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Kusanganiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inobva mumiti kunogona kuratidza kudyidzana kwakabatana kana kurwisana nezvipembenene. Zvichienderana nekupararira kwezvirwere zvinotakurwa neumhutu hweAedes uye kuramba kuri kuita huwandu hweumhutu hweAedes kumishonga yezvipembenene yechinyakare, misanganiswa makumi maviri nemasere yemishonga yeterpene yakavakirwa pamafuta emiti akakosha yakagadzirwa uye yakaedzwa pamatanho emakonye nevakuru eAedes aegypti. Mafuta mashanu emiti akakosha (EOs) akatanga kuongororwa kuti anoshanda sei mukuuraya makonye uye kushandiswa kwevakuru, uye mishonga miviri mikuru yakawanikwa muEO yega yega zvichibva pamhedzisiro yeGC-MS. Mishonga mikuru yakawanikwa yakatengwa, inoti diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, carvone, limonene, eugenol, methyl eugenol, eucalyptol, eudesmol uye mosquito alpha-pinene. Misanganiswa yemisanganiswa iyi yakagadzirwa uchishandisa madosi asingauraye uye mhedzisiro yayo yekubatana uye yekupikisa yakaedzwa uye yakaongororwa. Mishonga yakanakisisa yekuuraya mabukira inowanikwa nekusanganisa limonene ne diallyl disulfide, uye mishonga yakanakisisa yekuuraya mabukira inowanikwa nekusanganisa carvone ne limonene. Mishonga ye Temphos inoshandiswa mukutengeserana pamwe chete nemushonga wevakuru Malathion yakaedzwa zvakasiyana uye mumisanganiswa ye binary ne terpenoids. Zvakabuda zvakaratidza kuti musanganiswa we temephos ne diallyl disulfide ne malathion ne eudesmol ndiwo waive musanganiswa wakabudirira zvikuru. Misanganiswa iyi ine simba inogona kushandiswa kurwisa Aedes aegypti.
Mafuta ezvirimwa (EOs) ndiwo mametabolites echipiri ane mishonga yakasiyana-siyana inoshanda mumuviri uye ari kuramba achikosha seimwe nzira yemishonga inouraya zvipembenene. Haasi chete kuti ane hushamwari kune zvakatipoteredza uye anoshanda nyore, asiwo musanganiswa wemishonga yakasiyana-siyana inoshanda mumuviri, izvo zvinoderedzawo mukana wekuva nekusagona kushandisa mishonga1. Vachishandisa tekinoroji yeGC-MS, vaongorori vakaongorora zvinhu zviri mumafuta akasiyana-siyana ezvirimwa uye vakaona mishonga inodarika 3,000 kubva mumiti inonhuhwirira 17,5002, yakawanda yacho yakaedzwa kuti ine hunhu hwekuuraya zvipembenene uye inonzi ine mhedzisiro yekuuraya zvipembenene3,4. Dzimwe ongororo dzinoratidza kuti chepfu yechikamu chikuru chemushonga uyu yakafanana kana kuti yakakura kupfuura ye crude ethylene oxide yayo. Asi kushandiswa kwemishonga yega yega kunogona zvakare kusiya nzvimbo yekukura kwekusagona kushandisa mishonga, sezvinoitika nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene5,6. Nokudaro, chinangwa chiripo pakugadzira musanganiswa wemishonga inobva ku ethylene oxide kuti ivandudze kushanda kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene uye kuderedza mukana wekusagona kushandisa mishonga muzvipembenene zvinotarirwa. Mishonga inoshanda yega yega iri muEOs inogona kuratidza mhedzisiro inoshanda pamwe chete kana inopikisa mumisanganiswa inoratidza kushanda kwese kweEO, chokwadi chakasimbiswa zvakanyanya muzvidzidzo zvakaitwa nevaongorori vekare7,8. Chirongwa chekudzora vector chinosanganisirawo EO nezvikamu zvayo. Kuuraya mosquito kwemafuta akakosha kwakadzidzwa zvakanyanya paumhutu hweCulex neAnopheles. Zvidzidzo zvakati wandei zvakaedza kugadzira mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inoshanda nekubatanidza zvirimwa zvakasiyana-siyana nemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inoshandiswa mukutengeserana kuwedzera chepfu uye kuderedza migumisiro yakaipa9. Asi zvidzidzo zvemishonga yakadaro kurwisa Aedes aegypti zvichiri zvishoma. Kufambira mberi mune zvesainzi yekurapa uye kugadzirwa kwemishonga nemajekiseni kwakabatsira kurwisa zvimwe zvirwere zvinotapuriranwa nevector. Asi kuvapo kwemarudzi akasiyana ehutachiona, hunotapurirwa neumhutu hweAedes aegypti, kwakaita kuti zvirongwa zvekudzivirira zvirwere zvisashande. Saka, kana zvirwere zvakadaro zvikaitika, zvirongwa zvekudzivirira vector ndiyo chete nzira yekudzivirira kupararira kwechirwere. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aripo iye zvino, kudzora Aedes aegypti kwakakosha zvikuru sezvo iri hutachiona hunokonzera mavhairasi akasiyana-siyana uye ma serotypes awo anokonzera dengue fever, Zika, dengue hemorrhagic fever, yellow fever, nezvimwewo. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti huwandu hwezvirwere zvinotapuriranwa neAedes zviri kuwedzera gore rega rega muEgypt uye huri kuwedzera pasi rose. Nokudaro, mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, pane chikonzero chekukurumidzira chekugadzira nzira dzekudzivirira dzinochengetedza nharaunda uye dzinoshanda dzeAedes aegypti. Vanogona kukwikwidzana panyaya iyi maEO, zvinhu zvinoumba makemikari aya, uye musanganiswa wawo. Nokudaro, chidzidzo ichi chakaedza kuona musanganiswa unoshanda wemakemikari makuru eEO kubva mumiti mishanu ine hunhu hwekuuraya zvipembenene (semuenzaniso, mint, holy basil, Eucalyptus spotted, Allium sulfur nemelaleuca) kurwisa Aedes aegypti.
MaEO ese akasarudzwa akaratidza kuti anogona kuuraya mabukira emudumbu (larvicidal activity) pakurwisa Aedes aegypti ine 24-hour LC50 inotangira pa 0.42 kusvika 163.65 ppm. Basa repamusoro rekuuraya mabukira rakanyorwa pa peppermint (Mp) EO ine LC50 value ye 0.42 ppm mumaawa makumi maviri nemana, ichiteverwa negariki (As) ine LC50 value ye 16.19 ppm mumaawa makumi maviri nemana (Tafura 1).
Kunze kweOcimum Sainttum, Os EO, mamwe maEO mana akaongororwa akaratidza migumisiro yakajeka yeallercidal, neLC50 values kubva pa23.37 kusvika 120.16 ppm munguva yekuratidzwa kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana. Thymophilus striata (Cl) EO yakashanda zvakanyanya mukuuraya vanhu vakuru neLC50 value ye23.37 ppm mukati memaawa makumi maviri nemana ekuratidzwa, ichiteverwa neEucalyptus maculata (Em) yaive neLC50 value ye101.91 ppm (Tafura 1). Kune rumwe rutivi, LC50 value yeOs haisati yazivikanwa sezvo huwandu hwepamusoro hwe53% hwerufu hwakanyorwa pahuwandu hwepamusoro (Supplementary Figure 3).
Makomichi maviri makuru ari muEO yega yega akaonekwa uye akasarudzwa zvichibva pane zvabuda muNIST library database, GC chromatogram area percentage, uye MS spectra results (Tafura 2). Kune EO As, makomichi makuru akaonekwa aive diallyl disulfide uye diallyl trisulfide; kune EO Mp makomichi makuru akaonekwa aive carvone uye limonene, kune EO Em makomichi makuru akaonekwa aive eudesmol uye eucalyptol; Kune EO Os, makomichi makuru akaonekwa aive eugenol uye methyl eugenol, uye kune EO Cl, makomichi makuru akaonekwa aive eugenol uye α-pinene (Mufananidzo 1, Supplementary Figures 5–8, Supplementary Table 1–5).
Mhedzisiro yehuwandu hwema spectrometry e terpenoids huru yemafuta akasarudzwa (A-diallyl disulfide; B-diallyl trisulfide; C-eugenol; D-methyl eugenol; E-limonene; F-aromatic ceperone; G-α-pinene; H-cineole; R-eudamol).
Makomichi mapfumbamwe (diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, eugenol, methyl eugenol, carvone, limonene, eucalyptol, eudesmol, α-pinene) akaonekwa semakomichi anoshanda ari iwo mahombe eEO uye akaongororwa ega ega paAedes aegypti padanho remakomichi. . Eudesmol yekomichi yaive nebasa repamusoro rekuuraya makomichi neLC50 kukosha kwe2.25 ppm mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana ekubatwa. Makomichi aya ediallyl disulfide nediallyl trisulfide akaonekwawo aine mhedzisiro inogona kuuraya makomichi, ane avhareji yehuwandu hwemakomichi ari pakati pe10–20 ppm. Basa remakomichi rine mwero rakaonekwazve pamakomichi eugenol, limonene neeucalyptol ane LC50 kukosha kwe63.35 ppm, 139.29 ppm. uye 181.33 ppm mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana, zvichiteerana (Tafura 3). Zvisinei, hapana mukana wakakosha wekuuraya mabukira wemethyl eugenol necarvone wakawanikwa kunyangwe pahuwandu hwakanyanya, saka LC50 values hadzina kuverengerwa (Tafura 3). Synthetic larvicide Temephos yaive nehuwandu hunouraya hwe0.43 ppm kurwisa Aedes aegypti mumaawa makumi maviri nemana ekushandiswa (Tafura 3, Tafura Yekuwedzera 6).
Makemikoro manomwe (diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, eucalyptol, α-pinene, eudesmol, limonene uye carvone) akaonekwa semakemikoro makuru eEO anoshanda uye akaedzwa ega ega kubva kumumhutu mukuru weEgyptian Aedes. Sekureva kweProbit regression analysis, Eudesmol yakawanikwa ine mukana wepamusoro weLC50 ye1.82 ppm, ichiteverwa neEucalyptol ine LC50 ye17.60 ppm panguva yekusangana nemaawa makumi maviri nemana. Makemikoro mashanu asara akaedzwa aive nengozi zvishoma kune vakuru vane LC50s kubva pa140.79 kusvika 737.01 ppm (Tafura 3). Synthetic organophosphorus malathion yaive isina simba kupfuura eudesmol uye yakakwira kupfuura mamwe makemikoro matanhatu, ine LC50 ye5.44 ppm munguva yekusangana nemaawa makumi maviri nemana (Tafura 3, Tafura Yekuwedzera 6).
Makomichi manomwe ane simba e lead pamwe chete ne organophosphorus tamephosate zvakasarudzwa kuti zvigadzire musanganiswa we binary we LC50 doses dzavo mu 1:1 ratio. Musanganiswa we binary 28 wakagadzirwa uye wakaedzwa kuti unoshanda sei pakurwisa Aedes aegypti. Musanganiswa mipfumbamwe wakawanikwa uchibatsirana, musanganiswa gumi nemina waive unopesana, uye musanganiswa mishanu waive usiri mushonga we larvicidal. Pakati pemusanganiswa we synergistic, musanganiswa we diallyl disulfide ne temofol ndiwo waive wakanyanya kushanda, ne100% yekufa kwakaonekwa mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana (Tafura 4). Saizvozvowo, musanganiswa we limonene ne diallyl disulfide ne eugenol ne thymetphos wakaratidza mukana wakanaka nekufa kwe larval kwakaonekwa kwe98.3% (Tafura 5). Misanganiswa mina yasara, inoti eudesmol pamwe ne eucalyptol, eudesmol pamwe ne limonene, eucalyptol pamwe ne alpha-pinene, alpha-pinene pamwe ne temephos, yakaratidzawo kushanda zvakanaka kwekuuraya mabukira, nehuwandu hwekufa hwakaonekwa huchipfuura 90%. Huwandu hwekufa hunotarisirwa huri pedyo ne60-75%. (Tafura 4). Zvisinei, musanganiswa we limonene ne α-pinene kana eucalyptus wakaratidza maitiro ekupikisa. Saizvozvowo, musanganiswa we Temephos ne eugenol kana eucalyptus kana eudesmol kana diallyl trisulfide wakawanikwa uine mhedzisiro yekupikisa. Saizvozvowo, musanganiswa we diallyl disulfide ne diallyl trisulfide pamwe nekubatanidzwa kweimwe yeiyi mishonga ne eudesmol kana eugenol zvinopesana mukuita kwavo kwekupikisa mabukira. Kupikisa kwakataurwawo ne musanganiswa we eudesmol ne eugenol kana α-pinene.
Pamisanganiswa yese 28 yebinary yakaedzwa kuti ionekwe seyakakura, misanganiswa 7 yaishanda pamwe chete, 6 haina kushanda, uye 15 yaipesana. Misanganiswa ye eudesmol ne eucalyptus ne limonene ne carvone yakawanikwa ichishanda zvakanyanya kupfuura mimwe misanganiswa ye synergistic, nehuwandu hwekufa huri pamaawa makumi maviri nemana hwe 76% ne 100%, zvichiteerana (Tafura 5). Malathion yakaonekwa ichiratidza kushanda pamwe chete nemisanganiswa yese yemakemikari kunze kwe limonene ne diallyl trisulfide. Kune rumwe rutivi, kusawirirana kwakawanikwa pakati pe diallyl disulfide ne diallyl trisulfide uye musanganiswa weimwe neimwe yadzo ne eucalyptus, kana eucalyptol, kana carvone, kana limonene. Saizvozvowo, musanganiswa we α-pinene ne eudesmol kana limonene, eucalyptol ne carvone kana limonene, uye limonene ne eudesmol kana malathion yakaratidza mhedzisiro yekurwisa larvicidal. Pamisanganiswa mitanhatu yasara, pakanga pasina musiyano wakakura pakati pekufa kwaitarisirwa nekufa kwakacherechedzwa (Tafura 5).
Zvichibva pamigumisiro yekubatana uye dosi dzisingauraye, chepfu yavo yezvipembenene zvemakonye pahuwandu hwakawanda hweumhutu hweAedes aegypti yakasarudzwa pakupedzisira uye yakaedzwa zvakare. Zvakabuda zvakaratidza kuti kufa kwezvipukanana zvakaonekwa uchishandisa misanganiswa yebinary eugenol-limonene, diallyl disulfide-limonene uye diallyl disulfide-timephos kwaive 100%, nepo kufa kwezvipukanana kwaitarisirwa kwaive 76.48%, 72.16% uye 63.4%, zvichiteerana (Tafura 6). . Musanganiswa welimonene ne eudesmol hauna kushanda zvakanyanya, ne88% kufa kwezvipukanana kwakaonekwa mukati memaawa makumi maviri nemana ekuratidzwa (Tafura 6). Mukupfupikisa, misanganiswa mina yakasarudzwa yebinary yakaratidzawo mhedzisiro yezvipembenene zvemakonye pakurwisa Aedes aegypti kana ikashandiswa pahuwandu hwakakura (Tafura 6).
Misanganiswa mitatu yekubatana yakasarudzwa kuti ishandiswe pakuongorora huwandu hwevanhu vakuru veAedes aegypti. Kuti tisarudze misanganiswa yekuedza pamakoloni makuru ezvipembenene, takatanga tatarisa pamisanganiswa miviri yakanakisa yekubatana kweterpene, inoti carvone plus limonene uye eucalyptol plus eudesmol. Chechipiri, musanganiswa wakanakisa wekubatana wakasarudzwa kubva musanganiswa we synthetic organophosphate malathion uye terpenoids. Tinotenda kuti musanganiswa wemalathion ne eudesmol ndiwo musanganiswa wakanakisa wekuyedza pamakoloni makuru ezvipembenene nekuda kwekufa kwakanyanya kunoonekwa uye LC50 yakaderera kwazvo yezvinhu zvinoshandiswa. Malathion inoratidza kubatana pamwe chete ne α-pinene, diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus, carvone ne eudesmol. Asi kana tikatarisa LC50 values, Eudesmol ine kukosha kwakaderera (2.25 ppm). Makoshero eLC50 akaverengerwa emalathion, α-pinene, diallyl disulfide, eucalyptol necarvone aive 5.4, 716.55, 166.02, 17.6 uye 140.79 ppm. zvichiteerana. Makoshero aya anoratidza kuti musanganiswa wemalathion neeudesmol ndiwo musanganiswa wakakodzera maererano nechiyero. Mhedzisiro yakaratidza kuti musanganiswa wecarvone plus limonene neeudesmol plus malathion waiva ne100% yekufa kwakacherechedzwa zvichienzaniswa nekufa kwakatarisirwa kwe61% kusvika 65%. Imwe musanganiswa, eudesmol plus eucalyptol, yakaratidza huwandu hwekufa hwe78.66% mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana ekushandiswa, zvichienzaniswa nehuwandu hwekufa hwakatarisirwa hwe60%. Misanganiswa yese mitatu yakasarudzwa yakaratidza mhedzisiro inoshanda kunyangwe ikashandiswa padanho guru kurwisa Aedes aegypti yevakuru (Tafura 6).
Muchidzidzo ichi, maEO ezvirimwa akasarudzwa akadai seMp, As, Os, Em naCl akaratidza migumisiro inouraya padanho remakonzo nerevakuru reAedes aegypti. Mp EO yaive nebasa rekuuraya makonzo zvakanyanya neLC50 kukosha kwe0.42 ppm, ichiteverwa neAs, Os naEm EOs neLC50 kukosha kuri pasi pe50 ppm mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana. Mhedzisiro iyi inoenderana nezvidzidzo zvekare zveumhutu nedzimwe nhunzi dzinobhururuka 10,11,12,13,14. Kunyangwe simba rekuuraya makonzo reCl rakaderera pane mamwe mafuta anokosha, neLC50 kukosha kwe163.65 ppm mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana, kugona kwayo kwekukura ndiko kwakanyanya neLC50 kukosha kwe23.37 ppm mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana. Mp, As uye Em EOs dzakaratidzawo kugona kwakanaka kwekurwisa allergies neLC50 values iri pakati pe100–120 ppm mumaawa makumi maviri nemana ekusangana nechirwere ichi, asi dzaive dzakaderera pane kushanda kwadzo mukuuraya larvicidal. Kune rumwe rutivi, EO Os yakaratidza mhedzisiro isingakoshi yekurwisa allergies kunyangwe padanho repamusoro rekurapa. Saka, mhedzisiro inoratidza kuti chepfu ye ethylene oxide kumiti inogona kusiyana zvichienderana nedanho rekukura kweumhutu15. Zvinoenderanawo nekuwanda kwekupinda kweEOs mumuviri wezvipembenene, kusangana kwavo nema enzymes chaiwo, uye kugona kwekubvisa chepfu kweumhutu padanho rega rega rekukura16. Ongororo dzakawanda dzakaratidza kuti chikamu chikuru chinhu chakakosha mubasa rehupenyu re ethylene oxide, sezvo ichiverengera huwandu hwemakemikari ese3,12,17,18. Saka, takafunga nezvemakemikari maviri makuru muEO yega yega. Zvichibva pamigumisiro yeGC-MS, diallyl disulfide ne diallyl trisulfide zvakaonekwa semakomputa makuru eEO As, izvo zvinoenderana nemishumo yapfuura19,20,21. Kunyangwe mishumo yapfuura yakaratidza kuti menthol yaive imwe yemakomputa ayo makuru, carvone nelimonene zvakaonekwa zvakare semakomputa makuru eMp EO22,23. Hunhu hweOs EO hwakaratidza kuti eugenol nemethyl eugenol ndiwo makomputa makuru, ayo akafanana nezvakawanikwa nevaongorori vekare16,24. Eucalyptol ne eucalyptol zvakataurwa semakomputa makuru ari muEm leaf oil, izvo zvinoenderana nezvakawanikwa nevamwe vaongorori25,26 asi zvinopesana nezvakawanikwa naOlalade et al.27. Kutonga kwecineole ne α-pinene kwakaonekwa mu melaleuca scent oil, izvo zvakafanana nezvakawanikwa kare28,29. Misiyano yakasiyana-siyana mukugadzirwa uye kuwanda kwemafuta anokosha anotorwa kubva mumhando imwe chete yemiti munzvimbo dzakasiyana yakaonekwa uye yakaonekwawo muchidzidzo ichi, izvo zvinokanganiswa nemamiriro ekukura kwemiti munzvimbo, nguva yekukohwa, danho rekukura, kana zera remiti. kuoneka kwemakemikari, nezvimwewo.22,30,31,32. Makemikoro akakosha akawanikwa akazotengwa ndokuedzwa mhedzisiro yawo yekuuraya mabukira uye mhedzisiro paumhutu hweAedes aegypti hwakakura. Mhedzisiro yakaratidza kuti basa rekuuraya mabukira rediallyl disulfide rakafanana nereEO As isina kuchena. Asi basa rediallyl trisulfide rakakwira kupfuura EO As. Mhedzisiro iyi yakafanana neyakawanikwa naKimbaris et al. 33 paCulex philippines. Zvisinei, makemikoro maviri aya haana kuratidza kushanda kwakanaka kwe autocidal kurwisa umhutu hwakananga, izvo zvinoenderana nemhedzisiro yaPlata-Rueda et al 34 paTenebrio molitor. Os EO inoshanda kurwisa danho remabukira reAedes aegypti, asi kwete kurwisa danho revakuru. Zvakaonekwa kuti basa rekuuraya mabukira emakemikari makuru rakaderera pane reOs EO isina kuchena. Izvi zvinoreva basa remamwe mabukira uye kudyidzana kwawo mucrude ethylene oxide. Methyl eugenol yega ine basa diki, nepo eugenol yega ine basa rekuuraya mabukira riri pakati nepakati. Mhedziso iyi inosimbisa, kune rumwe rutivi,35,36, uye kune rumwe rutivi, inopesana nemhedziso dzevaongorori vekare37,38. Kusiyana mumapoka anoshanda eeugenol nemethyleugenol kunogona kukonzera chepfu dzakasiyana kune chimwe zvipembenene zvinotarirwa39. Limonene yakawanikwa iine basa rekuuraya mabukira riri pakati nepakati, nepo mhedzisiro yecarvone yakanga isina kukosha. Saizvozvowo, chepfu shoma yelimonene kuzvipembenene zvikuru uye chepfu yakanyanya yecarvone inotsigira mhedzisiro yezvimwe zvidzidzo zvekare40 asi zvinopesana nezvimwe41. Kuvapo kwezvisungo zviviri panzvimbo dzemukati nedzekunze kunogona kuwedzera mabhenefiti emakomichi aya se larvicides3,41, nepo carvone, inova ketone ine unsaturated alpha ne beta carbons, inogona kuratidza mukana wepamusoro wekukonzera chepfu muvanhu vakuru42. Zvisinei, hunhu hwemunhu hwe limonene ne carvone hwakaderera zvikuru pane huwandu hwese hwe EO Mp (Tafura 1, Tafura 3). Pakati pe terpenoids dzakaedzwa, eudesmol yakawanikwa ine basa guru rekuuraya malarvicidal nevakuru rine LC50 value iri pasi pe2.5 ppm, zvichiita kuti ive compound inovimbisa kudzora umhutu hweAedes. Kushanda kwayo kuri nani pane kweEO Em yese, kunyangwe izvi zvisingaenderane nezvakawanikwa naCheng et al.40. Eudesmol i sesquiterpene ine mayuniti maviri e isoprene asinganyanyi kugadzikana kupfuura monoterpenes ine oxygen yakadai se eucalyptus uye nekudaro ine mukana mukuru wekuuraya zvipembenene. Eucalyptol pachayo ine basa guru rekuuraya zvipembenene kupfuura zvipembenene, uye mhedzisiro kubva muzvidzidzo zvekare inotsigira uye inoramba izvi37,43,44. Basa iri rega rakafanana nereEO Cl yese. Imwe bicyclic monoterpene, α-pinene, haina simba guru rekuuraya zvipembenene paAedes aegypti kupfuura mhedzisiro yezvipembenene, izvo zvinopesana nemhedzisiro yeEO Cl yakazara. Basa rese rekuuraya zvipembenene reterpenoids rinokanganiswa nemafuta adzo, kugadzikana, carbon branching, projection area, surface area, functional groups uye nzvimbo dzadzo45,46. Makemikari aya anogona kushanda nekuparadza kuunganidza kwemasero, kudzivirira kufema, kukanganisa kutapurirana kwetsinga, nezvimwewo.47 Organophosphate yakagadzirwa Temephos yakawanikwa ine basa rekuuraya zvipembenene rakakwirira rine LC50 kukosha kwe0.43 ppm, zvinoenderana nedata raLek -Utala48. Basa revakuru re synthetic organophosphorus malathion rakataurwa pa5.44 ppm. Kunyangwe aya ma organophosphate maviri akaratidza mhinduro dzakanaka pakurwisa mhando dzeAedes aegypti dziri murabhoritari, kusabatwa kweumhutu nemishonga iyi kwakashumwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi rose49. Zvisinei, hapana mishumo yakafanana yekukura kwekusabatwa nemishonga yemishonga yakawanikwa50. Saka, mishonga yemiti inoonekwa seimwe nzira dzinogona kushandiswa panzvimbo pemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene muzvirongwa zvekudzora zvipembenene.
Mhedzisiro yekuuraya mabukira yakaedzwa pamisanganiswa yebhinari makumi maviri nemasere (1:1) yakagadzirwa kubva kuterpenoids ine simba uye terpenoids ine thymetphos, uye misanganiswa mipfumbamwe yakawanikwa ichibatsirana, 14 ichirwisa uye 5 ichirwisana. Hapana mhedzisiro. Kune rumwe rutivi, mukuongorora kwesimba remunhu mukuru, misanganiswa minomwe yakawanikwa ichibatsirana, misanganiswa 15 yairwisana, uye misanganiswa 6 yakashumwa kuti haina mhedzisiro. Chikonzero nei mimwe misanganiswa ichigadzira mhedzisiro yekubatsirana chingave chiri chekuti mishonga inoshanda panguva imwe chete munzira dzakasiyana dzakakosha, kana kuti kudziviswa kwema enzymes akasiyana-siyana enzira yehupenyu51. Kusanganiswa kwelimonene ne diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus kana eugenol kwakawanikwa kuchibatsirana mune zvese zvidiki nezvikuru (Tafura 6), nepo kusanganiswa kwayo ne eucalyptus kana α-pinene kwakawanikwa kune mhedzisiro yekurwisa pahonye. Paavhareji, limonene inoita seyakanaka, zvichida nekuda kwekuvapo kwemapoka emethyl, kupinda zvakanaka mu stratum corneum, uye nzira yakasiyana yekushanda52,53. Zvakambotaurwa kare kuti limonene inogona kukonzera migumisiro ine chepfu nekupinda mu cuticles yezvipembenene (contact toxicity), kukanganisa gadziriro yekugaya (antifeedant), kana kukanganisa kufema (fumigation activity),54 nepo phenylpropanoids dzakadai se eugenol dzinogona kukanganisa metabolic enzymes55. Nokudaro, kusanganiswa kwemakemikari ane nzira dzakasiyana dzekushanda kunogona kuwedzera mhedzisiro inouraya yemusanganiswa. Eucalyptol yakawanikwa ichibatsirana ne diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus kana α-pinene, asi kumwe kusanganiswa nemamwe makemikari kwaisava kwe larvicidal kana kuti kunopikisa. Zvidzidzo zvepakutanga zvakaratidza kuti eucalyptol ine basa rekudzivirira pa acetylcholinesterase (AChE), pamwe ne octamine neGABA receptors56. Sezvo cyclic monoterpenes, eucalyptol, eugenol, nezvimwewo zvingave nemaitiro akafanana ekuita kwavo sechepfu yeuropi, 57 nokudaro zvichideredza migumisiro yavo yakabatana kuburikidza nekudzivisana. Saizvozvowo, musanganiswa weTemephos ne diallyl disulfide, α-pinene uye limonene wakawanikwa uchibatsirana, uchitsigira mishumo yapfuura yemhedzisiro yekubatana pakati pezvigadzirwa zvemiti uye synthetic organophosphates58.
Kusanganiswa kwe eudesmol ne eucalyptol kwakawanikwa kune simba rekubatana pamatanho e Aedes aegypti mumakonzo nevakuru, pamwe nekuda kwemaitiro avo akasiyana ekuita nekuda kwemaumbirwo avo akasiyana emakemikari. Eudesmol (sesquiterpene) inogona kukanganisa kufema 59 uye eucalyptol (monoterpene) inogona kukanganisa acetylcholinesterase 60. Kusangana pamwe chete kwezvinoshandiswa munzvimbo mbiri kana kupfuura kunogona kuwedzera mhedzisiro inouraya yemusanganiswa. Mukuongorora kwehupenyu hwemunhu mukuru, malathion yakawanikwa ichishanda pamwe chete ne carvone kana eucalyptol kana eucalyptol kana diallyl disulfide kana α-pinene, zvichiratidza kuti inoshanda pamwe chete nekuwedzera limonene ne di. Inogona kubatsira pamwe chete ne allercide ye terpene compounds yese, kunze kwe allyl trisulfide. Thangam naKathiresan61 vakataurawo nezvemhedzisiro yakafanana yemhedzisiro yekubatana kwemalathion nezvinotorwa kubva mumiti. Mhinduro iyi yekubatana inogona kunge iri nekuda kwemhedzisiro yehupfu yemalathion ne phytochemicals pamakemikari anobvisa hutachiona muzvipembenene. Organophosphates dzakadai semalathion dzinowanzo shanda nekudzivisa cytochrome P450 esterases uye monooxygenases62,63,64. Nokudaro, kusanganisa malathion nemaitiro aya ekuita uye terpenes nemaitiro akasiyana ekuita kunogona kuwedzera mhedzisiro inouraya paumhutu.
Kune rumwe rutivi, kukakavadzana kunoratidza kuti macompounds akasarudzwa haashande zvakanyanya mukubatana kupfuura compound imwe neimwe yoga. Chikonzero chekukakavadzana mune mamwe macompounds chingave chekuti compound imwe inochinja maitiro eimwe compound nekuchinja mwero wekunyudzwa, kugoverwa, metabolism, kana kubuda. Vaongorori vepakutanga vakaona izvi sechikonzero chekukakavadzana mumisanganiswa yemishonga. Molecules Maitiro Anogona Kuitika 65. Saizvozvowo, zvikonzero zvinogona kukonzera kukakavadzana zvinogona kunge zvine chekuita nemaitiro akafanana ekuita, kukwikwidzana kwemakemikari aripo kune imwe receptor kana nzvimbo yakananga. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kudziviswa kweprotein yakanangana kunogona kuitikawo. Muchidzidzo ichi, macompounds maviri e organosulfur, diallyl disulfide uye diallyl trisulfide, akaratidza mhedzisiro inopikisa, zvichida nekuda kwekukwikwidzana kwenzvimbo imwe chete yakanangana. Saizvozvowo, macompounds maviri aya esulfur akaratidza mhedzisiro inopikisa uye haana mhedzisiro kana akabatanidzwa ne eudesmol ne α-pinene. Eudesmol ne alpha-pinene zvine cyclic in nature, nepo diallyl disulfide ne diallyl trisulfide zviri aliphatic in nature. Zvichienderana nechimiro chemakemikari, kusanganiswa kwemakemikoro aya kunofanira kuwedzera chiitiko chinouraya sezvo nzvimbo dzawo dzinowanzo siyana34,47, asi mukuyedza takawana kupesana, izvo zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nebasa remakemikoro aya mune zvimwe zvipenyu zvisingazivikanwe mu vivo. masisitimu nekuda kwekudyidzana. Saizvozvowo, kusanganiswa kwecineole ne α-pinene kwakaburitsa mhinduro dzekurwisana, kunyangwe vaongorori vakambotaura kuti makomikoro maviri aya ane zvinangwa zvakasiyana zvekushanda47,60. Sezvo makomikoro ese ari cyclic monoterpenes, panogona kunge paine dzimwe nzvimbo dzakajairika dzinogona kukwikwidzana kuti dzisunge uye dzipesvedzere chepfu yezvikamu zve combinatorial zvakadzidzwa.
Zvichibva pahunhu hweLC50 uye kufa kwakacherechedzwa, misanganiswa miviri yakanakisisa yeterpene yakasarudzwa, inova mapeya ecarvone + limonene ne eucalyptol + eudesmol, pamwe chete ne synthetic organophosphorus malathion ne terpenes. Musanganiswa wakanakisisa we synergistic we malathion + Eudesmol compounds wakaedzwa mu bioassay yezvipembenene zvevakuru. Chinangwa chemapoka makuru ezvipembenene kuti uone kana misanganiswa iyi inoshanda ichigona kushanda nevanhu vakawanda munzvimbo dzakakura. Misanganiswa yese iyi inoratidza mhedzisiro inoshanda kurwisa mapoka makuru ezvipembenene. Mhedzisiro yakafanana yakawanikwa yemusanganiswa wakanakisisa we synergistic larvicidal wakaedzwa kurwisa mapoka makuru eAedes aegypti larvae. Saka, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti musanganiswa unoshanda we synergistic larvicidal uye adulticidal we plant EO compounds unokwanisa kurwisa makemikari aripo uye unogona kushandiswazve kudzora mapoka eAedes aegypti. Saizvozvowo, musanganiswa unoshanda wemishonga inouraya mabundu kana mishonga inouraya vanhu neterpenes unogona kushandiswawo kuderedza huwandu hwe thymetphos kana malathion inopihwa kumhutu. Misanganiswa iyi inoshanda pamwe chete inogona kupa mhinduro dzezvidzidzo zveramangwana pamusoro pekushanduka kwekusakwanisa kurwisa mishonga muumhutu hweAedes.
Mazai eAedes aegypti akatorwa kubva kuRegional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, Indian Council of Medical Research uye akachengetwa pasi pekupisa kwakarongwa (28 ± 1 °C) uye hunyoro (85 ± 5%) muDhipatimendi reZoology, Gauhati University pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu anotevera: Arivoli vakatsanangurwa nevamwe. Mushure mekubuda kwembeu, makonye akadyiswa chikafu chehonye (upfu hwemabhisikiti embwa nembiriso muchiyero che3:1) uye vakuru vakadyiswa 10% glucose solution. Kutanga pazuva rechitatu mushure mekubuda kwembeu, umhutu hwechikadzi hwaibvumirwa kusveta ropa remakonzo ealbino. Nyika bepa rekusefa mumvura mugirazi woriisa mukeji yekuisira mazai.
Mienzaniso yemiti yakasarudzwa inoti mashizha eucalyptus (Myrtaceae), basil holy (Lamiaceae), mint (Lamiaceae), melaleuca (Myrtaceae) uye allium bulbs (Amaryllidaceae). Yakatorwa kubva kuGuwahati uye yakazivikanwa neDhipatimendi reBotany, Gauhati University. Mienzaniso yemiti yakaunganidzwa (500 g) yakanyungudutswa nemvura uchishandisa mudziyo weClevenger kwemaawa matanhatu. EO yakatorwa yakaunganidzwa mumabhodhoro egirazi akachena uye yakachengetwa pa4°C kuti iongororwe zvakanyanya.
Chepfu yekuuraya mabukira yakaongororwa uchishandisa nzira dzakajairwa dzeWorld Health Organization 67 dzakagadziriswa zvishoma. Shandisa DMSO semushonga unobvisa utachiona. Kuwanda kweEO yega yega kwakaedzwa pakutanga pa100 ne1000 ppm, zvichiratidza mabukira makumi maviri mune imwe neimwe yakatevedzana. Zvichibva pamhedzisiro, huwandu hwehuwandu hwakashandiswa uye kufa kwakanyorwa kubva paawa imwe kusvika maawa matanhatu (paawa imwe chete), uye pamaawa makumi maviri nemana, maawa makumi mana nemasere uye maawa makumi manomwe nemaviri mushure mekurapwa. Kuwanda kwemasero ekuuraya (LC50) kwakaongororwa mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana, makumi mana nemasere nemazana manomwe nemaviri ekubatwa nechirwere. Kuwanda kwega kwega kwakaedzwa katatu pamwe chete nekudzora kumwe chete (mvura chete) uye kumwe chete kwekudzora kwakanaka (mvura yakarapwa neDMSO). Kana kupararira kukaitika uye anopfuura 10% emabukira eboka rekutonga akafa, kuyedza kunodzokororwa. Kana huwandu hwerufu muboka rekutonga huri pakati pe5-10%, shandisa fomura yekugadzirisa yeAbbott 68.
Nzira yakatsanangurwa naRamar nevamwe 69 yakashandiswa pakuongorora hunhu hwemunhu mukuru kurwisa Aedes aegypti vachishandisa acetone semushonga. EO yega yega yakaedzwa pakutanga pakurwisa umhutu hwemunhu mukuru hweAedes aegypti pahuwandu hwe100 ne1000 ppm. Isa 2 ml yemhinduro yega yega yakagadzirwa panhamba yeWhatman. Chidimbu chimwe chete chepepa rekusefa (saizi 12 x 15 cm2) wosiya acetone ichipera kwemaminitsi gumi. Pepa rekusefa rakarapwa ne2 ml yeacetone chete rakashandiswa senzira yekudzora. Mushure mekunge acetone yapera, bepa rekusefa rakarapwa uye bepa rekusefa rinoiswa muchubhu ine cylindrical (yakadzika 10 cm). Umhutu gumi husina kudya ropa hune mazuva matatu kusvika mana hwakatamisirwa muzvikamu zvitatu zvehuwandu hwega hwega. Zvichibva pamhedzisiro yemiedzo yekutanga, huwandu hwakasiyana hwemafuta akasarudzwa hwakaedzwa. Huwandu hwevanhu vakafa hwakanyorwa paawa imwe chete, maawa maviri, maawa matatu, maawa mana, maawa mashanu, maawa matanhatu, maawa makumi maviri nemana, maawa makumi mana nemasere uye maawa makumi manomwe nemaviri mushure mekubuda kweumhutu. Verenga huwandu hweLC50 kuti uone nguva dzekusangana nemhutu dzinosvika maawa makumi maviri nemana, maawa makumi mana nemasere uye maawa makumi manomwe nemaviri. Kana huwandu hwevanhu vakafa nemhutu huchipfuura 20%, dzokorora bvunzo yese. Saizvozvowo, kana huwandu hwevanhu vakafa nemhutu huri muboka revanhu vanotarisirwa huri kupfuura 5%, gadzirisa mhinduro dzemasampuli akarapwa uchishandisa fomura yaAbbott68.
Kuongororwa kwegasi chromatography (Agilent 7890A) uye mass spectrometry (Accu TOF GCv, Jeol) zvakaitwa kuti zviongorore zvinhu zviri mumafuta akasarudzwa. GC yaive neFID detector uye capillary column (HP5-MS). Gasi raitakura raive helium, flow rate yaive 1 ml/min. Chirongwa cheGC chinoisa Allium sativum pa10:80-1M-8-220-5M-8-270-9M uye Ocimum Sainttum pa10:80-3M-8-200-3M-10-275-1M-5 – 280, yemint pa10:80-1M-8-200-5M-8-275-1M-5-280, ye eucalyptus pa20.60-1M-10-200-3M-30-280, uye yetsvuku pa10: 60-1M-8-220-5M-8-270-3M.
Makomponi makuru eEO yega yega akaonekwa zvichibva pahuwandu hwenzvimbo hwakaverengerwa kubva muGC chromatogram uye mass spectrometry results (zvichienderana neNIST 70 standards database).
Mishonga miviri mikuru muEO yega yega yakasarudzwa zvichibva pane zvakabuda muGC-MS uye yakatengwa kubva kuSigma-Aldrich pa98–99% kuchena kuti iongororwe zvimwe zvinhu. Mishonga iyi yakaedzwa kuti ionekwe kuti inoshanda sei pakurwisa larvicides uye inoshanda zvakanaka pakurwisa Aedes aegypti sezvakatsanangurwa pamusoro apa. Mishonga inowanzoshandiswa zvikuru inonzi synthetic larvicides tamephosate (Sigma Aldrich) uye mushonga wevakuru wemalathion (Sigma Aldrich) yakaongororwa kuti ienzanise kushanda kwayo nemishonga yakasarudzwa yeEO, zvichitevera maitiro akafanana.
Misanganiswa yemhando mbiri yemishonga yeterpene yakasarudzwa uye makemikari eterpene pamwe ne organophosphates dzekutengesa (tilephos nemalathion) yakagadzirwa nekusanganisa dose yeLC50 yemusanganiswa wega wega wakakodzera muchiyero che1:1. Misanganiswa yakagadzirirwa yakaedzwa pamatanho eAedes aegypti ane matumbu nevakuru sezvakatsanangurwa pamusoro apa. Kuongororwa kwega kwega kwakaitwa katatu pamusanganiswa wega wega uye katatu pamakemikari aripo mumusanganiswa wega wega. Kufa kwezvipembenene zvinotarirwa kwakanyorwa mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana. Verenga huwandu hwerufu hunotarisirwa pamusanganiswa wega wega uchishandisa fomula inotevera.
apo E = huwandu hunotarisirwa hwekufa kweumhutu hweAedes aegypti nekuda kwekusanganiswa kwemhando mbiri, kureva kubatana (A + B).
Mhedzisiro yemusanganiswa wega wega webinary yakanyorwa seyakabatana, inopikisa, kana kuti isina mhedzisiro zvichibva pahuwandu hweχ2 hwakaverengerwa nenzira yakatsanangurwa naPavla52. Verenga kukosha kweχ2 kwemusanganiswa wega wega uchishandisa fomura inotevera.
Mhedzisiro yemusanganiswa yakatsanangurwa sekubatana kana kukosha kwe χ2 kwakaverengerwa kwaive kwakakura kupfuura kukosha kwetafura yemadhigirii erusununguko anoenderana (95% confidence interval) uye kana kufa kwakacherechedzwa kwakaonekwa kwakaonekwa kuchipfuura kufa kwakatarisirwa. Saizvozvowo, kana kukosha kwe χ2 kwakaverengerwa kwemusanganiswa chero upi zvawo kuchipfuura kukosha kwetafura nemamwe madhigirii erusununguko, asi kufa kwakacherechedzwa kwakaderera pane kufa kwakatarisirwa, kurapwa kunoonekwa sekupikisa. Uye kana mumubatanidzwa chero upi zvawo kukosha kwakaverengerwa kwe χ2 kuri pasi pemutengo wetafura mumadhigirii erusununguko anoenderana, musanganiswa wacho unoonekwa seusina mhedzisiro.
Misanganiswa mitatu kusvika mina inogona kushandiswa pamwe chete (makonye zana uye 50 mishonga inouraya makonye nezvipembenene zvevakuru) yakasarudzwa kuti iongororwe nezvipembenene zvakawanda. Vakuru) inoenderera mberi sezviri pamusoro apa. Pamwe chete nemisanganiswa, mishonga yega yega iri mumisanganiswa yakasarudzwa yakaedzwawo pahuwandu hwakaenzana hwemakonye eAedes aegypti nevakuru. Chiyero chemusanganiswa chikamu chimwe cheLC50 dose yeimwe mishonga yakasarudzwa uye chikamu cheLC50 dose yeimwe mishonga yakasarudzwa. Mukuongorora kwehupenyu hwevakuru, mishonga yakasarudzwa yakanyungudutswa muacetone inonyungudutswa ndokuiswa papepa rekusefa rakaputirwa mumudziyo wepurasitiki we1300 cm3 cylindrical. Acetone yakapwanyika kwemaminitsi gumi uye vakuru vakasunungurwa. Saizvozvowo, mukuongorora kwehupenyu hwemakonye, mishonga yakasarudzwa yeLC50 yakatanga kunyungudutswa muhuwandu hwakaenzana hweDMSO uye yakazosanganiswa ne1 litre yemvura yakachengetwa mumidziyo yepurasitiki ye1300 cc, uye makonye akasunungurwa.
Kuongororwa kwedata rekufa rakanyorwa re71 kwakaitwa uchishandisa SPSS (vhezheni 16) uye Minitab software kuverenga kukosha kweLC50.
Nguva yekutumira: Chikunguru-01-2024