemitemo yese yemuno neyenyika.Ichi chidzidzo hachina kuongorora transgenic chirimwa marudzi.
Brassica juncea (PG), Alfalfa (Ls), White mustard (IG), Thlaspi arvense (DFP) mhodzi dzakakuyiwa kuita hupfu hwakatsetseka pachishandiswa Retsch ZM200 ultracentrifugal mill (Retsch, Haan, Germany) ine mesh 0.75 mm uye Stainless simbi rotor, mazino gumi nemaviri, 10,000 rpm (Tafura 1).Mbeu yevhu yehupfu yakaendeswa kune thimble yepepa uye yakasvibiswa nehexane muSoxhlet apparatus ye24 h.Sample ye defatted field mustard yaive kupisa yakabatwa pa 100 °C kwe 1 h kuti denature myrosinase uye kudzivirira hydrolysis ye glucosinolates kuumba biologically active isothiocyanates.Heat-treated horsetail mhodzi yehupfu (DFP-HT) yakashandiswa sekutonga kusina kunaka ne denaturing myrosinase.
Glucosinolate yehuwandu hwehupfu hwembeu yakagadziriswa yakatemerwa katatu uchishandisa yakakwira-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) maererano neyakadhindwa yakabudiswa protocol 64.Muchidimbu, 3 mL yemethanol yakawedzerwa kune 250 mg yemuenzaniso wehupfu hwembeu yakasvibiswa.Sample imwe neimwe yakaitwa sonicated mumvura yekugezera kwemaminetsi makumi matatu uye yakasara murima pa23 ° C kwemaawa gumi nematanhatu.Iyo 1 mL aliquot yeiyo organic layer yakabva yasefa kuburikidza ne0.45 μm sefa mune autosampler.Kumhanya paShimadzu HPLC system (mapombi maviri eLC 20AD; SIL 20A autosampler; DGU 20As degasser; SPD-20A UV-VIS detector yekutarisisa pa237 nm; uye CBM-20A yekutaurirana bhazi module), iyo glucosinolate yemukati mekudya yakatemwa. mumatatu .uchishandisa Shimadzu LC Solution software version 1.25 (Shimadzu Corporation, Columbia, MD, USA).Koramu yaive C18 Inertsil reverse phase column (250 mm × 4.6 mm; RP C-18, ODS-3, 5u; GL Sayenzi, Torrance, CA, USA).Mamiriro ekutanga emafoni akaiswa pa 12% methanol / 88% 0.01 M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide mumvura (TBAH; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) ine kuyerera kwe1 mL / min.Mushure mejekiseni ye15 μl yemuenzaniso, mamiriro ekutanga akachengetwa kwemaminitsi makumi maviri, uye ipapo chiyero che solvent chakagadziridzwa kusvika ku100% methanol, ine nguva yose yekuongorora sampuli yemaminitsi makumi matanhatu.A standard curve (nM/mAb based) yakagadzirwa ne serial dilutions ye ichangobva kugadzirirwa sinapine, glucosinolate uye myrosin miyero (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) kufungidzira sulfuri yehuwandu hwehupfu hwemhodzi yakasvibiswa.glucosinolates.Glucosinolate concentrations mumasampuli akaedzwa paAgilent 1100 HPLC (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) achishandisa OpenLAB CDS ChemStation version (C.01.07 SR2 [255]) yakashongedzerwa nekoromo imwechete uye uchishandisa nzira yakambotsanangurwa.Glucosinolate concentrations yakatemwa;kuenzaniswa pakati peHPLC masisitimu.
Allyl isothiocyanate (94%, yakagadzikana) uye benzyl isothiocyanate (98%) yakatengwa kubva kuFisher Scientific (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).4-Hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate yakatengwa kubva kuChemCruz (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA).Kana enzymatically hydrolyzed ne myrosinase, glucosinolates, glucosinolates, uye glucosinolates inoumba allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate, uye 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate, maererano.
Laboratory bioassays yakaitwa maererano nenzira yeMuturi et al.32 ine zvigadziriso.Mbeu shanu dzembeu dzine mafuta mashoma dzakashandiswa muchidzidzo: DFP, DFP-HT, IG, PG neLs.Makonye makumi maviri akaiswa mu400 mL inoraswa nzira nhatu (VWR International, LLC, Radnor, PA, USA) ine 120 mL deionized mvura (dH2O).Mbeu nomwe dzekudya dzakaongororwa huturu hwehumhutu: 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1 uye 0.12 g mhodzi yehupfu/120 ml dH2O yeDFP seed meal , DFP-HT, IG nePG.Kuongorora kwekutanga kunoratidza kuti defatted Ls yehupfu ine chepfu kupfuura dzimwe ina dzehupfu dzakaongororwa.Nokudaro, takagadzirisa maitiro manomwe ekurapa kweLs seed meal kune zvinotevera: 0.015, 0.025, 0.035, 0.045, 0.055, 0.065, uye 0.075 g / 120 mL dH2O.
Boka risina kurapwa (dH20, pasina mbeu yekuwedzera yekudya) yakabatanidzwa kuti iongorore kufa kwezvipembenene zvakajairika pasi pemamiriro ekuedzwa.Toxicological bioassays yekudya kwembeu yega yega yaisanganisira matatu anodzokorora matatu-anotsvedza mabheki (20 anonoka yechitatu instar larvae pabeaker), kune yakazara 108 mabhodhoro.Midziyo yakarapwa yakachengetwa mukamuri yekupisa (20-21 ° C) uye kufa kwemarval kwakanyorwa panguva ye24 uye 72 maawa ekuenderera mberi kuratidzwa kune kurapwa.Kana mutumbi weumhutu nemaappendages zvikasafamba pakaboorwa kana kubatwa nespatula yesimbi yakatetepa, makonye eumhutu anonzi akafa.Makonye akafa kazhinji anoramba asingafambi ari mumashure kana ventral chinzvimbo pazasi pemudziyo kana pamusoro pemvura.Kuedza kwakadzokororwa katatu pamazuva akasiyana-siyana vachishandisa mapoka akasiyana-siyana ezvipembenene, nokuda kwehuwandu hwemapundu 180 akaiswa kune imwe neimwe yekurapa.
Hupfu hweAITC, BITC, uye 4-HBITC kumakonye eumhutu hwakaongororwa pachishandiswa nzira imwechete yekuongorora bioassay asi nemishonga yakasiyana.Gadzirira 100,000 ppm stock solutions yekemikari yega yega nekuwedzera 100 µL yekemikari ku900 µL yeabsolute ethanol mu2-mL centrifuge chubhu uye kuzunza kwemasekonzi makumi matatu kuti unyatsosanganisa.Kunyanya kurapwa kwakatemwa zvichibva pane yedu yekutanga bioassays, iyo yakawana BITC ine muchetura zvakanyanya kupfuura AITC uye 4-HBITC.Kuti uone huturu, zvikamu zvishanu zveBITC (1, 3, 6, 9 uye 12 ppm), zvikamu zvinomwe zveAITC (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 uye 35 ppm) uye zvikamu zvitanhatu zve4-HBITC (15). , 15, 20, 25, 30 uye 35 ppm).30, 45, 60, 75 uye 90 ppm).Mushonga wekutonga wakaiswa jekiseni ne108 μL yeabsolute ethanol, iyo yakaenzana nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemishonga yemakemikari.Bioassays yakadzokororwa sezviri pamusoro, ichifumura huwandu hwemakonye zana nemakumi masere pakurwiswa kwekurapwa.Kufa kweLarval kwakarekodhwa kune yega yega AITC, BITC, uye 4-HBITC mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana ekugara achiratidzwa.
Probit kuongororwa kwemakumi matanhatu neshanu-inoenderana nekufa kwedata kwakaitwa pachishandiswa Polo software (Polo Plus, LeOra Software, vhezheni 1.0) kuverenga 50% inouraya concentration (LC50), 90% inouraya concentration (LC90), mutsetse, inouraya dosi coefficient, uye 95. % inouraya concentration.zvichibva panguva yekuvimba yedosi inouraya reshiyo yerogi-yakashandurwa concentration uye dose-inofa macurves.Kufa kwe data kunobva pane yakasanganiswa replicate data ye180 makonye akafumurwa kune yega yega kurapwa.Probabilistic ongororo yakaitwa yakaparadzana yekudya kwembeu yega yega uye chimwe nechimwe chemakemikari chikamu.Zvichienderana ne95% yenguva yekuvimba kweyero inouraya yedosi, huturu hwehupfu hwembeu uye makemikari anoumba makonye eumhutu aionekwa seakasiyana zvakanyanya, saka nguva yekuvimba ine kukosha kwe1 yakanga isina kunyanya kusiyana, P = 0.0566.
Iyo HPLC inoguma nekutsunga kweiyo huru glucosinolates mu defatted mbeu yehupfu DFP, IG, PG uye Ls dzakanyorwa muTebhu 1. Iyo huru glucosinolates muupfu hwembeu yakaedzwa yakasiyana-siyana kunze kweDFP nePG, iyo yose ine myrosinase glucosinolates.Iyo myrosinin yemukati muPG yaive yakakwirira kupfuura muDFP, 33.3 ± 1.5 uye 26.5 ± 0.9 mg/g, zvichiteerana.Ls hupfu hwemhodzi yaive ne36.6 ± 1.2 mg/g glucoglycone, nepo IG yehupfu yaive ne38.0 ± 0.5 mg/g sinapine.
Manyoka eAe.Mosquito dzeAedes aegypti dzakauraiwa padzakarapwa nemhodzi yakasvibiswa, kunyangwe kushanda kwekurapa kwakasiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwechirimwa.DFP-NT chete yakanga isiri chepfu kumakonye eumhutu mushure me24 uye 72 h yekusangana (Tafura 2).Iyo huturu hwehupfu hwembeu inoshanda yakawedzera nekuwedzera kukoshesa (Fig. 1A, B).Hupfu hwehupfu hwemhodzi kumakonye eumhutu hwakasiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana ne95% CI yeinouraya dosi reshiyo yeLC50 kukosha pa24-awa uye 72-awa ongororo (Tafura 3).Mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana, muchetura weLs mhodzi yekudya yaive yakakura kupfuura mamwe marapirwo ekudya kwembeu, ane chiitiko chepamusoro uye chepfu huru kune mhute (LC50 = 0.04 g / 120 ml dH2O).Mbeu yakanga isinganyanyi kunzwa kuDFP pamaawa makumi maviri nemana kana ichienzaniswa neIG, Ls uye PG mishonga yehupfu yembeu, ine LC50 kukosha kwe0.0.211 g/120 ml dH2O (Tafura 3).Iwo LC90 tsika dzeDFP, IG, PG uye Ls dzaive 0.376, 0.275, 0.137 uye 0.074 g/120 ml dH2O, zvichiteerana (Tafura 2).Iyo yakanyanya kuwanda yeDPP yaive 0.12 g/120 ml dH2O.Mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana ekuongorora, avhareji yekufa kwemburu yaive 12% chete, nepo avhareji yekufa kweIG nePG manyoka akasvika 51% uye 82% zvichiteerana.Mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana ekuongorora, chiyero chekufa kwemhunga kwepamusoro-soro yeLs seed meal treatment (0.075 g / 120 ml dH2O) yaiva 99% (Fig. 1A).
Kufa kwema curves kwakafungidzirwa kubva pakupindura kwedosi (Probit) yeAe.Mapere eEgypt (3rd instar larvae) kusvika kumbeu yekudyara maawa makumi maviri nemana (A) uye maawa makumi manomwe nemaviri (B) mushure mekurapa.Mutsara une doti unomiririra LC50 yekurapa kwekudya kwembeu.DFP Thlaspi arvense, DFP-HT Heat inactivated Thlaspi arvense, IG Sinapsis alba (Ida Gold), PG Brassica juncea (Pacific Gold), Ls Lepidium sativum.
Pakuongororwa kwemaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri, iyo LC50 kukosha kweDFP, IG uye PG mhodzi yekudya yaive 0.111, 0.085 uye 0.051 g/120 ml dH2O, zvichiteerana.Anenge ese mapere akafumurwa kuLs mhodzi yekudya akafa mushure me72 h yekuratidzwa, saka data yekufa yakanga isingaenderane neProbit kuongororwa.Zvichienzaniswa nehumwe hupfu hwemhodzi, makonye akange asinganyanyi kunetseka nekudya kwekudya kwemhodzi yeDFP uye aive nenhamba yepamusoro yeLC50 kukosha (Matafura 2 ne3).Mushure memaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri, iyo LC50 kukosha kweDFP, IG uye PG yekudya kwembeu kurapwa kwaifungidzirwa kuve 0.111, 0.085 uye 0.05 g/120 ml dH2O, zvichiteerana.Mushure memaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri ekuongorora, iyo LC90 tsika dzeDFP, IG uye PG mhodzi poda yaive 0.215, 0.254 uye 0.138 g/120 ml dH2O, zvichiteerana.Mushure meawa makumi manomwe nemaviri ekuongorora, avhareji yekufa kwembeu yeDFP, IG uye PG yekudya kwembeu kurapwa pahuwandu hwe0.12 g / 120 ml dH2O yaive 58%, 66% uye 96%, zvichiteerana (Fig. 1B).Mushure mekuongororwa kwemaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri, PG mhodzi yekudya yakawanikwa iine muchetura kupfuura IG uye DFP mhodzi yekudya.
Synthetic isothiocyanates, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) uye 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (4-HBITC) inogona kuuraya makonye eumhutu.Pamaawa makumi maviri nemana mushure mekurapwa, BITC yaive ine muchetura kumakonye ine LC50 kukosha kwe5.29 ppm zvichienzaniswa ne19.35 ppm yeAITC uye 55.41 ppm ye4-HBITC (Tafura 4).Kuenzaniswa neAITC neBITC, 4-HBITC ine yakaderera muchetura uye yakakwira LC50 kukosha.Pane misiyano yakakura muhuturu hwehumhutu hwemaisothiocyanates maviri makuru (Ls nePG) muhupfu hwemhodzi hune simba.Toxicity yakavakirwa pachiyero chinouraya chedosi yeLC50 kukosha pakati peAITC, BITC, uye 4-HBITC yakaratidza mutsauko wehuwandu zvekuti iyo 95% CI yeLC50 inouraya dosi reshiyo haina kusanganisira kukosha kwe1 (P = 0.05, Tafura. 4).Kuwanda kwepamusoro kweBITC neAITC kwakafungidzirwa kuuraya 100% yemakonye akaedzwa (Mufananidzo 2).
Kufa kwema curves kwakafungidzirwa kubva pakupindura kwedosi (Probit) yeAe.Maawa makumi maviri nemana mushure mekurapwa, mhute dzeEgypt (3rd instar larvae) dzakasvika synthetic isothiocyanate concentrations.Mutsara une doti unomiririra LC50 yekurapa isothiocyanate.Benzyl isothiocyanate BITC, allyl isothiocyanate AITC uye 4-HBITC.
Kushandiswa kwezvirimwa biopesticides se mosquito vector control agents kwakambodzidzwa.Miti mizhinji inoburitsa makemikari echisikigo ane kuuraya zvipembenene37.Mishonga yavo yebioactive inopa imwe nzira inoyevedza kune yekugadzira zvipembenene ine simba guru mukudzora tumbuyu, kusanganisira umhutu.
Miti yemasitadhi inorimwa sechirimwa chembeu dzayo, inoshandiswa sezvinonhuwira uye tsime remafuta.Kana mafuta emasitadhi achibviswa mumhodzi kana kuti mustard painotorwa kuti ishandiswe sebiofuel, 69 iyo by-chigadzirwa ndeye defatted mhodzi.Ichi chikafu chembeu chinochengeta akawanda ezvakasikwa biochemical zvikamu uye hydrolytic enzymes.Kutyisa kwekudya kwembeu iyi kunonzi kunokonzerwa nekugadzirwa kwe isothiocyanates55,60,61.Isothiocyanates inoumbwa ne hydrolysis ye glucosinolates ne enzyme myrosinase panguva ye hydration yekudya kwembeu38,55,70 uye inozivikanwa kuva nefungicidal, bactericidal, nematicidal uye insecticidal madhara, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu zvinosanganisira makemikari sensory effects uye chemotherapeutic properties61,62, 70.Ongororo dzinoverengeka dzakaratidza kuti zvirimwa zvemasitadhi uye mhodzi yemhodzi inoshanda zvinobudirira sefumigants kurwisa ivhu uye tupukanana zvekudya zvakachengetwa57,59,71,72.Muchidzidzo ichi, takaongorora kutyisa kwehupfu hwemhodzi ina uye zvigadzirwa zvayo zvitatu zvebioactive AITC, BITC, uye 4-HBITC kuAedes mosquito lavae.Aedes egypti.Kuwedzera mhodzi yehupfu yakananga kumvura ine mosquito larva inotarisirwa kumisa enzymatic maitiro anoburitsa isothiocyanates ane chepfu kune umhutu.Iyi biotransformation yakaratidzwa muchikamu neyakacherechedzwa larvicidal chiitiko chekudya kwembeu uye kurasikirwa kwezvipembenene apo diki diki mhodzi yemasitadhi yaipiswa isati yashandiswa.Kurapa kwekupisa kunotarisirwa kuparadza ma hydrolytic enzymes anoita glucosinolates, nekudaro kudzivirira kuumbwa kwebioactive isothiocyanates.Ichi chidzidzo chekutanga chekusimbisa zvipembenene zvehupfu hwekabhichi kurwisa umhutu munzvimbo yemvura.
Pakati pehupfu hwembeu yakaedzwa, watercress seed powder (Ls) ndiyo yakanyanya kuchetura, zvichikonzera kufa kwakanyanya kweAedes albopictus.Aedes aegypti larvae akagadziriswa nguva dzose kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana.Mishonga mitatu yakasara yembeu (PG, IG uye DFP) yakanga ine basa rakaderera uye ichiri kukonzera kufa kukuru mushure memaawa 72 ekuramba achirapwa.Chete Ls mhodzi yekudya yaive neyakakura huwandu hweglucosinolates, nepo PG neDFP yaive myrosinase uye IG yaive neglucosinolate seyo huru glucosinolate (Tafura 1).Glucotropaeolin ine hydrolyzed kuenda kuBITC uye sinalbine ine hydrolyzed kusvika 4-HBITC61,62.Mhedzisiro yedu yebioassay inoratidza kuti zvese Ls mhodzi yehupfu uye yekugadzira BITC zvine muchetura zvakanyanya kumakonye eumhutu.Chinhu chikuru chePG neDFP mhodzi yekudya ndeye myrosinase glucosinolate, iyo inogadzirwa nehydrolyzed kuAITC.AITC inoshanda mukuuraya makonye eumhutu ane kukosha kweLC50 ye19.35 ppm.Kana ichienzaniswa neAITC neBITC, 4-HBITC isothiocyanate ndiyo ine muchetura mushoma kumakonye.Kunyangwe AITC isiri muchetura pane BITC, yavo LC50 kukosha yakadzikira pane akawanda akakosha oiri akaedzwa pamakonye eumhutu32,73,74,75.
Mbeu yedu yecruciferous yehupfu yekushandiswa kurwisana nemhutu ine imwe huru glucosinolate, inoverengera kupfuura 98-99% yehuwandu hweglucosinolates sezvakatemwa neHPLC.Kutsvaga huwandu hwemamwe maglucosinolates akaonekwa, asi mazinga awo aive asingasviki 0.3% yehuwandu hweglucosinolates.Watercress (L. sativum) mbeu yehupfu ine yechipiri glucosinolates (sinigrin), asi chikamu chavo 1% yehuwandu hweglucosinolates, uye zvinyorwa zvavo zvichiri zvisingakoshi (inenge 0.4 mg / g mbeu yehupfu).Kunyange zvazvo PG neDFP iine imwechete huru glucosinolate (myrosin), basa relarvicidal yekudya kwembeu yavo inosiyana zvakanyanya nekuda kwehuwandu hwavo hweLC50.Inosiyana muhuturu kune powdery mildew.Kubuda kweAedes aegypti larvae kunogona kunge kuri nekuda kwekusiyana kwekuita kwemyrosinase kana kugadzikana pakati pezvikafu zviviri zvembeu.Basa reMyrosinase rinoita basa rakakosha mu bioavailability yezvigadzirwa zve hydrolysis se isothiocyanates muBrassicaceae plant76.Mishumo yapfuura naPocock et al.77 uye Wilkinson et al.78 vakaratidza kuti kuchinja mubasa remyrosinase uye kugadzikana kunogonawo kusanganiswa nemajini uye zvakatipoteredza.
Zvinotarisirwa bioactive isothiocyanate zvemukati zvakaverengerwa zvichibva pane LC50 tsika dzekudya kwembeu yega yega pa24 uye 72 maawa (Table 5) yekuenzanisa neinowirirana kemikari mashandisirwo.Mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana, iyo isothiocyanates mukudya kwembeu yaive ine chepfu kupfuura iyo yakachena makomisheni.LC50 tsika dzakaverengerwa zvichienderana nezvikamu pamiriyoni (ppm) ye isothiocyanate mbeu kurapwa yaive yakaderera pane LC50 kukosha kweBITC, AITC, uye 4-HBITC maapplication.Takaona makonye achidya mhodzi dzehupfu (Mufananidzo 3A).Nekuda kweizvozvo, mapere anogona kuwana zvakanyanya kuratidzwa kune muchetura isothiocyanates nekumedza mhodzi yehupfu pellets.Izvi zvainyanya kuoneka mu IG uye PG yekudya kwembeu kurapwa pa24-h kuratidzwa, uko LC50 kutariswa kwaive 75% uye 72% yakaderera pane yakachena AITC uye 4-HBITC kurapwa, zvichiteerana.Mishonga yeLs neDFP yaive muchetura kupfuura isothiocyanate yakachena, ine LC50 kukosha 24% uye 41% yakaderera, zvichiteerana.Mbeu mukutonga kurapa zvinobudirira pupated (Fig. 3B), nepo mhomho zhinji mukudya kwembeu kurapwa haina pupate uye kukura kwegonye kwakanyatso kunonoka (Fig. 3B, D).MuSpodopteralitura, isothiocyanates inosanganiswa nekunonoka kukura uye kunonoka kwekukura79.
Manyoka eAe.Aedes aegypti mosquitoes dzaigara dzichiratidzwa kuBrassica mhodzi yehupfu kwemaawa 24-72.(A) Mapere akafa ane zvimedu zveupfu hwemhodzi mumuromo (akatenderedzwa);(B) Kudzora kurapwa (dH20 pasina kuwedzera mhodzi yekudya) inoratidza kuti mhute inokura zvakanaka uye inotanga kubereka mushure memaawa 72 (C, D) Mapute anobatwa nehupfu hwemhodzi;mhodzi yekudya yakaratidza kusiyana kwekukura uye haina pupate.
Hatina kudzidza maitiro ehupfu mhedzisiro ye isothiocyanates pane umhutu.Zvisinei, zvidzidzo zvekare mumajuru matsvuku emoto (Solenopsis invicta) zvakaratidza kuti inhibition ye glutathione S-transferase (GST) uye esterase (EST) ndiyo nzira huru ye isothiocyanate bioactivity, uye AITC, kunyange pakushanda kwakaderera, inogonawo kudzivisa GST basa. .masvosve emoto anotorwa kunze kwenyika mune mashoma mashoma.Mushonga wacho ndeye 0.5 µg/ml80.Kusiyana neizvi, AITC inhibits acetylcholinesterase muvanhu vakuru vechibage weevils (Sitophilus zeamais)81.Zvidzidzo zvakafanana zvinofanirwa kuitwa kujekesa maitiro e isothiocyanate chiitiko mumakonye eumhutu.
Isu tinoshandisa kupisa-inactivated DFP kurapwa kuti titsigire chirevo chekuti hydrolysis yechirimwa glucosinolates kuti iite reactive isothiocyanates inoshanda senge nzira yekudzora mhute yemosquito nekudya kwembeu yemasitadhi.DFP-HT mhodzi yekudya yakanga isiri muchetura pamatengo ekunyorera akaedzwa.Lafarga et al.82 yakashuma kuti glucosinolates inonzwa kuderera pakupisa kwakanyanya.Kurapa kwekupisa kunotarisirwa zvakare kudhiza iyo myrosinase enzyme mukudya kwembeu uye kudzivirira iyo hydrolysis yeglucosinolates kuumba reactive isothiocyanates.Izvi zvakatsinhirwawo naOkunade et al.75 yakaratidza kuti myrosinase inonzwa tembiricha, zvichiratidza kuti myrosinase chiitiko chakange chasisashande apo mustard, black mustard, uye mhodzi dzeropa dzakaratidzwa kune tembiricha iri pamusoro pe80 °.C. Nzira idzi dzinogona kukonzera kurasikirwa kwezvipembenene zvezvokudya zvinopisa zvinopisa DFP mbeu yekudya.
Saka, hupfu hwemhodzi yemasitadhi uye matatu makuru isothiocyanates ane chepfu kumakonye eumhutu.Tichifunga misiyano iyi pakati pekudya kwembeu nemishonga yemakemikari, kushandiswa kwekudya kwembeu kunogona kunge iri nzira inoshanda yekudzora mosquito.Pane kudiwa kwekuona maumbirwo akakodzera uye nzira dzekutumira dzinoshanda kuti dzivandudze kushanda uye kugadzikana kwekushandiswa kwehupfu hwembeu.Mhedzisiro yedu inoratidza kugona kushandiswa kwehupfu hwemasitadhi seimwe nzira yekugadzira mishonga yezvipembenene.Iyi tekinoroji inogona kuve chishandiso chitsva chekudzora mosquito vectors.Nekuda kwekuti mhute dzeumhutu dzinokura munzvimbo dzemumvura uye mhodzi yekudya glucosinolates inoshandurwa enzymatically kuita isothiocyanates inoshanda pane hydration, kushandiswa kwekudya kwembeu yemasitadhi mumvura ine mosquito inopa kwakakosha kudzora kugona.Kunyange zvazvo basa relarvicidal reisothiocyanates richisiyana (BITC> AITC> 4-HBITC), tsvakurudzo yakawanda inodiwa kuti uone kana kubatanidza mhodzi yemhodzi nemaglucosinolates akawanda synergistically inowedzera huturu.Ichi ndicho chidzidzo chekutanga kuratidza zvipembenene zvinokonzerwa nemafuta e-cruciferous seed meal uye matatu bioactive isothiocyanates paumhutu.Zvakabuda muongororo iyi zvinopa hupfu hutsva nekuratidza kuti hupfu hwekabhichi hwakaodzwa, hunobva mukutorwa kwemafuta kubva mumbeu, hunogona kushanda semushonga wekuuraisa tumbuyu pakurwisa umhutu.Ruzivo urwu runogona kubatsira kuenderera mberi nekuwanikwa kwezvinomera biocontrol agents uye budiriro yavo seyakachipa, inoshanda, uye inochengetedza nharaunda biopesticides.
Maseti akagadzirwa echidzidzo ichi uye ongororo yabuda inowanika kubva kumunyori anowirirana nechikumbiro chine musoro.Pakupera kwechidzidzo, zvinhu zvose zvakashandiswa muchidzidzo (zvipembenene neupfu hwembeu) zvakaparadzwa.
Nguva yekutumira: Jul-29-2024