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Misanganiswa yemiti inogadzirwa nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inogona kuratidza kupindirana kana kupikisa kupindirana kwezvipembenene.Tichifunga kukurumidza kupararira kwezvirwere zvinotakurwa neAedes mosquito uye kuwedzera kuramba kwehuwandu hweAedes mosquito kumishonga yezvipembenene, makumi maviri nesere musanganiswa we terpene makomisheni akavakirwa pamiti akakosha oiri akagadzirwa uye akaedzwa kurwisa nhanho dzechirungu uye dzevakuru dzeAedes aegypti.Mafuta mashanu anokosha emiti (EOs) akatanga kuongororwa kuti ane larvicidal uye akura-kushandisa efficacy, uye maviri makuru emakemikari akaonekwa muEO yega yega zvichienderana neGC-MS mhinduro.Mishonga mikuru yakaonekwa yakatengwa, inonzi diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, carvone, limonene, eugenol, methyl eugenol, eucalyptol, eudesmol uye mosquito alpha-pinene.Binary musanganiswa wemakomponi aya akabva agadzirwa uchishandisa sublethal doses uye yavo synergistic uye antagonistic mhedzisiro yakaedzwa uye yakatemwa.Iyo yakanakisa larvicidal nziyo inowanikwa nekusanganisa limonene ne diallyl disulfide, uye iyo yakanakisa yevakuru inogadziriswa inowanikwa nekusanganisa carvone ne limonene.Iyo inoshandiswa mukutengesa larvicide Temphos uye mushonga mukuru Malathion akaedzwa zvakasiyana uye mumabhinari musanganiswa neterpenoids.Zvigumisiro zvakaratidza kuti kusanganiswa kwe temephos uye diallyl disulfide uye malathion uye eudesmol ndiyo yakanyatsobatanidzwa.Aya masanganiswa ane simba anobata mukana wekushandiswa kurwisa Aedes aegypti.
Kudyara akakosha oiri (EOs) mametabolites echipiri ane akasiyana bioactive komisheni uye ari kuwedzera kukosha seimwe nzira yekugadzira mishonga yezvipembenene.Kwete chete ivo vane hushamwari kwezvakatipoteredza uye mushandisi-ushamwari, asi ivo zvakare musanganiswa weakasiyana bioactive komisheni, izvo zvakare zvinoderedza mukana wekugadzira zvinodhaka kuramba1.Vachishandisa tekinoroji yeGC-MS, vaongorori vakaongorora maoiri akakosha ezvirimwa uye vakaona anopfuura zviuru zvitatu zvemakemikari kubva ku17,500 zvinonhuhwirira zvidyarwa2, mazhinji acho akaongororwa zvipembenene uye anonzi ane zvipembenene 3,4.Dzimwe ongororo dzinoratidza kuti huturu hwechikamu chikuru chemukomboni hwakafanana kana kuti hukuru pane hweiyo crude ethylene oxide.Asi kushandiswa kwemakemikari ega ega kunogona kusiyazve nzvimbo yekuvandudzwa kwekudzivirira, sezvinoitwa nemakemikari emishonga inouraya zvipembenene5,6.Naizvozvo, iko zvino kutariswa kuri pakugadzirira musanganiswa weethylene oxide-based compounds kuvandudza kushanda kwezvipembenene uye kuderedza mukana wekupokana muhuwandu hwezvipembenene zvinotarirwa.Mushonga wega wega unoshanda uripo muEOs unogona kuratidza synergistic kana antagonistic mhedzisiro mumisanganiswa inoratidza basa rose reEO, chokwadi chakanyatsosimbiswa mune zvidzidzo zvakaitwa nevaongorori vekare7,8.Iyo vector control program inosanganisirawo EO uye zvikamu zvayo.The mosquitocidal basa remafuta anokosha rakadzidzwa zvakanyanya paCulex uye Anopheles mosquito.Zvidzidzo zvakati wandei zvakaedza kugadzira mishonga yezvipembenene inoshanda nekubatanidza zvirimwa zvakasiyana nekutengesa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene kuwedzera huturu hwese uye kuderedza mhedzisiro9.Asi zvidzidzo zvemakomponi akadaro kurwisa Aedes aegypti zvinoramba zvisingawanzo.Kufambira mberi musayenzi yezvokurapa uye kugadzirwa kwemishonga nemishonga yekudzivirira zvirwere zvakabatsira kurwisa zvimwe zvirwere zvinotapuriranwa nemavhairasi.Asi kuvapo kweserotypes yakasiyana-siyana yehutachiona, inoparadzirwa neAedes aegypti mosquito, yakakonzera kukundikana kwezvirongwa zvekudzivirira.Nokudaro, kana zvirwere zvakadaro zvikaitika, zvirongwa zvekudzivirira vector ndiyo chete nzira yekudzivirira kupararira kwechirwere.Mumamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano, kutonga kweAedes aegypti kwakakosha zvikuru sezvo iri chinhu chinokosha chevhairasi yakasiyana-siyana uye serotypes yavo inokonzera dengue fever, Zika, dengue hemorrhagic fever, yellow fever, etc. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti nhamba ye nyaya dzinenge dzose dzezvirwere zvinotakura neAedes-vector-borne dziri kuwedzera gore negore muEgypt uye dziri kuwedzera pasi rose.Nokudaro, mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, pane chido chekukurumidzira chekuvandudza nharaunda uye maitiro ekutonga anobudirira kune vanhu veAedes aegypti.Vanokwanisa kukwikwidza panyaya iyi maEOs, macompounds avo, uye misanganiswa yavo.Naizvozvo, chidzidzo ichi chakaedza kuona inoshanda synergistic misanganiswa yeakakosha chirimwa EO makomisheni kubva kumiti mishanu ine zvipembenene (kureva, mint, holy basil, Eucalyptus spotted, Allium sulfur uye melaleuca) kurwisa Aedes aegypti.
EOs dzese dzakasarudzwa dzakaratidza zvinogona kuita larvicidal kurwisa Aedes aegypti ine 24-h LC50 kubva ku0.42 kusvika 163.65 ppm.Basa repamusoro-soro relarvicidal rakanyorerwa peppermint (Mp) EO ine LC50 kukosha kwe0.42 ppm pa 24 h, inoteverwa negariki (As) ine LC50 inokosha ye16.19 ppm pa 24 h (Table 1).
Kunze kweOcimum Sainttum, Os EO, mamwe ese mana akaongororwa maEO airatidza pachena allercidal mhedzisiro, ine LC50 kukosha kubva pa23.37 kusvika 120.16 ppm pamusoro penguva yemaawa makumi maviri nemana.Thymophilus striata (Cl) EO yainyanya kushanda pakuuraya vanhu vakuru vane LC50 kukosha kwe23.37 ppm mukati meawa makumi maviri nemana ekuonekwa, ichiteverwa neEucalyptus maculata (Em) yaive neLC50 kukosha kwe101.91 ppm (Table 1).Kune rumwe rutivi, iyo LC50 kukosha kweOs haisati yataridzirwa sehuwandu hwepamusoro hwekufa kwe53% yakanyorwa pahuwandu hwepamusoro (Supplementary Figure 3).
Iwo maviri makuru akaumbwa makomisheni muEO yega yega akaonekwa uye akasarudzwa zvichibva paNIST raibhurari dhatabhesi mhinduro, GC chromatogram nzvimbo muzana, uye MS spectra zvawanikwa (Tafura 2).Nokuda kweEO Sezvo, mishonga mikuru yakaonekwa yaiva diallyl disulfide uye diallyl trisulfide;nokuda kweEO Mp mishonga mikuru yakaonekwa yaiva carvone uye limonene, nokuda kweEO Em mishonga mikuru yakaonekwa yaiva eudesmol uye eucalyptol;Nokuda kweEO Os, mishonga mikuru yakaonekwa yaiva eugenol uye methyl eugenol, uye nokuda kweEO Cl, mishonga mikuru yakaonekwa yaiva eugenol uye α-pinene (Mufananidzo 1, Supplementary Figures 5-8, Supplementary Table 1-5).
Mhedzisiro yehukuru spectrometry yeiyo huru terpenoids yeakasarudzwa akakosha oiri (A-diallyl disulfide; B-diallyl trisulfide; C-eugenol; D-methyl eugenol; E-limonene; F-aromatic ceperone; G-α-pinene; H-cineole R-eudamol).
Zvose zvipfumbamwe zvinosanganiswa (diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, eugenol, methyl eugenol, carvone, limonene, eucalyptol, eudesmol, α-pinene) akaonekwa semakemikari anoshanda ayo ari makuru eEO uye akaongororwa ega bioassayed Aedes aegypti pa lala. matanho..Iyo kompani eudesmol yaive neyakakura larvicidal chiitiko ine LC50 kukosha kwe2.25 ppm mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana ekuratidzwa.Makomponi diallyl disulfide uye diallyl trisulfide zvakawanikwawo zvine zvinogona kuita larvicidal mhedzisiro, ine zvinoreva sublethal doses muhuwandu hwe10-20 ppm.Pakati nepakati larvicidal chiitiko chakacherechedzwa zvakare kune makomponi eugenol, limonene uye eucalyptol ine LC50 kukosha kwe63.35 ppm, 139.29 ppm.uye 181.33 ppm mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana, zvichiteerana (Tafura 3).Nekudaro, hapana yakakosha larvicidal mukana wemethyl eugenol uye carvone yakawanikwa kunyangwe pamadosi epamusoro, saka LC50 kukosha hakuna kuverengerwa (Tafura 3).The synthetic larvicide Temephos yaive nehuwandu hunouraya hwe0.43 ppm kurwisa Aedes aegypti pamusoro pemaawa makumi maviri nemana ekuratidzwa (Table 3, Supplementary Table 6).
Mishonga minomwe (diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, eucalyptol, α-pinene, eudesmol, limonene uye carvone) yakaonekwa semishonga mikuru yeEO inoshanda uye yakaedzwa mumwe nomumwe kune vanhu vakuru veEgypt Aedes mosquitoes.Maererano neProbit regression analysis, Eudesmol yakawanikwa iine hukuru hwepamusoro neLC50 kukosha kwe1.82 ppm, inoteverwa neEucalyptol ine LC50 inokosha ye17.60 ppm panguva ye24-hour exposure time.Mishonga mishanu yakasara yakaedzwa yaikuvadza zvakanyanya kune vanhu vakuru vane LC50s kubva ku140.79 kusvika ku737.01 ppm (Table 3).Iyo synthetic organophosphorus malathion yakanga isina simba kupfuura eudesmol uye yakakwirira kupfuura mamwe makomisheni matanhatu, ine LC50 kukosha kwe5.44 ppm pamusoro peiyo 24-awa yekuratidzwa nguva (Table 3, Supplementary Table 6).
Mishonga minomwe ine simba inotungamira uye organophosphorus tamephosate yakasarudzwa kugadzira mabhinari musanganiswa weLC50 madosi muchiyero che1: 1.Huwandu hwemakumi maviri nemasere emusanganiswa wemabhinari akagadzirirwa uye akaedzwa kushanda kwawo kwelarvicidal kurwisa Aedes aegypti.Misanganiswa mipfumbamwe yakawanikwa iine synergistic, misanganiswa gumi nemana yaipikisa, uye misanganiswa mishanu yakanga isiri yekuuraya.Pakati pekubatanidzwa kwe synergistic, kusanganiswa kwe diallyl disulfide uye temofol ndiyo yakanyanya kushanda, ine 100% kufa kwakaonekwa mushure memaawa 24 (Table 4).Saizvozvo, misanganiswa yelimonene ine diallyl disulfide uye eugenol ine thymetphos yakaratidza kugona kwakanaka neyakacherechedzwa kufa kwerukova kwe98.3% (Tafura 5).Iwo asara mana akasanganiswa, anoti eudesmol plus eucalyptol, eudesmol plus limonene, eucalyptol pamwe nealpha-pinene, alpha-pinene plus temephos, yakaratidzawo kukosha kwelarvicidal efficacy, nekucherechedzwa kwehuwandu hwekufa kunopfuura 90%.Nhamba yekufa inotarisirwa iri pedyo ne60-75%.(Tafura 4).Zvisinei, kusanganiswa kwe limonene ne α-pinene kana eucalyptus kwakaratidza kusawirirana.Saizvozvo, musanganiswa weTemephos ine eugenol kana eucalyptus kana eudesmol kana diallyl trisulfide yakawanikwa iine antagonistic mhedzisiro.Saizvozvowo, musanganiswa we diallyl disulfide uye diallyl trisulfide uye musanganiswa weimwe yeaya makomisheni ane eudesmol kana eugenol anopikisa mukuita kwavo kwelarvicidal.Kupokana kwave kutaurwawo nekubatanidzwa kwe eudesmol ne eugenol kana α-pinene.
Pamasanganiswa ese makumi maviri nemasere emabhinari akaedzwa kuti aite acidic yevakuru, misanganiswa yechinomwe yaive synergistic, 6 haina mhedzisiro, uye gumi neshanu aipikisa.Kusanganiswa kwe eudesmol ne eucalyptus uye limonene ne carvone yakawanikwa ichinyanya kushanda kupfuura mamwe masanganiswa ekubatanidza, nehuwandu hwekufa kwemaawa 24 e76% uye 100%, maererano (Tafura 5).Malathion yakacherechedzwa kuratidza synergistic mhedzisiro ine ese masanganiswa emakomponi kunze kwelimonene uye diallyl trisulfide.Nekune rimwe divi, kupokana kwawanikwa pakati pe diallyl disulfide ne diallyl trisulfide uye musanganiswa weimwe yacho ne eucalyptus, kana eucalyptol, kana carvone, kana limonene.Saizvozvowo, kusanganiswa kwea-pinene ne eudesmol kana limonene, eucalyptol ne carvone kana limonene, uye limonene ne eudesmol kana malathion yakaratidza kupesana kwelarvicidal madhara.Pamisanganiswa mitanhatu yakasara, pakanga pasina musiyano wakakosha pakati pekutarisirwa uye kucherechedzwa kufa (Table 5).
Kubva pane synergistic mhedzisiro uye sublethal doses, yavo larvicidal toxicity kurwisa nhamba yakakura yeAedes aegypti mosquito yakazosarudzwa uye yakayedzwazve.Mhedzisiro yakaratidza kuti kucherechedzwa kwekufa kwerukova uchishandisa mabhinari masanganiswa eugenol-limonene, diallyl disulfide-limonene uye diallyl disulfide-timephos yaive 100%, nepo inotarisirwa kufa kwegonye yaive 76.48%, 72.16% uye 63.4%, zvichiteerana (Table 6)..Iko kusanganiswa kwe limonene uye eudesmol kwakanga kusinganyanyi kushanda, ne 88% kufa kwemhungu kwakaonekwa pamusoro penguva ye24-hour exposure (Table 6).Muchidimbu, iwo mana akasarudzwa mabhinari masanganiswa akaratidzirawo synergistic larvicidal mhedzisiro inopesana neAedes aegypti kana yakashandiswa pamwero mukuru (Tafura 6).
Misanganiswa mitatu yakasanganiswa yakasarudzwa kune yevakuru bioassay kudzora huwandu hukuru hwevakuru veAedes aegypti.Kusarudza misanganiswa yekuyedza pazvipembenene zvakakura, takatanga tatarisa pane maviri akanakisa synergistic terpene musanganiswa, anoti carvone plus limonene uye eucalyptol plus eudesmol.Kechipiri, yakanakisa synergistic musanganiswa yakasarudzwa kubva musanganiswa we synthetic organophosphate malathion uye terpenoids.Isu tinotenda kuti musanganiswa wemalathion uye eudesmol ndiyo yakanakisa musanganiswa wekuyedzwa pamakoroni makuru ezvipembenene nekuda kwekufa kwakanyanya kucherechedzwa uye yakaderera kwazvo LC50 kukosha kweanokwikwidza.Malathion inoratidza synergism pamwe chete nea-pinene, diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus, carvone uye eudesmol.Asi kana tikatarisa LC50 kukosha, Eudesmol ine yakaderera kukosha (2.25 ppm).Iyo yakaverengerwa LC50 kukosha kwe malathion, α-pinene, diallyl disulfide, eucalyptol uye carvone yaive 5.4, 716.55, 166.02, 17.6 uye 140.79 ppm.zvichiteerana.Aya maitiro anoratidza kuti musanganiswa we malathion uye eudesmol ndiyo yakakwana musanganiswa maererano nedosi.Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza kuti misanganiswa yecarvone plus limonene ne eudesmol plus malathion yaive ne100% yakacherechedzwa kufa kana zvichienzaniswa nekufa kunotarisirwa kubva pa61% kusvika 65%.Imwe kusanganiswa, eudesmol plus eucalyptol, yakaratidza huwandu hwekufa kwe78.66% mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana ekuonekwa, zvichienzaniswa nehuwandu hwekufa hunotarisirwa hwe60%.Zvose zvitatu zvakasarudzwa zvakasanganiswa zvakaratidza synergistic madhara kunyange kana yakashandiswa pamwero mukuru kune mukuru Aedes aegypti (Tafura 6).
Muchidzidzo ichi, yakasarudzwa chirimwa EOs akadai Mp, As, Os, Em uye Cl yakaratidza kuvimbisa zvinouraya pachikamu chelarval uye chevakuru cheAedes aegypti.Mp EO aive neakanyanya kuita larvicidal chiitiko ine LC50 kukosha kwe0.42 ppm, ichiteverwa neAs, Os uye Em EOs ine LC50 kukosha isingasviki makumi mashanu ppm mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana.Mhedzisiro iyi inoenderana nezvidzidzo zvekare zveumhutu uye dzimwe nhunzi dzinonzi dipterous10,11,12,13,14.Kunyangwe iyo larvicidal potency yeCl yakaderera pane mamwe akakosha oiri, ine LC50 kukosha kwe163.65 ppm mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana, kugona kwayo kwevakuru ndiko kwepamusoro neLC50 kukosha kwe23.37 ppm mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana.Mp, As uye Em EOs vakaratidzawo yakanaka allercidal kugona neLC50 kukosha muhuwandu hwe100-120 ppm pa24 h yekuratidzwa, asi yaive yakaderera pane yavo yelarvicidal efficacy.Nekune rimwe divi, EO Os yakaratidza kusawirirana kweallercidal mhedzisiro kunyangwe padanho repamusoro rekurapa.Nokudaro, zvigumisiro zvinoratidza kuti huturu hwe ethylene oxide kune zvirimwa hunogona kusiyana zvichienderana nedanho rekukura reumhutu15.Zvinoenderanawo nehuwandu hwekupinzwa kweEOs mumuviri wechipembenene, kudyidzana kwadzo nemaenzayimu akatarwa, uye kugona kwekubvisa huturu hweumhutu padanho rega rega rekukura16.Nhamba huru yezvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti chikamu chikuru chechikamu chinhu chakakosha muhutano hwehupenyu hwe ethylene oxide, sezvo inotora huwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwe3,12,17,18.Naizvozvo, takafunga maviri makuru makomisheni mune imwe neimwe EO.Kubva pamigumisiro yeGC-MS, diallyl disulfide uye diallyl trisulfide zvakaonekwa semisanganiswa mikuru yeEO As, iyo inopindirana nemishumo yapfuura19,20,21.Kunyange zvazvo mishumo yapfuura yakaratidza kuti menthol yaiva imwe yemishonga yayo mikuru, carvone uye limonene zvakaonekwa zvakare semishonga mikuru ye Mp EO22,23.Nhoroondo yekuumbwa kweOs EO yakaratidza kuti eugenol uye methyl eugenol ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa, iyo yakafanana nezvakawanikwa nevatsvakurudzi vekare16,24.Eucalyptol uye eucalyptol zvakataurwa semisanganiswa mikuru iripo muEm mashizha emafuta, iyo inopindirana nezvakawanikwa zvevamwe vatsvakurudzi25,26 asi zvinopesana nezvakawanikwa zveOlalade et al.27.Kutonga kwecineole uye α-pinene kwakaonekwa mu melaleuca mafuta anokosha, ayo akafanana nezvidzidzo zvekare28,29.Intraspecific misiyano mukuumbwa uye kuunganidzwa kwemafuta akakosha anotorwa kubva mumhando yechirimwa imwe chete munzvimbo dzakasiyana akashumwa uye akaonekwawo muchidzidzo ichi, ayo anokonzerwa nemamiriro ekukura kwezvirimwa, nguva yekukohwa, danho rekukura, kana zera rezvirimwa.kutaridzika kwechemotypes, nezvimwewo.22,30,31,32.Makiyi akacherechedzwa makomisheni akabva atengwa uye akaongororwa maitiro avo elarvicidal nemhedzisiro kune vanhu vakuru veAedes aegypti mosquito.Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza kuti iyo larvicidal chiitiko che diallyl disulfide yaive yakaenzana neye crude EO As.Asi basa re diallyl trisulfide rakakwirira kudarika EO As.Iyi mhedzisiro yakafanana neyakawanikwa naKimbaris et al.33 paCulex philippines.Zvisinei, izvi zvisanganiswa zviviri hazvina kuratidza basa rakanaka re autocidal kurwisana nehutu hunotarirwa, hunowirirana nemigumisiro yePlata-Rueda et al 34 paTenebrio molitor.Os EO inoshanda pakurwisa nhanho yelarval yeAedes aegypti, asi kwete padanho revakuru.Yakave yakasimbiswa kuti iyo larvicidal basa remakomponi makuru emunhu yakaderera pane iyo isina kuchena Os EO.Izvi zvinoreva basa kune mamwe makomisheni uye kupindirana kwawo mune crude ethylene oxide.Methyl eugenol chete ine basa risingaite, nepo eugenol yega ine mwero larvicidal chiitiko.Mhedziso iyi inosimbisa, kune rumwe rutivi, 35,36, uye kune rumwe rutivi, inopesana nemhedziso dzevaongorori vekare37,38.Misiyano mumapoka anoshanda eugenol uye methyleugenol inogona kukonzera huturu hwakasiyana kune imwechete chinangwa chetumbuyu39.Limonene yakawanikwa iine mwero larvicidal basa, nepo mhedzisiro yecarvone yaive isingakoshi.Saizvozvo, iyo yakaderera toxicity ye limonene kune zvipembenene zvakura uye yakakwira toxicity ye carvone inotsigira mhedzisiro yezvimwe zvidzidzo zvekare40 asi zvinopesana nevamwe41.Kuvapo kwezvisungo zvakapetwa kaviri pane zvose intracyclic uye exocyclic nzvimbo zvinogona kuwedzera zvikomborero zvezvisanganiswa izvi se larvicides3,41, nepo carvone, iyo ketone ine unsaturated alpha uye beta carbons, inogona kuratidza kukwanisa kwepamusoro kune chepfu muvanhu vakuru42.Zvisinei, maitiro ega elimonene uye carvone akaderera zvikuru kupfuura EO Mp yose (Tafura 1, Tafura 3).Pakati peiyo terpenoids yakaedzwa, eudesmol yakawanikwa iine yakakura kwazvo larvicidal uye yevakuru chiitiko ine LC50 kukosha pazasi 2.5 ppm, zvichiita kuti ive komputa inovimbisa kudzora kweAedes mosquito.Kuita kwayo kuri nani kupfuura kweEO Em yose, kunyange izvi zvisingaenderani nezvakawanikwa naCheng et al.40.Eudesmol is a sesquiterpene ine maviri isoprene units iyo isinganyanyi kushanduka kupfuura oxygenated monoterpenes yakadai seeucalyptus uye naizvozvo ine simba guru semushonga wezvipembenene.Eucalyptol pachayo ine mukuru mukuru pane kuita kwelarvicidal, uye zvinobuda kubva kuzvidzidzo zvekare zvese zvinotsigira uye zvinoramba izvi37,43,44.Chiitiko chega chinoda kuenzaniswa neicho chese EO Cl.Imwe bicyclic monoterpene, α-pinene, ine zvishoma zvemunhu mukuru paAedes aegypti pane iyo larvicidal effect, iyo inopesana nemigumisiro yeEO Cl yakazara.Iyo yakazara insecticidal chiitiko che terpenoids inokonzerwa ne lipophilicity yavo, volatility, carbon branching, projection area, nzvimbo yepamusoro, mapoka anoshanda uye nzvimbo dzavo45,46.Mishonga iyi inogona kuita nekuparadza kuunganidzwa kwesero, kuvharira kufema kwekufema, kukanganisa kufambiswa kwetsinga, nezvimwewo. 47 The synthetic organophosphate Temephos yakawanikwa iine basa repamusoro relarvicidal rine LC50 kukosha kwe0.43 ppm, iyo inopindirana nedata reLek - Utala48.Chiitiko chevakuru cheiyo synthetic organophosphorus malathion yakashumwa pa5.44 ppm.Kunyange zvazvo aya maviri organophosphates aratidza mhinduro dzakanaka pamusoro pemhando dzemurabhoritari yeAedes aegypti, kuramba Umhutu kune izvi komputa kwakataurwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi.Zvakadaro, hapana mishumo yakafanana yekuvandudzwa kwekurwisa mishonga yemakwenzi yakawanikwa50.Saka, botanicals inoonekwa sedzimwe nzira dzemakemikari ezvipembenene muzvirongwa zvekudzora vector.
Iyo larvicidal mhedzisiro yakaedzwa pamakumi maviri nemasere mabhanari musanganiswa (1: 1) yakagadzirwa kubva kune ane simba terpenoids uye terpenoids ine thymetphos, uye 9 misanganiswa yakawanikwa iine synergistic, 14 antagonistic uye 5 anopikisa.Hapana mhedzisiro.Kune rimwe divi, mune yevakuru potency bioassay, 7 misanganiswa yakawanikwa iine synergistic, 15 misanganiswa yaipikisa, uye misanganiswa ye6 yakanzi haina mhedzisiro.Chikonzero nei mamwe masanganiswa achigadzira synergistic mhedzisiro inogona kunge iri nekuda kwemumiriri wemumiriri anodyidzana panguva imwe chete munzira dzakakosha dzakasiyana, kana kune kutevedzana kwekudzivirira kweakasiyana ma enzymes eimwe nzira yebhayoloji51.Kusanganiswa kwe limonene ne diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus kana eugenol yakawanikwa iine synergistic mune zvose zviduku uye zvikumbiro zvakakura (Table Table 6), nepo kusanganiswa kwayo ne eucalyptus kana α-pinene kwakawanikwa kuva nemigumisiro inopesana nemarara.Paavhareji, limonene inoratidzika seyakanaka synergist, zvichida nekuda kwekuvapo kwemapoka e-methyl, kupindira kwakanaka mu stratum corneum, uye imwe nzira yekuita52,53.Zvakambotaurwa kuti limonene inogona kukonzera chepfu zvinokonzerwa nekupinda mukati mezvipembenene cuticles (contact toxicity), inokanganisa digestive system (antifeedant), kana kukanganisa maitiro ekufema (fumigation basa), 54 apo phenylpropanoids yakadai seeugenol inogona kukanganisa metabolic enzymes 55. Nokudaro, kusanganiswa kwemishonga ine nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuita zvinogona kuwedzera huwandu hunouraya hwemusanganiswa.Eucalyptol yakawanikwa iine synergistic ne diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus kana α-pinene, asi mamwe masanganiswa nemamwe makomisheni angave asiri-larvicidal kana antagonistic.Zvidzidzo zvepakutanga zvakaratidza kuti eucalyptol ine inhibitory basa paacetylcholinesterase (AChE), pamwe neoctaamine uye GABA receptors56.Sezvo cyclic monoterpenes, eucalyptol, eugenol, etc. inogona kunge iine nzira imwechete yekuita seyavo neurotoxic basa, 57 nokudaro kuderedza migumisiro yavo yakasanganiswa kuburikidza nekudzivisa.Saizvozvowo, kusanganiswa kweTemephos ne diallyl disulfide, α-pinene uye limonene yakawanikwa iine synergistic, inotsigira mishumo yapfuura ye synergistic effect pakati pemishonga yemishonga uye synthetic organophosphates58.
Iko kusanganiswa kwe eudesmol uye eucalyptol yakawanikwa iine synergistic effect pamatanho emarara uye evakuru eAedes aegypti, zvichida nekuda kwemaitiro avo akasiyana-siyana nekuda kwemaitiro avo emakemikari akasiyana.Eudesmol (a sesquiterpene) inogona kukanganisa maitiro ekufema 59 uye eucalyptol (a monoterpene) inogona kukanganisa acetylcholinesterase 60.Kubatana-kuratidzwa kwezvisanganiswa kune maviri kana anopfuura anotariswa nzvimbo anogona kuwedzera iyo yese inouraya mhedzisiro yemusanganiswa.Muvanhu vakuru zvinhu bioassays, malathion yakawanikwa iine synergistic ne carvone kana eucalyptol kana eucalyptol kana diallyl disulfide kana α-pinene, zvichiratidza kuti inopindirana nekuwedzera kwe limonene uye di.Yakanaka synergistic allercide vakwikwidzi kune iyo yese portfolio ye terpene komputa, kunze kwe allyl trisulfide.Thangam naKathiresan61 vakarondedzerawo mibairo yakafanana ye synergistic mhedzisiro yemalathion nemishonga yemakwenzi.Iyi synergistic mhinduro inogona kunge yakakonzerwa neyakasanganiswa chepfu mhedzisiro yemalathion uye phytochemicals pane zvipembenene zvinobvisa enzymes.Organophosphates yakadai semalathion inowanzoita nekudzivisa cytochrome P450 esterases uye monooxygenases62,63,64.Naizvozvo, kusanganisa malathion nemaitiro aya echiito uye terpenes nenzira dzakasiyana dzekuita zvinogona kuwedzera kuuraya kwese kweumhutu.
Nekune rimwe divi, kupesana kunoratidza kuti makomboni akasarudzwa haanyanyi kushanda mumubatanidzwa pane musanganiswa wega wega.Chikonzero chekupikisa mune mamwe masanganiswa chingave chekuti komisheni imwe inoshandura maitiro eimwe komisheni nekushandura chiyero chekunyura, kugovera, metabolism, kana kubuda.Vatsvakurudzi vepakutanga vaiona izvi sechikonzero chekupikisa musanganiswa wezvinodhaka.Molecules Inogoneka nzira 65. Saizvozvowo, zvinogona kukonzera kupesana kunogona kunge kwakabatana nemaitiro akafanana ekuita, kukwikwidzana kwezvigadziriswe zvinogadziriswa kune imwechete receptor kana nzvimbo yakatarisa.Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kusava nemakwikwi inhibition yeprotein inotarirwa inogonawo kuitika.Muchidzidzo ichi, maviri organosulfur makomisheni, diallyl disulfide uye diallyl trisulfide, yakaratidza kupesana nemhedzisiro, pamwe nekuda kwemakwikwi enzvimbo imwechete inotarirwa.Saizvozvo, izvi zviviri zvesarufa zvinosanganisirwa zvakaratidza zvinopesana uye hazvina mhedzisiro kana zvakasanganiswa ne eudesmol uye α-pinene.Eudesmol uye alpha-pinene ari cyclic muzvisikwa, nepo diallyl disulfide uye diallyl trisulfide ari aliphatic muzvarirwo.Zvichienderana nechimiro chemakemikari, kusanganiswa kwemakomisheni aya kunofanirwa kuwedzera chiitiko chinouraya chose sezvo nzvimbo dzavanovavarira dzichiwanzosiyana34,47, asi nekuedza takawana kupokana, izvo zvingave zvichikonzerwa nebasa remakomponi aya mune zvimwe zvipenyu zvisingazivikanwe muvivo.masisitimu semhedzisiro yekudyidzana.Saizvozvowo, kusanganiswa kwecineole uye α-pinene kwakagadzira mhinduro dzinopikisa, kunyange zvazvo vatsvakurudzi vakambotaura kuti maumbirwo maviri ane zvinangwa zvakasiyana zvezviito47,60.Sezvo ese ari maviri macommunitions ari cyclic monoterpenes, panogona kunge paine dzimwe nzvimbo dzakajairika dzinotariswa dzinogona kukwikwidza kusunga uye kupesvedzera huturu hwese hwezviviri zvekubatanidza zvakadzidzwa.
Zvichienderana neLC50 kukosha uye kufa kwakacherechedzwa, iwo maviri akanakisa synergistic terpene musanganiswa akasarudzwa, anoti mapaya ecarvone + limonene uye eucalyptol + eudesmol, pamwe neyakagadzirwa organophosphorus malathion ine terpenes.Iyo yakakwana synergistic musanganiswa wemalathion + Eudesmol makomisheni akaedzwa mune yakakura zvipembenene bioassay.Tarisira mapoka makuru ezvipembenene kuti uone kana misanganiswa iyi inoshanda ichipikisana nenhamba huru dzevanhu panzvimbo dzakakura.Zvose izvi zvakasanganiswa zvinoratidza synergistic effect pazvipembenene zvikuru.Mibairo yakafanana yakawanikwa kune yakakwana synergistic larvicidal musanganiswa wakaedzwa kurwisa huwandu hukuru hweAedes aegypti larvae.Nokudaro, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti iyo inoshanda ye synergistic larvicidal uye yevakuru musanganiswa wezvirimwa EO makomputa inhengo yakasimba inopesana nemakemikari aripo ekugadzira uye inogona kushandiswa zvakare kudzora Aedes aegypti vanhu.Saizvozvo, musanganiswa unoshanda weanogadzira larvicides kana vanhu vakuru vane terpenes anogona zvakare kushandiswa kudzikisa dosi ye thymetphos kana malathion inopihwa kumhutu.Aya masanganiswa ane simba anogona kupa mhinduro dzezvidzidzo zveramangwana pamusoro pekushanduka kwekuramba zvinodhaka muumhutu hweAedes.
Mazai eAedes aegypti akaunganidzwa kubva kuRegional Medical Research Center, Dibrugarh, Indian Council of Medical Research uye akachengetwa ari pasi petembiricha inodzorwa (28 ± 1 ° C) uye humidity (85 ± 5%) muDhipatimendi reZoology, Gauhati University pasi pe zvinotevera mamiriro: Arivoli akarondedzerwa et al.Mushure mekuchechenya, mapere aipiwa chikafu chegonye (dog biscuit powder uye mbiriso muchiyero che3: 1) uye vanhu vakuru vakapiwa 10% glucose solution.Kutanga pazuva re3 mushure mekubuda, mosquito dzechikadzi dzakura dzakabvumirwa kusveta ropa remakonzo ealbino.Soak sefa bepa mumvura mugirazi woriisa mukeji yekukandira zai.
Sample plant samples dzinoti eucalyptus mashizha (Myrtaceae), holy basil (Lamiaceae), mint (Lamiaceae), melaleuca (Myrtaceae) uye allium bulbs (Amaryllidaceae).Yakaunganidzwa kubva kuGuwahati uye yakazivikanwa neDhipatimendi reBotany, Gauhati University.Iwo akaunganidzwa chirimwa samples (500 g) akaiswa pasi pe hydrodistillation uchishandisa Clevenger apparatus kwemaawa matanhatu.Iyo EO yakabviswa yakaunganidzwa mumidziyo yegirazi yakachena uye yakachengetwa pa4 ° C kuti iwedzere kudzidza.
Larvicidal toxicity yakadzidzwa uchishandisa zvishoma zvakagadziridzwa chiyero cheWorld Health Organisation maitiro 67.Shandisa DMSO se emulsifier.Imwe neimwe EO yekusungwa yakatanga kuedzwa pa 100 uye 1000 ppm, ichifumura mhute makumi maviri mune imwe neimwe kopi.Zvichienderana nemhedzisiro, huwandu hwevasungwa hwakaiswa uye kufa kwakanyorwa kubva paawa imwe kusvika paawa matanhatu (paawa imwe chete), uye paawa makumi maviri nemana, maawa makumi mana nemasere uye maawa makumi manomwe nemaviri mushure mekurapwa.Sublethal concentrations (LC50) yakatemerwa mushure me24, 48 uye 72 maawa ekuratidzwa.Kuiswa kwega kwega kwakaedzwa katatu pamwe chete nekutonga kwakashata (mvura chete) uye kumwe kutonga kwakanaka (DMSO-yakabatwa mvura).Kana pupation ikaitika uye inopfuura 10% yezvipembenene zveboka rekutonga zvinofa, kuedza kunodzokororwa.Kana huwandu hwekufa muboka rekutonga huri pakati pe5-10%, shandisa iyo Abbott yekururamisa fomula 68.
Iyo nzira inotsanangurwa naRamar et al.69 yakashandiswa kune mukuru bioassay kurwisa Aedes aegypti vachishandisa acetone sechinhu chinonyungudutsa.EO imwe neimwe yakatanga kuedzwa kune vanhu vakuru veAedes aegypti mosquito pazvikamu zve 100 uye 1000 ppm.Isa 2 ml yemhinduro yega yega yakagadzirirwa kuWhatman nhamba.1 chidimbu chepepa resefa (saizi 12 x 15 cm2) uye rega acetone inyunguduke kwemaminitsi gumi.Sefa bepa rakabatwa ne 2 ml chete yeacetone yakashandiswa sekutonga.Mushure mekunge acetone yabuda, bepa rakagadziriswa sefa uye kudzora sefa bepa zvinoiswa mucylindrical chubhu (10 cm kudzika).Umhutu husina kudyisa ropa mazuva gumi ane mazuva matatu kusvika mana hwakatamisirwa kune zvakapetwa katatu pane imwe neimwe.Zvichienderana nemhedzisiro yekuongororwa kwekutanga, huwandu hwakasiyana hwemafuta akasarudzwa hwakaedzwa.Kufa kwakanyorwa paawa imwe, maawa maviri, maawa matatu, maawa mana, maawa mashanu, maawa matanhatu, maawa makumi maviri nemana, maawa makumi mana nemasere uye maawa makumi manomwe nemaviri mushure mekusunungurwa kweumhutu.Verenga LC50 kukosha kwekuratidzwa nguva dzemaawa makumi maviri nemana, maawa makumi mana nemasere uye maawa makumi manomwe nemaviri.Kana huwandu hwekufa kweiyo control lot ichipfuura 20%, dzokorora bvunzo yese.Saizvozvo, kana huwandu hwevanhu vanofa muboka rekutonga hwakakura kupfuura 5%, gadzirisa mhedzisiro yemasampuli akarapwa uchishandisa fomula yaAbbott68.
Gasi chromatography (Agilent 7890A) uye mass spectrometry (Accu TOF GCv, Jeol) yakaitwa kuti iongorore maumbirwo emafuta akasarudzwa anokosha.Iyo GC yaive yakashongedzerwa neFID detector uye capillary column (HP5-MS).Iyo gasi inotakura yaive helium, iyo yekuyerera yaive 1 ml / min.Chirongwa cheGC chinoisa Allium sativum ku10:80-1M-8-220-5M-8-270-9M uye Ocimum Sainttum kusvika 10:80-3M-8-200-3M-10-275-1M-5 – 280, yemint 10:80-1M-8-200-5M-8-275-1M-5-280, eucalyptus 20.60-1M-10-200-3M-30-280, uye nokuda kwechitsvuku Kwezviuru zvezvikamu ndizvo 10: 60-1M-8-220-5M-8-270-3M.
Mishonga mikuru yeEO yega yega yakaonekwa zvichibva pachiyero chenharaunda chakaverengerwa kubva kuGC chromatogram uye misa spectrometry mhedzisiro (inotaridzirwa kuNIST 70 standards database).
Iwo maviri makuru emakemikari muEO yega yega akasarudzwa zvichienderana neGC-MS zvawanikwa uye akatengwa kubva kuSigma-Aldrich pa98-99% kuchena kwekuwedzera bioassays.Mishonga yacho yakaedzwa kuti iite larvicidal uye yevakuru inopesana neAedes aegypti sezvatsanangurwa pamusoro apa.Iyo inonyanya kushandiswa yakagadzirwa larvicides tamephosate (Sigma Aldrich) uye munhu mukuru wemishonga malathion (Sigma Aldrich) akaongororwa kuti aenzanise kushanda kwavo neEO yakasarudzwa, kutevera nzira imwechete.
Binary musanganiswa weakasarudzwa terpene komisheni uye terpene komisheni pamwe nekutengesa organophosphates (tilephos uye malathion) akagadzirwa nekusanganisa iyo LC50 dosi yemumwe neumwe mumiriri muchiyero che1: 1.Iko kusanganiswa kwakagadzirirwa kwakaedzwa pamatanho elarval uye evakuru eAedes aegypti sezvatsanangurwa pamusoro.Imwe neimwe bioassay yakaitwa mumatatu ega ega musanganiswa uye nekatatu kune ega ega makomisheni aripo mumusanganiswa wega wega.Kufa kwezvipembenene zvakanangwa kwakanyorwa mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana.Verenga huwandu hwekufa hunotarisirwa pamusanganiswa webhinari uchishandisa fomura inotevera.
apo E = inotarisirwa mwero wekufa kweAedes aegypti mosquito mukupindura kumusanganiswa webhinari, kureva kubatana (A + B).
Mhedzisiro yemusanganiswa wega wega webhinari wakanyorwa kuti synergistic, antagonistic, kana pasina mhedzisiro zvichienderana ne χ2 kukosha kwakaverengerwa nenzira yakatsanangurwa naPavla52.Verenga iyo χ2 kukosha kwemusanganiswa wega wega uchishandisa inotevera fomula.
Mhedzisiro yemusanganiswa yakatsanangurwa seyakabatana apo iyo yakaverengerwa χ2 kukosha yaive yakakura kupfuura kukosha kwetafura kune madhigirii anoenderana erusununguko (95% nguva yekuvimba) uye kana kufa kwakacherechedzwa kwakawanikwa kudarika kufa kwaitarisirwa.Saizvozvo, kana iyo yakaverengerwa χ2 kukosha kwechero musanganiswa ichipfuura kukosha kwetafura nemamwe madhigirii erusununguko, asi kufa kunocherechedzwa kwakaderera pane kunotarisirwa kufa, kurapwa kunoonekwa sekupikisa.Uye kana mune chero musanganiswa mutengo wakaverengerwa we χ2 uri pasi pemutengo wetafura mumadhigirii anoenderana erusununguko, kusanganiswa kunoonekwa sekusina mhedzisiro.
Misanganiswa mitatu kusvika ina ingangoita synergistic (makonye zana uye makumi mashanu ekuuraya zvipembenene uye zvipembenene zvevakuru) zvakasarudzwa kuti zviedzwe kurwisa nhamba huru yezvipembenene.Vakuru) endererai sezviri pamusoro.Pamwe chete nemisanganiswa, makemikari ega ega aripo mumisanganiswa yakasarudzwa akaedzwawo pahuwandu hwakaenzana hweAedes aegypti larvae uye vanhu vakuru.Iyo yekusanganisa reshiyo chikamu chimwe LC50 dosi yemumwe mumiriri wemumiriri uye chikamu LC50 dosi yeimwe constituent compound.Muchiitwa chevakuru chebioassay, makomisheni akasarudzwa akanyungudutswa musolvent acetone uye akaiswa kusefa bepa rakaputirwa mu1300 cm3 cylindrical plastic container.Iyo acetone yakaitwa evaporated kwemaminitsi gumi uye vakuru vakasunungurwa.Saizvozvovo, mularvicidal bioassay, madosi eLC50 macommite emumiriri akatanga kunyungudutswa muhuwandu hwakaenzana hweDMSO ndokuzosanganiswa ne1 litre yemvura yakachengetwa mumidziyo yepurasitiki ye1300 cc, uye makonye akaburitswa.
Probabilistic ongororo ye71 yakarekodhwa data yekufa yakaitwa uchishandisa SPSS (version 16) uye Minitab software kuverenga LC50 kukosha.
Nguva yekutumira: Jul-01-2024