Kuti zvinobudiriradzora umhutuuye kuderedza kuwanda kwezvirwere zvavanotakura, nzira dzekuchengetedza, dzinogara kwenguva refu uye dzisingakuvadzi nharaunda dzinodiwa panzvimbo pemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene. Takaongorora kudya kwembeu kubva kune dzimwe mhando dzeBrassicaceae (mhuri yeBrassica) senzvimbo yeisothiocyanates dzinobva mumiti dzinogadzirwa ne enzyme hydrolysis ye glycosinolates isingashande muzvinhu zvipenyu kuti ishandiswe mukutonga kweEgyptian Aedes (L., 1762). Upfu hwembeu dzakabviswa mafuta mashanu (Brassica juncea (L) Czern., 1859, Lepidium sativum L., 1753, Sinapis alba L., 1753, Thlaspi arvense L., 1753 uye Thlaspi arvense - mhando nhatu huru dzekusashanda kwemafuta uye kuderedzwa kwemakemikari. Zvigadzirwa zvemakemikari. Kuona chepfu (LC50) yeallyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate uye 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate kuAedes aegypti larvae panguva yekuratidzwa kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana = 0.04 g/120 ml dH2O). LC50 kukosha kwemasitadhi, masitadhi machena uye horsetail. Upfu hwembeu hwaive 0.05, 0.08 uye 0.05 zvichiteerana zvichienzaniswa neallyl isothiocyanate (LC50 = 19.35 ppm) uye 4. -Hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (LC50 = 55.41 ppm) hwaive nehuturu hwakanyanya kumakonye mumaawa makumi maviri nemana mushure mekurapwa kupfuura 0.1 g/120 ml dH2O zvichiteerana. Mhedzisiro iyi inoenderana nekugadzirwa kweupfu hwembeu yealfalfa. Kushanda kwakanyanya kwebenzyl esters kunoenderana neLC50 yakaverengerwa. Kushandisa upfu hwembeu kunogona kupa nzira inoshanda yekudzora umhutu. kushanda kweupfu hwembeu yecruciferous nemakemikari ayo makuru kurwisa makonye eumhutu uye kunoratidza kuti makemikari echisikigo ari muupfu hwembeu yecruciferous anogona sei kushanda semushonga unouraya zvakatipoteredza wekudzivirira umhutu.
Zvirwere zvinotapuriranwa nezvipembenene zvinokonzerwa neumhutu hweAedes zvichiri dambudziko guru rehutano hwevanhu pasi rose. Kuwanda kwezvirwere zvinotapuriranwa neumhutu kunopararira munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana1, 2, 3 uye kunobudazve, zvichikonzera kubuda kwezvirwere zvakakomba4, 5, 6, 7. Kupararira kwezvirwere pakati pevanhu nemhuka (semuenzaniso, chikungunya, dengue, Rift Valley fever, yellow fever uye Zika virus) hakuna kumboitika. Dengue fever yega inoisa vanhu vanosvika mabhiriyoni 3.6 panjodzi yekutapuriranwa munzvimbo dzinopisa, nezvirwere zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinosvika mamiriyoni 390 zvichiitika gore rega rega, zvichikonzera kufa kwevanhu 6,100–24, 300 pagore8. Kuonekwazve uye kubuda kwehutachiona hweZika muSouth America kwakakwezva kutariswa kwepasi rose nekuda kwekukuvara kwehuropi kwahunokonzera muvana vanozvarwa nevakadzi vane hutachiona2. Kremer nevamwe 3 vanofanotaura kuti huwandu hweumhutu hweAedes hucharamba huchikura uye kuti panosvika 2050, hafu yevanhu vepasi rose ichave panjodzi yekutapuriranwa nehutachiona hwearboviruses hunotapuriranwa neumhutu.
Kunze kwemishonga ichangobva kugadzirwa yekudzivirira dengue ne yellow fever, mishonga yekudzivirira zvirwere zvakawanda zvinotapurirwa neumhutu haisati yagadzirwa9,10,11. Mishonga yekudzivirira ichiri kuwanikwa muhuwandu hushoma uye inoshandiswa chete mukuyedza kwekiriniki. Kudzora mishonga yekudzivirira umhutu uchishandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakagadzirwa kwave kuri nzira huru yekudzora kupararira kwezvirwere zvinotapurirwa neumhutu12,13. Kunyangwe mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakagadzirwa ichishanda mukuuraya umhutu, kushandiswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakagadzirwa kunokanganisa zvisikwa zvisiri zvekurwisa uye kunosvibisa nharaunda14,15,16. Chinonyanya kutyisa itsika yekuwedzera kusadzivirira umhutu kumishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yemakemikari17,18,19. Matambudziko aya ane chekuita nemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene akakurumidzisa kutsvaga dzimwe nzira dzinoshanda uye dzisingakuvadzi nharaunda dzekudzivirira zvipembenene zvinotapurirana nezvirwere.
Miti yakasiyana-siyana yakagadzirwa senzvimbo dzemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene20,21. Zvinhu zvemiti zvinowanzova neushamwari kune zvakatipoteredza nekuti zvinoora uye zvine chepfu shoma kana shoma kune zvisikwa zvisiri zvekurwisa zvakaita semhuka dzinoyamwisa, hove nemhuka dzinogara mumvura nepanyika20,22. Mishonga yemishonga inozivikanwa kugadzira mhando dzakasiyana dzemishonga inoshanda muhupenyu ine nzira dzakasiyana dzekuita kudzora matanho akasiyana ehupenyu hweumhutu23,24,25,26. Mishonga inobva mumiti yakadai semafuta anokosha nezvimwe zvinoshandiswa mumiti zvinoshanda yawana kutariswa uye yakagadzira nzira yezvishandiso zvitsva zvekudzora zvipembenene zveumhutu. Mafuta anokosha, monoterpenes uye sesquiterpenes zvinoshanda semishonga inodzinga, zvinodzivirira kudya uye zvinouraya zvipembenene27,28,29,30,31,32,33. Mafuta mazhinji emuriwo anokonzera kufa kwemhonye, pupae nevakuru34,35,36, zvichikanganisa tsinga, kufema, endocrine nedzimwe nzira dzakakosha dzezvipembenene37.
Zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakapa ruzivo pamusoro pekushandiswa kwezvirimwa zvemasitadhi nembeu dzazvo senzvimbo yemakemikari anoshanda muhupenyu. Upfu hwembeu yemasitadhi hwakaedzwa semushonga unouraya sora38,39,40,41 uye hwakashandiswa senzira yekugadzirisa sora42,43,44 uye kudzora utachiona hwezvirimwa zvinotapukira muvhu45,46,47,48,49,50, kudya kwezvirimwa. nematodes 41,51, 52, 53, 54 uye zvipembenene 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60. Kuuraya fungi kweupfu hwembeu idzi kunokonzerwa nemishonga inodzivirira zvirimwa inonzi isothiocyanates38,42,60. Muzvirimwa, mishonga iyi inodzivirira inochengetwa mumasero emiti muchimiro cheglucosinolates dzisiri dzehupenyu. Zvisinei, kana zvirimwa zvikakuvadzwa nekudyiswa nezvipembenene kana hutachiona hwehutachiona, maglucosinolates anonyungudutswa nemyrosinase kuita isothiocyanates inoshanda muhupenyu55,61. Isothiocyanates makemikari anoshanduka-shanduka anozivikanwa nekuita hutachiona hwakakura uye hunokonzera zvipembenene, uye chimiro chawo, mashandiro ehupenyu uye huwandu hwazvo zvinosiyana zvakanyanya pakati pemarudzi eBrassicaceae42,59,62,63.
Kunyangwe isothiocyanates inobva mukudya kwembeu yemasitadhi ichizivikanwa kuti ine basa rekuuraya zvipembenene, ruzivo rwebasa rehupenyu kurwisa arthropod vectors rinokosha mukurapa harisipo. Chidzidzo chedu chakaongorora basa rekuuraya larvicidal remapoda mana embeu akabviswa mafuta kurwisa umhutu hweAedes. Makonzo eAedes aegypti. Chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekuongorora kushandiswa kwawo semishonga inouraya umhutu isingakuvadzi nharaunda. Zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru zvemakemikari ekudya kwembeu, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), uye 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (4-HBITC) zvakaedzwawo kuti zviongorore basa remuviri remakemikari aya pamakonzo eumhutu. Uyu ndiwo mushumo wekutanga wekuongorora kushanda kwepoda ina dzembeu dzemakabheji uye zvikamu zvikuru zvemakemikari adzo kurwisa makonzo eumhutu.
Makoroni eAedes aegypti (Rockefeller strain) murabhoritari akachengetwa pa26°C, 70% humidity (RH) uye 10:14 h (L:D photoperiod). Hadzi dzakaberekeswa dzakachengetwa mumakeji epurasitiki (kureba 11 cm uye dhayamita 9.5 cm) uye dzakapihwa chikafu kuburikidza nehurongwa hwekudyisa bhodhoro uchishandisa ropa remombe rakachekwa (HemoStat Laboratories Inc., Dixon, CA, USA). Kudyisa ropa kwakaitwa semazuva ese uchishandisa membrane multi-glass feeder (Chemglass, Life Sciences LLC, Vineland, NJ, USA) yakabatana nechubhu yekugezera yemvura inotenderera (HAAKE S7, Thermo-Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) ine tembiricha inodzorwa 37°C. Tambanudza firimu reParafilm M pasi pekamuri yega yega yekudya girazi (nzvimbo 154 mm2). Kudyisa kwega kwega kwakazoiswa pamusoro pegrid rakafukidza keji ine hadzi yaberekeswa. Ropa remombe rinosvika 350–400 μl rakaiswa mugirazi rekudyara funnel uchishandisa Pasteur pipette (Fisherbrand, Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) uye honye dzakakura dzakabvumirwa kubuda kweinenge awa imwe chete. Hadzi dzine pamuviri dzakazopiwa 10% sucrose solution ndokubvumirwa kuisa mazai pabepa rakanyorova rakaiswa mukapu dze soufflé dzakachena (1.25 fl oz size, Dart Container Corp., Mason, MI, USA). Keji ine mvura. Isa bepa re filter rine mazai mubhegi rakavharwa (SC Johnsons, Racine, WI) wochengeta pa26°C. Mazai acho akachechenywa uye mabuu angangoita 200–250 akarerwa mumatireyi epurasitiki ane musanganiswa we rabbit chow (ZuPreem, Premium Natural Products, Inc., Mission, KS, USA) uye liver powder (MP Biomedicals, LLC, Solon, OH, USA), uye fish fillet (TetraMin, Tetra GMPH, Meer, Germany) muchikamu che2:1:1. Makonye ekupedzisira echitatu akashandiswa mukuongorora kwedu zvipenyu.
Mbeu dzezvirimwa dzakashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi dzakawanikwa kubva kumakambani anotevera neehurumende: Brassica juncea (brown mustard-Pacific Gold) uye Brassica juncea (white mustard-Ida Gold) kubva kuPacific Northwest Farmers' Cooperative, Washington State, USA; (Garden Cress) kubva kuKelly Seed and Hardware Co., Peoria, IL, USA uye Thlaspi arvense (Field Pennycress-Elisabeth) kubva kuUSDA-ARS, Peoria, IL, USA; Hapana kana imwe yembeu dzakashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi dzakarapwa nemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene. Mbeu dzese dzakagadziriswa uye dzakashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi zvichienderana nemitemo yemuno neyenyika uye zvichienderana nemitemo yese yemuno neyenyika. Chidzidzo ichi hachina kuongorora mhando dzemiti dzakachinja genic.
Mbeu dzeBrassica juncea (PG), Alfalfa (Ls), White mustard (IG), Thlaspi arvense (DFP) dzakakuyiwa kuita upfu hwakatsetseka dzichishandisa Retsch ZM200 ultracentrifugal mill (Retsch, Haan, Germany) dzakashongedzerwa ne 0.75 mm mesh uye Stainless steel rotor, mazino gumi nemaviri, 10,000 rpm (Tafura 1). Upfu hwembeu yakakuyiwa hwakatamisirwa mu paper thimble ndokubviswa mafuta ne hexane muSoxhlet apparatus kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana. Muenzaniso we field mustard yakabviswa mafuta wakapiswa pa 100 °C kweawa imwe chete kuti ubvise myrosinase uye kudzivirira hydrolysis ye glucosinolates kuti igadzire isothiocyanates inoshanda mumuviri. Upfu hwembeu yehorsetail yakapiswa (DFP-HT) hwakashandiswa senzira yekudzora nekubvisa hunhu hwe myrosinase.
Kuwanda kweglucosinolate mumbeu yakabviswa mafuta kwakawanikwa katatu uchishandisa high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) zvichienderana neprotocol yakamboburitswa 64. Muchidimbu, 3 mL yemethanol yakawedzerwa kune 250 mg yesample ye250 mg yeupfu hwembeu yakabviswa mafuta. Sample yega yega yakaiswa mubhavhu remvura kwemaminitsi makumi matatu uye yakasiyiwa murima pa23°C kwemaawa gumi nematanhatu. 1 mL aliquot ye organic layer yakazoseferwa kuburikidza ne 0.45 μm filter ichipinda mu autosampler. Ichishanda paShimadzu HPLC system (mapombi maviri eLC 20AD; SIL 20A autosampler; DGU 20As degasser; SPD-20A UV-VIS detector yekutarisa pa237 nm; uye CBM-20A communication bus module), huwandu hweglucosinolate hwembeu yakaongororwa mu triplicate. uchishandisa Shimadzu LC Solution software version 1.25 (Shimadzu Corporation, Columbia, MD, USA). Koramu yacho yaive koramu yeC18 Inertsil reverse phase (250 mm × 4.6 mm; RP C-18, ODS-3, 5u; GL Sciences, Torrance, CA, USA). Mamiriro ekutanga echikamu chekufamba akaiswa pa12% methanol/88% 0.01 M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide mumvura (TBAH; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) nechiyero chekuyerera kwe1 mL/min. Mushure mekubayiwa 15 μl yesample, mamiriro ekutanga akachengetedzwa kwemaminitsi makumi maviri, uye ipapo chiyero chesolvent chakagadziriswa ku100% methanol, nenguva yekuongorora sample yese yemaminitsi makumi matanhatu nemashanu. Mutsetse wakajairwa (nM/mAb based) wakagadzirwa nekusanganiswa kwe sinapine, glucosinolate uye myrosin standards (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) kuti vaongorore huwandu hwesarufa hwehupfu hwembeu yakabviswa mafuta. Kuwanda kweGlucosinolate mumienzaniso kwakaedzwa paAgilent 1100 HPLC (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) uchishandisa OpenLAB CDS ChemStation version (C.01.07 SR2 [255]) yakashongedzerwa nekoramu imwechete uye uchishandisa nzira yakatsanangurwa kare. Kuwanda kweGlucosinolate kwakaongororwa; kuenzaniswa pakati pemasystem eHPLC.
Allyl isothiocyanate (94%, yakagadzikana) uye benzyl isothiocyanate (98%) zvakatengwa kubva kuFisher Scientific (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). 4-Hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate yakatengwa kubva kuChemCruz (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA). Kana enzyme hydrolyzed ne myrosinase, glucosinolates, glucosinolates, uye glucosinolates zvinoumba allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate, uye 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate, zvichiteerana.
Kuongororwa kwemhuka murabhoritari kwakaitwa zvichienderana nenzira yaMuturi nevamwe 32 nekuchinja. Kudya kwembeu dzisina mafuta akawanda kwakashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi: DFP, DFP-HT, IG, PG uye Ls. Makonye makumi maviri akaiswa mubeaker re400 mL rinoraswa rine nzira nhatu (VWR International, LLC, Radnor, PA, USA) rine mvura yakabviswa ionized 120 mL (dH2O). Kuwanda kwembeu nomwe kwakaongororwa chepfu yemakonye eumhutu: 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1 uye 0.12 g yekudya kwembeu/120 ml dH2O yekudya kwembeu yeDFP, DFP-HT, IG nePG. Kuongororwa kwekutanga kwembeu kunoratidza kuti hupfu hwembeu yeLs yakabviswa mafuta hune chepfu kupfuura humwe hupfu hwembeu ina dzakaedzwa. Saka, takagadzirisa huwandu hunomwe hwe Ls seed meal kuti huenderane nehuwandu hunotevera: 0.015, 0.025, 0.035, 0.045, 0.055, 0.065, uye 0.075 g/120 mL dH2O.
Boka rekuongorora risina kurapwa (dH20, risina kuwedzerwa kwembeu) rakaiswa kuti riongorore kufa kwezvipembenene kwakajairika pasi pemamiriro ekuyedzwa. Kuongororwa kwechepfu kwekudya kwembeu imwe neimwe kwaisanganisira mabhodhoro matatu akatevedzana ane materu matatu (makonye makumi maviri ekupedzisira echitatu pabeaker imwe neimwe), pahuwandu hwemabhodhoro zana nemasere. Mabhodhoro akarapwa akachengetwa patembiricha yemukamuri (20-21°C) uye kufa kwemakonye kwakanyorwa mukati memaawa makumi maviri nemana nemakumi manomwe nemaviri ekuratidzwa nguva dzose nehuwandu hwekurapa. Kana muviri weumhutu nezvikamu zvawo zvikasafamba kana zvabatwa kana kubatwa nespatula yakatetepa yesimbi isina tsvina, makonye eumhutu anoonekwa seakafa. Makonye akafa anowanzo gara asina kufamba ari mudumbu kana mudumbu pasi pebea kana pamusoro pemvura. Kuedza uku kwakadzokororwa katatu pamazuva akasiyana uchishandisa mapoka akasiyana emakonye, pahuwandu hwemakonye zana nemakumi masere akaratidzirwa nehuwandu hwekurapa kwega kwega.
Chepfu yeAITC, BITC, uye 4-HBITC kumakonye eumhutu yakaongororwa uchishandisa nzira imwechete yekuongorora mhuka asi nekurapa kwakasiyana. Gadzira mhinduro dze100,000 ppm yekemikari yega yega nekuwedzera 100 µL yekemikari ku900 µL yeethanol yakazara muchubhu ye 2-mL centrifuge uye kuzunza kwemasekondi makumi matatu kuti isanganiswe zvakanaka. Kuwanda kwekurapwa kwakaongororwa zvichibva pakuongorora kwedu kwekutanga, uko kwakawana kuti BITC ine chepfu kupfuura AITC ne4-HBITC. Kuti uone chepfu, huwandu hushanu hweBITC (1, 3, 6, 9 uye 12 ppm), huwandu hunomwe hweAITC (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 uye 35 ppm) uye huwandu hutanhatu hwe4-HBITC (15, 15, 20, 25, 30 uye 35 ppm). 30, 45, 60, 75 uye 90 ppm). Kurapa kwekudzora kwakabayiwa ne108 μL ye absolute ethanol, iyo yakaenzana nehuwandu hwakanyanya hwekurapa kwemakemikari. Kuongororwa kwebioassays kwakadzokororwa sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, zvichiratidza huwandu hwe180 hwemakonye pahuwandu hwekurapa. Kufa kwemakonye kwakanyorwa pahuwandu hwega hwega hweAITC, BITC, uye 4-HBITC mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana ekushandiswa nguva dzose.
Kuongororwa kweprobit kwedata rerufu rine chekuita nedosi makumi matanhatu nemashanu kwakaitwa uchishandisa Polo software (Polo Plus, LeOra Software, vhezheni 1.0) kuverenga huwandu hwerufu hwe50% (LC50), huwandu hwerufu hwe90% (LC90), slope, huwandu hwehuwandu hwerufu, uye huwandu hwerufu hwe95%. zvichibva pakuvimbana kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwerufu hwehuwandu ...
Zvakabuda muHPLC zvekuona maglucosinolates makuru muupfu hwembeu dzakabviswa mafuta zvakanyorwa muTafura 1. Maglucosinolates makuru muupfu hwembeu dzakaedzwa akasiyana kunze kweDFP nePG, ayo ese aine myrosinase glucosinolates. Huwandu hwemyrosinin muPG hwaive hwakakwira kupfuura muDFP, 33.3 ± 1.5 uye 26.5 ± 0.9 mg/g, zvichiteerana. Upfu hwembeu hweL hwaive ne36.6 ± 1.2 mg/g gluglycone, nepo upfu hwembeu hweIG hwaive ne38.0 ± 0.5 mg/g sinapine.
Makonye eAe. Aedes aegypti mosquito akaurayiwa paakarapwa nembeu yakabviswa mafuta, kunyange hazvo kushanda kwemushonga wacho kwaisiyana zvichienderana nemhando yemiti. DFP-NT chete ndiyo yakanga isina chepfu kumakonye eumhutu mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana nemana nemakumi manomwe nemaviri ekubatwa nawo (Tafura 2). Chepfu yeupfu hwembeu inoshanda yakawedzera nekuwedzera kwehuwandu (Mufananidzo 1A, B). Chepfu yembeu yemhutu kumakonye yakachinja zvakanyanya zvichibva pa95% CI yehuwandu hwechikero cheLC50 chinouraya pakuongorora kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana uye maawa makumi manomwe nemaviri (Tafura 3). Mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana, chepfu yeLs seed meal yaive yakakura kupfuura mamwe machira embeu yekudya, nekushanda kwakanyanya uye chepfu yakanyanya kumakonye (LC50 = 0.04 g/120 ml dH2O). Makonye akanga asina kunyanya kunzwa DFP mumaawa makumi maviri nemana zvichienzaniswa nekurapwa kwehupfu hwembeu dzeIG, Ls nePG, neLC50 values ye0.115, 0.04 uye 0.08 g/120 ml dH2O zvichiteerana, izvo zvaive zvakakwirira pane LC50 value. 0.211 g/120 ml dH2O (Tafura 3). LC90 values yeDFP, IG, PG uye Ls yaive 0.376, 0.275, 0.137 uye 0.074 g/120 ml dH2O, zvichiteerana (Tafura 2). Kuwanda kwakanyanya kweDPP kwaive 0.12 g/120 ml dH2O. Mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana ekuongororwa, avhareji yekufa kwehonye yaiva 12% chete, nepo avhareji yekufa kwehonye dzeIG nePG yakasvika 51% ne82%, zvichiteerana. Mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana ekuongororwa, avhareji yekufa kwemakonye nekuda kwekuwanda kwakanyanya kweLs seed meal treatment (0.075 g/120 ml dH2O) yaive 99% (Mufananidzo 1A).
Makori ekufa akafungidzirwa kubva pakupindura kwedosi (Probit) yeAe. Egyptian larvae (3rd instar larvae) kusvika pakuwanda kwembeu mumaawa makumi maviri nemana (A) uye maawa makumi manomwe nemaviri (B) mushure mekurapwa. Mutsetse une madotsi unomiririra LC50 yekurapwa kwembeu. DFP Thlaspi arvense, DFP-HT Heat inactivated Thlaspi arvense, IG Sinapsis alba (Ida Gold), PG Brassica juncea (Pacific Gold), Ls Lepidium sativum.
Pakuongororwa kwemaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri, huwandu hweLC50 hwekudya kwembeu yeDFP, IG nePG hwaive 0.111, 0.085 uye 0.051 g/120 ml dH2O, zvichiteerana. Makonye ese akange aonekwa mukudya kwembeu yeL akafa mushure memaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri ekushandiswa, saka data rekufa rakange risingawirirane nekuongorora kweProbit. Zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe mhando dzekudya kwembeu, makonye akanga asina kunyanya kunzwa kurapwa kwembeu yeDFP uye aive nehuwandu hweLC50 hwakakwira (Matafura 2 ne3). Mushure memaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri, huwandu hweLC50 hwekudya kwembeu yeDFP, IG nePG hwakafungidzirwa kuva 0.111, 0.085 uye 0.05 g/120 ml dH2O, zvichiteerana. Mushure memaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri ekushandiswa, huwandu hweLC90 hweupfu hwembeu yeDFP, IG nePG hwaive 0.215, 0.254 uye 0.138 g/120 ml dH2O, zvichiteerana. Mushure memaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri ekuongororwa, avhareji yekufa kwemakonye eDFP, IG nePG seed meal pahuwandu hwakanyanya hwe0.12 g/120 ml dH2O yaive 58%, 66% uye 96%, zvichiteerana (Mufananidzo 1B). Mushure memaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri ekuongororwa, PG seed meal yakawanikwa ine chepfu kupfuura IG neDFP seed meal.
Isothiocyanates dzakagadzirwa, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) uye 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (4-HBITC) zvinogona kuuraya honye dzeumhutu zvinobudirira. Pamaawa makumi maviri nemana mushure mekurapwa, BITC yaive nehuturu hwakanyanya kumahonye neLC50 kukosha kwe5.29 ppm zvichienzaniswa ne19.35 ppm yeAITC uye 55.41 ppm ye4-HBITC (Tafura 4). Zvichienzaniswa neAITC neBITC, 4-HBITC ine huturu hwakaderera uye LC50 kukosha kwakakwira. Kune misiyano yakakura muhuturu hwehonye hwemahonye hwemahonye maviri makuru eisothiocyanates (Ls nePG) mukudya kwembeu kune simba guru. Huturu hwakavakirwa pahuwandu hwehuwandu hweLC50 hune chepfu hwakaipa pakati peAITC, BITC, ne4-HBITC hwakaratidza mutsauko wezviverengero zvekuti 95% CI yehuwandu hweLC50 hune chepfu hwakaipa haina kusanganisira kukosha kwe1 (P = 0.05, Tafura 4). Kuwanda kwakanyanya kweBITC neAITC kwakafungidzirwa kuuraya 100% yemakonye akaedzwa (Mufananidzo 2).
Makori ekufa akafungidzirwa kubva pakupindura kwedosi (Probit) yeAe. Maawa makumi maviri nemana mushure mekurapwa, mabuu ekuEgypt (mabuu echitatu) akasvika huwandu hweisothiocyanate yakagadzirwa. Mutsetse une madotted unomiririra LC50 yekurapa isothiocyanate. Benzyl isothiocyanate BITC, allyl isothiocyanate AITC uye 4-HBITC.
Kushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene kubva mumiti semishonga inodzivirira umhutu kwave kuchidzidzwa kwenguva refu. Zvirimwa zvakawanda zvinogadzira makemikari echisikigo ane basa rekuuraya zvipembenene37. Mishonga yavo inoshanda kubva muzvinhu zvipenyu inopa imwe nzira inokwezva panzvimbo pemishonga inouraya zvipembenene yakagadzirwa ine mukana mukuru wekudzora zvipembenene, kusanganisira umhutu.
Zvirimwa zvemasitadhi zvinorimwa sechirimwa chembeu dzazvo, zvinoshandiswa sezvinonhuwira uye sosi yemafuta. Kana mafuta emasitadhi abviswa mumbeu kana kuti masitadhi achibviswa kuti ashandiswe se biofuel, 69 chigadzirwa chacho chinobva pakudya kwembeu chakabviswa mafuta. Upfu hwembeu iyi hunochengetedza zvakawanda zvezvikamu zvayo zvechisikigo zve biochemical uye ma enzymes e hydrolytic. Chepfu yehupfu hwembeu iyi inokonzerwa nekugadzirwa kwe isothiocyanates55,60,61. Isothiocyanates inoumbwa nekunyungudika kwe glucosinolates ne enzyme myrosinase panguva yekunyorovesa hupfu hwembeu38,55,70 uye inozivikanwa nekuuraya fungi, bactericidal, nematicidal uye insecticide effects, pamwe nezvimwe zvinhu zvinosanganisira makemikari ekuona uye chemotherapeutic properties61,62,70. Zvidzidzo zvakati wandei zvakaratidza kuti zvirimwa zvemasitadhi neupfu hwembeu zvinoshanda zvinobudirira sezvinodzivirira ivhu nezvipembenene zvekudya zvakachengetwa57,59,71,72. Muchidzidzo ichi, takaongorora chepfu yembeu ina pamwe chete nezvigadzirwa zvayo zvitatu zvinoshanda mumuviri AITC, BITC, uye 4-HBITC kumbeu dzeumhutu dzeAedes. Aedes aegypti. Kuwedzera mbeu yembeu zvakananga mumvura ine mhou dzeumhutu kunotarisirwa kumutsa maitiro e enzyme anogadzira isothiocyanates ane chepfu kumbeu dzeumhutu. Kuchinja uku kwakaratidzwa muchikamu nekushanda kwembeu yemhou yekuuraya mabundu uye kurasikirwa kwekushanda kwezvipembenene apo mhou yemusitadhi yakapiswa isati yashandiswa. Kurapa kupisa kunotarisirwa kuparadza ma enzymes e hydrolytic anobatsira glucosinolates, nokudaro kudzivirira kuumbwa kwe isothiocyanates inoshanda mumuviri. Ichi ndicho chidzidzo chekutanga kusimbisa hunhu hwembeu yekabichi hunopisa kubva kumhutu munzvimbo yemvura.
Pakati pemapfunde embeu akaedzwa, upfu hwembeu yewatercress (Ls) ndihwo hwaive nehupfu hwakanyanya, zvichikonzera kufa kwakanyanya kweAedes albopictus. Mabuu eAedes aegypti akagadziriswa nguva dzose kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana. Mapfunde matatu asara embeu (PG, IG neDFP) ainonoka kushanda uye akaramba achikonzera kufa kukuru mushure memaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri ekurapwa nguva dzose. Upfu hwembeu yeLs chete ndihwo hwaive nehuwandu hwakawanda hweglucosinolates, nepo PG neDFP zvaive nemyrosinase uye IG yaive neglucosinolate seglucosinolate huru (Tafura 1). Glucotropaeolin inonyungudika kuita BITC uye sinalbine inonyungudika kuita 4-HBITC61,62. Mhedzisiro yedu yekuongorora inoratidza kuti upfu hwembeu yeLs neBITC yakagadzirwa zvine chepfu zvakanyanya kumabuu eumhutu. Chinhu chikuru cheupfu hwembeu yePG neDFP imyrosinase glucosinolate, iyo inonyungudika kuita AITC. AITC inoshanda mukuuraya mabuu eumhutu ane LC50 kukosha kwe19.35 ppm. Zvichienzaniswa neAITC neBITC, 4-HBITC isothiocyanate ndiyo ine chepfu shoma kuhonye. Kunyangwe AITC isina chepfu shoma pane BITC, kukosha kwayo kweLC50 kwakaderera pane mafuta akawanda akakosha akaedzwa pahonye dzeumhutu32,73,74,75.
Upfu hwembeu dzedu dzinoshandiswa pakurwisa mhombwe dzine glucosinolate imwe chete, inodarika 98-99% yehuwandu hwe glucosinolates sezvakatsanangurwa neHPLC. Huwandu hwemamwe ma glucosinolates hwakaonekwa, asi huwandu hwadzo hwaive pasi pe0.3% yehuwandu hwe glucosinolates. Upfu hwembeu dzeWatercress (L. sativum) hune secondary glucosinolates (sinigrin), asi huwandu hwadzo i1% yehuwandu hwe glucosinolates, uye huwandu hwadzo huchiri hushoma (inenge 0.4 mg/g upfu hwembeu). Kunyangwe PG neDFP zvine glucosinolate (myrosin) imwecheteyo, mashandiro e larvicidal ekudya kwavo kwembeu anosiyana zvakanyanya nekuda kweLC50 values dzavo. Hunosiyana muchetura kune powdery mildew. Kubuda kweAedes aegypti larvae kunogona kunge kuri nekuda kwekusiyana kwekushanda kwe myrosinase kana kugadzikana pakati pekudya kwembeu mbiri. Basa reMyrosinase rinoita basa rakakosha mukuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvinogadzirwa nehydrolysis zvakaita seisothiocyanates muzvirimwa zveBrassicaceae76. Mishumo yapfuura yaPocock et al.77 naWilkinson et al.78 yakaratidza kuti shanduko mukushanda kwemyrosinase uye kugadzikana zvinogonawo kunge zvakabatana nezvinhu zvemajini uye zvakatipoteredza.
Hunhu hwe isothiocyanate hunotarisirwa mumuviri hwakaverengerwa zvichibva pahuwandu hwe LC50 hwekudya kwembeu imwe neimwe mumaawa makumi maviri nemana nemakumi manomwe nemaviri (Tafura 5) kuti zvienzaniswe nekushandiswa kwemakemikari anoenderana. Mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana, isothiocyanate mukudya kwembeu dzaive neuturu hwakanyanya kupfuura mishonga yakachena. Hunhu hwe LC50 hwakaverengerwa zvichibva pazvikamu pa miriyoni (ppm) yekurapa mbeu ye isothiocyanate hwaive hwakaderera pane huwandu hwe LC50 hwekushandisa BITC, AITC, uye 4-HBITC. Takaona makonye achidya mapellets embeu (Mufananidzo 3A). Nekuda kweizvozvo, makonye anogona kuwana mukana wakanyanya wekusangana ne isothiocyanate ine chepfu nekudya mapellets embeu. Izvi zvakaonekwa zvakanyanya mukurapa kwe IG nePG kwekudya kwembeu kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana, uko huwandu hwe LC50 hwaive 75% uye 72% hwakaderera pane kurapwa kwe pure AITC ne 4-HBITC, zvichiteerana. Kurapa kweLs neDFP kwaive nehupfu hwakanyanya kupfuura isothiocyanate yakachena, neLC50 values 24% uye 41% yakaderera, zvichiteerana. Makonye ari mukurapa kwekudzora akakura zvakanaka (Mufananidzo 3B), nepo makonye mazhinji ari mukurapa kwembeu haana kukura uye kukura kwemakonye kwakanonoka zvakanyanya (Mufananidzo 3B,D). MuSpodopteralitura, isothiocyanates inobatanidzwa nekunonoka kukura uye kunonoka kukura79.
Makonye eAe. Umhutu hweAedes aegypti hwaigara huchisangana neupfu hwembeu yeBrassica kwemaawa 24-72. (A) Makonye akafa ane zvidimbu zveupfu hwembeu mumuromo (zvakatenderedzwa); (B) Kurapa nekudzora (dH20 pasina kuwedzerwa upfu hwembeu) kunoratidza kuti makonye anokura zvakanaka uye anotanga kukura mushure memaawa 72 (C, D) Makonye akarapwa neupfu hwembeu; upfu hwembeu hwakaratidza musiyano mukukura uye hauna kukura.
Hatina kudzidza mashandiro anoita isothiocyanates pazvipembenene zveumhutu. Zvisinei, zvidzidzo zvekare mumasvosve matsvuku emoto (Solenopsis invicta) zvakaratidza kuti kudziviswa kweglutathione S-transferase (GST) uye esterase (EST) ndiyo nzira huru yekushanda kweisothiocyanate, uye AITC, kunyangwe paine kushanda kushoma, inogonawo kudzivirira kushanda kweGST. zvipembenene zvitsvuku zvinounzwa kunze kwenyika zvine huwandu hwakaderera. Chiyero chacho i0.5 µg/ml80. Kusiyana neizvi, AITC inodzivirira acetylcholinesterase muzvipembenene zvechibage zvevakuru (Sitophilus zeamais)81. Zvidzidzo zvakafanana zvinofanira kuitwa kuti zvijekese mashandiro anoita isothiocyanate muzvipembenene zveumhutu.
Tinoshandisa mushonga weDFP usingapiswi nekupisa kutsigira pfungwa yekuti hydrolysis ye glucosinolates yezvirimwa kuti igadzire reactive isothiocyanates inoshanda senzira yekudzora mabundu eumhutu nekudya kwembeu yemasitadhi. DFP-HT seed meal haina chepfu pahuwandu hwekushandiswa hwakaedzwa. Lafarga et al. 82 vakataura kuti glucosinolates inonzwa kuora kana tembiricha yakakwira. Kurapa nekupisa kunotarisirwawo kuderedza myrosinase enzyme mukudya kwembeu uye kudzivirira hydrolysis yeglucosinolates kuti igadzire reactive isothiocyanates. Izvi zvakasimbiswawo naOkunade et al. 75 vakaratidza kuti myrosinase inonzwa tembiricha, zvichiratidza kuti myrosinase activity yakamiswa zvachose apo mustard, black mustard, uye bloodroot seeds dzakaiswa patembiricha iri pamusoro pe80°C. Maitiro aya anogona kukonzera kurasikirwa nebasa rekuuraya zvipembenene rekudya kwembeu yeDFP yakapiswa nekupisa.
Saka, kudya kwembeu yemasitadhi nezvikamu zvitatu zvikuru zve isothiocyanates zvine chepfu kuhonye dzeumhutu. Zvichienderana nemusiyano uyu pakati pekudya kwembeu nekurapwa nemakemikari, kushandisa kudya kwembeu kunogona kuva nzira inoshanda yekudzora umhutu. Pane chikonzero chekuona nzira dzakakodzera uye masisitimu ekutumira anoshanda kuti pave nekushanda uye kugadzikana kwekushandisa hupfu hwembeu. Zvatakawana zvinoratidza kuti kudya kwembeu yemasitadhi kunogona kushandiswa pane mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene. Iyi tekinoroji inogona kuva chishandiso chitsva chekudzora zvipembenene zveumhutu. Nekuti honye dzeumhutu dzinokura mumvura uye glucosinolates dzembeu dzinoshandurwa kuita enzyme kuita isothiocyanates dzinoshanda kana dzanyorova, kushandiswa kwekudya kwembeu yemasitadhi mumvura ine umhutu kunopa mukana wakakura wekudzora. Kunyangwe basa rekuuraya matumbu re isothiocyanates richisiyana (BITC > AITC > 4-HBITC), kutsvagurudza kwakawanda kunodiwa kuti uone kana kusanganisa kudya kwembeu ne glucosinolates dzakawanda kunowedzera chepfu. Iyi ndiyo ongororo yekutanga inoratidza mhedzisiro yekuuraya zvipembenene yekudya kwembeu yecruciferous yakabviswa mafuta uye isothiocyanates nhatu dzinoshanda paumhutu. Zvakabuda muchidzidzo ichi zvakatanga nekuratidza kuti hupfu hwembeu yekabheji yakabviswa mafuta, iyo inobva mumafuta anotorwa kubva mumbeu, inogona kushanda semushonga unouraya matumbu pakurwisa umhutu. Ruzivo urwu runogona kubatsira mukuwedzera kuwanikwa kwemishonga inorwisa humbu uye kukura kwayo semishonga inouraya humbu yakachipa, inoshanda, uye isingakuvadzi nharaunda.
Dataseti dzakagadzirwa dzechidzidzo ichi pamwe neongororo dzakabuda dziripo kubva kumunyori anoenderana nadzo kana zvikakumbirwa. Pakupera kwechidzidzo, zvese zvakashandiswa muchidzidzo (zvipembenene nehupfu hwembeu) zvakaparadzwa.
Nguva yekutumira: Chikunguru-29-2024