Nhevedzano yezviyedzo zvemuhut-based pilot yakaitwa muKhowe, kumaodzanyemba kweBenin, kuongorora kushanda kwebhayoloji kwemambure eumhutu matsva uye akaongororwa mumunda achirwisa mavekita anodzivirira marariya epyrethrin. Mambure emumunda akabviswa mudzimba mushure memwedzi 12, 24 ne36. Zvidimbu zveWebhu zvakachekwa kubva kuITNs zvakazara zvakaongororwa kuumbwa kwemakemikari uye susceptibility bioassays yakaitwa panguva yekuedzwa kwega kwega kuongorora shanduko mukuramba kwezvipembenene muhuwandu hweKhowe vector.
Interceptor® G2 yakakunda mamwe maITN, zvichisimbisa hukuru hwepyrethroid nechlorfenapyr nets pane mamwe marudzi emambure. Pakati pezvigadzirwa zvitsva, ese anotevera-chizvarwa ITNs airatidza zviri nani bioefficacy pane Interceptor®; zvisinei, ukuru hwekunatsiridza uku kwakaderedzwa mushure mekukwegura kwemunda nekuda kwekugara kwenguva pfupi kweasiri-pyrethroid compounds. Mhedzisiro iyi inosimbisa kukosha kwekuvandudza kusimba kwezvipembenene zvechizvarwa chinotevera maITN.
Mushonga wezvipembenene-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) yakaita basa rakakosha mukuderedza chirwere chemalaria uye kufa mukati memakore makumi maviri apfuura. Kubva muna 2004, maITN anodarika mabhiriyoni matatu akagoverwa pasi rose, uye zvidzidzo zvekuenzanisira zvinoratidza kuti 68% yezvirwere zvemalaria muAfrica yekumaodzanyemba kweSahara zvakadziviswa pakati pa2000 na2015. Nehurombo, kuramba kwemarariya vector vanhu kune pyrethroids (iyo yakajairwa kirasi yezvipembenene inoshandiswa muITNs) yakawedzera zvakanyanya, zvichityisidzira kushanda kwekupindira kwakakosha uku. Panguva imwecheteyo, kufambira mberi mukutonga kwemalaria kwakaderera pasi rose, uye nyika dzakawanda dzakaremerwa dzinosangana nekuwedzera kwezviitiko zvemalaria kubvira 2015. Aya maitiro akatungamira kuvandudzwa kwechizvarwa chitsva chezvigadzirwa zveITN zvine chinangwa chekugadzirisa kutyisidzira kwepyrethroid kuramba uye kubatsira kudzikisa mutoro uyu uye kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvepasi rose.
Parizvino kune matatu matsva echizvarwa ITNs pamusika, imwe neimwe ichibatanidza pyrethroid neimwe mushonga wezvipembenene kana synergist inokwanisa kukunda pyrethroid kuramba mumalariya vectors. Mumakore achangopfuura, akati wandei ecluster randomized controlled trials (RCTs) akaitwa kuti aongorore epidemiological kushanda kwemambure aya zvichienzaniswa neakajairika mambure epyrethroid-chete uye kupa humbowo hunodiwa kutsigira World Health Organisation (WHO) kurudziro. Mambure emibhedha anobatanidza pyrethroids nepiperonyl butoxide (PBO), a synergist anowedzera kushanda kwepyrethroids nekuvharisa mosquito detoxification enzymes, aive ekutanga kukurudzirwa neWHO mushure mezvigadzirwa zviviri (Olyset® Plus uye PermaNet® 3.0) yakaratidza hukuru hwepamusoro epidemipyreth epidemiological control muyedzo we cd-only-only epidemiological control muyedzo. muTanzania neUganda. Zvakadaro, data rakawanda rinodiwa kuona kukosha kwehutano hweveruzhinji kwepyrethroid-PBO mibhedha mambure kuWest Africa, uko kushomeka kwepyrethroid kunogona kuderedza mabhenefiti avo zvichienzaniswa nepyrethroid-chete mambure emubhedha.
Kushingirira kwemishonga yezvipembenene kweITNs kunowanzoongororwa nekunhonga mambure kubva kunharaunda nekuaongorora mumarabhoritari bioassays pachishandiswa mhando dzeumhutu hunoberekeswa . Kunyange zviyedzo izvi zvichibatsira kuratidzira bioavailability uye kushanda kwezvipembenene pamusoro pemambure nekufamba kwenguva, vanopa ruzivo rushoma pamusoro pekuenzanisa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemambure echizvarwa chinotevera nekuti nzira uye huturu hwehumhutu hunoshandiswa hunofanirwa kuchinjirwa kune maitiro echiitwa chezvipembenene iwo ane. Muedzo wehut test ndiyo imwe nzira inogona kushandiswa kuongorora nekuenzanisa kushanda kwemambure ane mishonga yezvipembenene muzvidzidzo zvekusimba pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu anotevedzera madyirwo echisikigo pakati pehumhutu hwemusango nemambure emumba panguva yekushandiswa. Chokwadi, zvichangobva kuitika zvidzidzo zvemodelling vachishandisa entomological surrogates yeepidemiological data zvakaratidza kuti kufa kweumhutu uye kudya kwakayerwa mumiyedzo iyi kunogona kushandiswa kufanotaura kukanganisa kweITNs pachiitiko chemalaria uye kuwanda mucluster RCTs. Nokudaro, hut-based experimental trials umo munda-yakaunganidzwa-yakagadziriswa lymph nodes inosanganiswa mumasumbu eRCTs inogona kupa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pekuenzanisa bioefficacy uye insecticidal kupfuurira kwezvipembenene zvakagadziriswa lymph nodes pamusoro pehupenyu hwavo hunotarisirwa, uye kubatsira kududzira epidemiological migumisiro yezvidzidzo izvi.
The experimental hut test inzvimbo yakamisikidzwa inofananidzwa yekugara kwevanhu inokurudzirwa neWorld Health Organisation kuti iongorore kushanda kwemambure eumhutu ane mishonga yezvipembenene. Bvunzo idzi dzinotevedzera mamiriro ezvepasirese ekufumurwa ayo anosanganikwa nawo nerumutsi pavanenge vachidyidzana nemambure epamubhedha uye nokudaro inzira yakanyatsokodzera yekuongorora kushanda kwebhayoloji kwemambure akashandiswa pamusoro pehupenyu hwavo hwesevhisi hunotarisirwa.
Ichi chidzidzo chakaongorora entomological efficacy yemhando nhatu dzakasiyana dzechizvarwa chitsva cheinsecticidal mosquito nets (PermaNet® 3.0, Royal Guard® uye Interceptor® G2) pasi pemamiriro emumunda mumatura ekuedza uye akaaenzanisa neinet pyrethrin-chete net (Interceptor®). Ese aya mambure eumhutu ane mishonga yezvipembenene anosanganisirwa mu WHO prequalified list for vector control. Hunhu hwakadzama hwemambure eumhutu hunopihwa pazasi:
Muna Kurume 2020, mushandirapamwe wakakura wekugovera mambure eumhutu wakaitwa mumisha yezvitumba muZou Prefecture, kumaodzanyemba kweBenin, kuti vaedze kuyedza mudzimba. Interceptor®, Royal Guard® neInterceptor® G2 mambure emibhedha akasarudzwa kubva kumasumbu akasarudzwa zvisina tsarukano mumanisiparati eKove, Zagnanado neOuinhi sechikamu chekugara kwenguva refu kwechidzidzo chekutarisa chakavakirwa mukati me cluster RCT kuti iongorore epidemiological yekubudirira kwemambure maviri ane mishonga yezvipembenene. PermaNet® 3.0 mosquito mambure akaunganidzwa mumusha weAvokanzun pedyo neJija neBohicon mataundishipi (7°20′ N, 1°56′ E) uye akagoverwa panguva imwe chete neRCT cluster mosquito nets panguva yechirongwa chikuru cheNational Malaria Control Programme cha2020. Mufananidzo 1 unoratidza nzvimbo dzemasumbu/misha yezvidzidzo uko kwakaunganidzwa mhando dzeITN dzakasiyana maererano nenzvimbo dzekuedza.
Muedzo wehut hut wakaitwa kuti uenzanise entomological performance yeInterceptor®, PermaNet® 3.0, Royal Guard® uye Interceptor® G2 ITNs payakabviswa kubva mudzimba pa12, 24 uye 36 mwedzi mushure mekuparadzirwa. Panguva imwe neimwe yenguva yegore, kushanda kweITNs dzakwegura mumunda kwakafananidzwa nemambure matsva, asina kushandiswa emhando yega yega uye mambure asina kugadziriswa sekutonga kusina kunaka. Panguva yega yega yenguva yegore, huwandu hwe54 inodzokorora masampuli emumunda-akwegura ITNs uye 6 matsva ITNs ega ega akaedzwa mu1 kana 2 replicate hut miedzo nekutenderera kwezuva nezuva kwekurapa. Pamberi pekuyedzwa kwega kwega kwehumba, avhareji yeporosity indekisi yemambure emumunda ega ega ITN yakayerwa zvichienderana nekurudziro yeWHO. Kutevedzera kupfeka uye kubvarura kubva mukushandiswa kwezuva nezuva, ese matsva eITNs nemambure asina kubatwa ekudzora akaputirwa nemaburi matanhatu 4 x 4 cm maburi: maviri padivi rega rega repanhi uye rimwe mune rimwe nerimwe ripfupi padivi, zvinoenderana ne WHO kurudziro. Mambure eumhutu akaiswa mukati meimba nokusunga mativi edenga remba netambo pazvipikiri mumakona epamusoro emadziro eimba. Mishonga inotevera yakaongororwa muyedzo yega yega hut:
Mambure emumunda akaongororwa mudzimba dzekuyedza mugore rimwechete pakabviswa mambure. Hut miedzo yakaitwa panzvimbo imwechete kubva muna Chivabvu kusvika Gunyana 2021, Kubvumbi kusvika Chikumi 2022, uye Chivabvu kusvika Chikunguru 2023, nemambure akabviswa mushure memwedzi gumi nemaviri, makumi maviri nemana, uye makumi matatu nematanhatu, zvichiteerana. Chiyedzo chega chega chakagara kune imwe yakakwana yekurapa kutenderera (54 husiku pamusoro pemavhiki e9), kunze kwemwedzi ye12, apo maitiro maviri akateedzana ekurapa akaitwa kuti awedzere saizi yemumhutu. Kutevera dhizaini yechiLatin sikweya, marapiro aitenderedzwa vhiki nevhiki pakati pedzimba dzekuyedza kudzora mhedzisiro yenzvimbo yetumba, nepo vazvipiri vaitenderedzwa zuva nezuva kudzora mutsauko mukukwezva kweumhutu kwevaenzi vega. Umhutu hwakaunganidzwa mazuva matanhatu pavhiki; pazuva rechinomwe, kusati kwatevera kutenderera kutenderera, dzimba dzakacheneswa uye dzichipinzwa mhepo kudzivirira kubatwa.
Mamiriro ekutanga anoshanda emuhut yekuyedza kurapwa nepyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae mosquito uye kuenzanisa kwechizvarwa chinotevera ITN nepyrethroid-chete Interceptor® net yaive:
Sekondari efficacy endpoints yekuyedza muhut kurapwa kurwisa pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae mosquito aive akadai:
Containment (%) - kuderedzwa kwehuwandu hwekupinda muboka rakarapwa kana richienzaniswa neboka risina kurapwa. Kuverengera kunotevera:
apo Tu ndiyo nhamba yeumhutu inosanganiswa muboka risina kurapwa, uye Tt ndiyo nhamba yeumhutu inobatanidzwa muboka rinorapwa.
Churn Rate (%) - Chiyero cheChurn nekuda kwekutsamwa kunogona kubva mukurapwa, kunoratidzwa sechikamu cheumhutu hwakaunganidzwa pamhanza.
. Kubvisa ropa kudzvinyirira coefficient (%) ndiko kuderedzwa kwechikamu cheumhutu ekusveta ropa muboka rakarapwa kana ichienzaniswa neboka risingatarisirwi rinodzora. Nzira yekuverenga ndeyotevera: apo Bfu ndiyo chikamu cheumhutu hunosveta ropa muboka risina kurapwa, uye Bft ndiyo chikamu cheumhutu hwekusveta ropa muboka rinorapwa.
Kuderedza kubereka (%) - kuderedzwa kwehuwandu hweumhutu hunobereka muboka rinorapwa kana zvichienzaniswa nekutonga kusina kurapwa. Nzira yekuverenga ndeyotevera: apo Fu ndiyo chikamu cheumhutu hunoorera muboka risina kurapwa, uye Ft ndiyo chikamu chemhutu hunobereka muboka rinorapwa.
Kutarisa shanduko mukupokana kwehuwandu hweCovè vector nekufamba kwenguva, WHO yakaitisa in vitro uye vial bioassays mugore rimwechete reyega yega yekuyedza hut kuyedza (2021, 2022, 2023) yekuongorora kukonzeresa kuAI mumaITNs ari kudzidza uye kuzivisa kududzirwa kwemhedzisiro. Muchidzidzo chemu in vitro, umhutu hwakafumurwa kupepeta mapepa akabatwa neakatsanangurwa kunyungudika kwealpha-cypermethrin (0.05%) uye deltamethrin (0.05%), uye kumabhodhoro akavharwa neakatsanangurwa kuwanda kweCFP (100 μg / bhodhoro) uye PPF (100 μg / bhodhoro) kune insusceptibility kune aya assess. Kusimba kwekupikiswa kwepyrethroid kwakaongororwa nekufumura umhutu kune 5-fold (0.25%) uye 10-fold (0.50%) kusiyana kwakasiyana kwealpha-cypermethrin uye deltamethrin. Pakupedzisira, mupiro wePBO synergy uye cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) overexpression kune pyrethroid resistance yakaongororwa ne-pre-exposure mosquito kune kusiyana kwakasiyana kwe-α-cypermethrin (0.05%) uye deltamethrin (0.05%), uye kusati kwasvika (4%). Pepa resefa rinoshandiswa ku WHO tube test rakatengwa kubva kuUniversiti Sains Malaysia. Iyo WHO bioassay test vials vachishandisa CFP nePPF dzakagadzirirwa maererano nekurudziro yeWHO.
Umhutu hunoshandiswa kuita bioassays hwakaunganidzwa padanho remakonye kubva kunzvimbo dzekuberekesa pedyo nedzimba dzekuyedza ndokuzorerwa kune vakuru. Panguva imwe neimwe, zvishoma 100 mosquitos yakaratidzwa kune imwe neimwe kurapwa kwe60 min, ine 4 replicates per tube / bhodhoro uye inenge 25 mosquito per tube / bhodhoro. Nekuratidzwa kwepyrethroid uye CFP, 3-5 yemazuva-ekare isina kudyiwa umhutu yakashandiswa, asi yePPF, 5-7 yemazuva ekusveta ropa mosquito yakashandiswa kukurudzira oogenesis uye kuongorora mhedzisiro yePPF pakuberekwa kweumhutu. Kufumurwa kwakafanana kwakaitwa uchishandisa silicone oiri-yakamisikidzwa sefa bepa, yakatsvinda PBO (4%), uye acetone-akavharwa mabhodhoro sezvinodzora. Pakupera kwekuratidzwa, utsi hwakatamirwa kumidziyo isina kuvharwa uye yakasvibiswa nekotoni mvere yakanyoroveswa mu10% (w / v) glucose solution. Kufa kwakanyorwa 24 h mushure mekuratidzwa kwepyrethroid uye 24 h yega kwe72 h mushure mekuratidzwa kweCFP nePPF. Kuti uongorore kukanganiswa kwePPF, kurarama PPF-yakafumurwa umhutu uye kunoenderana nekutonga kwakashata kwakaparadzaniswa mushure mekunonoka kufa kwakanyorwa, kukura kweovarian kwakaonekwa pachishandiswa maikorosikopu, uye kubereka kwakaongororwa maererano nechikamu chaChristophers chekukura kwezai [28, 30]. Kana mazai akanyatsokura kusvika kuChristophers nhanho V, humhutu hwainzi husina kubereka, uye kana mazai asina kunyatsogadzirwa uye akaramba ari pamatanho I-IV, humhutu hwainzi husina utachiona.
Pane imwe neimwe nguva yegore, 30 × 30 cm zvidimbu zvakatemwa kubva kumambure matsva uye emumunda-akwegura panzvimbo dzakatsanangurwa mu WHO mazano [22]. Mushure mekucheka, mambure akanyorwa, akaputirwa mualuminium foil uye akachengetwa mufiriji pa4 ± 2 ° C kudzivirira AI kutama mumucheka. Mambure aya akabva atumirwa kuWalloon Agricultural Research Center kuBelgium kunoongororwa kemikari kuyera shanduko muhuwandu hweAI mukati mehupenyu hwavo hwesevhisi. Nzira dzekuongorora dzakashandiswa (zvichienderana nenzira dzakakurudzirwa neInternational Cooperative Committee yePesticide Analysis) dzakatsanangurwa kare [25, 31].
Nezve data rekuyedza hut, huwandu hwese hwevapenyu / vakafa, vanoruma / vasina kurumwa, uye vakaorera / vasina hutachiona mumakamuri akasiyana ehut vakapfupikiswa kurapwa kwega kwega muyedzo yega yega kuverenga zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaenzana (72-awa kufa, kuruma, ectoparasitism, mambure entrapment, CI inoenderana 9% yavo) uye fertility 9%. Misiyano pakati pemishonga yeiyi proportional binary zvabuda yakaongororwa uchishandisa logistic regression, nepo misiyano yekuverenga mhinduro yakaongororwa pachishandiswa negative binomial regression. Nemhaka yokuti maitiro maviri ekutenderera ekurapa akaitwa mwedzi yose ye12 uye mamwe marapirwo akaedzwa mumatambudziko ose, kuongorora kwekupinda kwemhutu kwakagadziridzwa kwenhamba yemazuva ega ega kurapwa kwakaedzwa. Iyo ITN itsva yemhedzisiro yega yega yakaongororwawo kuti iwane fungidziro imwechete yenguva dzese mapoinzi. Mukuwedzera kune tsanangudzo huru inotsanangurwa yekurapa, imwe neimwe modhi yaisanganisira hut, hope, nguva yekuedza, ITN aperture index, uye zuva seyakagadziriswa mhedzisiro yekudzora kusiyanisa nekuda kwekusiyana kweanorara ega uye hut kukwezva, mwaka, mosquito net mamiriro, uye kupararira kwakanyanya. Regression ongororo yakagadzira yakagadziridzwa odds ratios (ORs) uye inoenderana 95% nguva yekuvimba kuti ifungidzire mhedzisiro yechizvarwa chitsva ITN kana ichienzaniswa nepyrethroid-chete net, Interceptor®, pamhedzisiro yekutanga kufa kweumhutu uye fecundity. P maitiro kubva kumamodheru akashandiswawo kugovera mavara akakwana anoratidza kukosha kwenhamba pachikamu che5% kune ese maenzaniso maviri ekutanga uye echipiri mhedzisiro. Yese ongororo yekudzoreredza yakaitwa muStata vhezheni 18.
Kubatwa kweCovese vector vanhu kwakadudzirwa zvichibva pakufa uye fecundity yakaonekwa mu vitro uye mabhodhoro bioassays zvinoenderana neWorld Health Organisation kurudziro. Kemikari yekuongorora mhedzisiro yakapa yakazara AI yemukati muzvimedu zveITN, iyo yakashandiswa kuverenga iyo AI yekuchengeta mwero mumambure ezera-mumunda zvichienzaniswa nemambure matsva panguva yega yega gore rega rega. Yese data yakarekodhwa nemaoko pamafomu akajairwa uyezve yakapinda kaviri muMicrosoft Excel dhatabhesi.
The Ethics Committees of the Ministry of Health of Benin (No. 6/30/MS/DC/DRFMT/CNERS/SA), London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) (No. 16237) uye World Health Organization (No. ERC.0003153) yakabvumira mufambiro wekuedza hut hut hutengi hunosanganisira volunte. Mvumo yakanyorwa ine ruzivo yakawanikwa kubva kune vese vakazvipira vasati vatora chikamu muchidzidzo. Vese vazvipiri vakagamuchira chemoprophylaxis yemahara kuti vaderedze njodzi yemarariya, uye mukoti aive pabasa panguva yese yekuyedzwa kuti aongorore chero munhu akazvipira akatanga zviratidzo zvefivha kana kuita kwakashata kuchigadzirwa chekuyedza.
Mhedzisiro yakazara kubva kudzimba dzekuyedza, kupfupisa huwandu hwese hwevapenyu / vakafa, vane nzara / vakadyiswa ropa, uye yakaorera / isina kubereka mosquito yeboka rega rega rekuyedza, pamwe nenhamba dzinotsanangurwa dzinounzwa sezvekuwedzera zvinhu (Tafura S1).
Muimba yekuedza muKowa, Benin, kudyiswa ropa kweumhutu husingaurayiwi nepyrethroid inonzi Anopheles gambiae mosquito kwakadzvinyirirwa. Dhata kubva kune asina kubatwa kudzora uye novel mambure akaunganidzwa mukati memiyedzo kuti ape imwechete efficacy fungidziro. Nekudzokorodza kudzokororwa kwekuongorora, makoramu ane mavara akajairwa aive asina kunyanya kusiyana padanho re5% (p> 0.05). Mabhawa ekukanganisa anomiririra 95% nguva dzekuvimba.
Kufa kweumhutu husingaurayiwi nepyrethroid yeAnopheles gambiae huchipinda muimba yekuedza muKowa, Benin. Dhata kubva kune asina kubatwa kudzora uye novel mambure akaunganidzwa pamiyedzo kuti ipe fungidziro imwechete yekubudirira. Nekudzokorodza kudzokororwa kwekuongorora, makoramu ane mavara akajairwa aive asina kunyanya kusiyana padanho re5% (p> 0.05). Mabhawa ekukanganisa anomiririra 95% nguva dzekuvimba.
The odds reshiyo inotsanangura musiyano wekufa nemambure eumhutu echizvarwa chitsva zvichienzaniswa nepyrethroid-only mosquito net. Mutsetse une doti unomiririra chiyero che1, zvichiratidza kuti hapana mutsauko mukufa. Chiyero chemaitiro> 1 chinoratidza kufa kwakanyanya nemambure eumhutu. Mashoko emambure eumhutu echizvarwa chitsva akabatanidzwa mukuedzwa kuti abudise fungidziro imwechete yekubudirira. Mabhawa ekukanganisa anomiririra 95% nguva dzekuvimba.
Kunyangwe Interceptor® yakaratidza kufa kwakaderera pane ese maITN akaedzwa, kuchembera mumunda hakuna kukanganisa kukanganisa kwayo pakufa kwevector. Muchokwadi, Interceptor® nyowani yakakonzera kufa kwe12%, nepo mambure ezera-mumunda airatidza kuvandudzwa kudiki pamwedzi ye12 (17%, p=0.006) nemwedzi makumi maviri nemana (17%, p=0.004), isati yadzokera kumatanho akafanana nemambure matsva mumwedzi ye36 (11%, p=0.05). Kusiyana neizvi, huwandu hwekufa kwechizvarwa chinotevera chemambure ezvipembenene zvakadzikira zvishoma nezvishoma nekufamba kwenguva mushure mekutumirwa. Kuderedzwa kwainyanya kutaurwa neInterceptor® G2, uko kufa kwakaderera kubva pa58% nemameshes matsva kusvika ku36% pamwedzi gumi nemaviri (p.<0.001), 31% pamwedzi makumi maviri nemana (p<0.001), uye 20% pamwedzi makumi matatu nematanhatu (p<0.001). Iyo itsva PermaNet® 3.0 yakakonzera kudzikira kwekufa kusvika 37%, iyo zvakare yakadzikira zvakanyanya kusvika 20% mumwedzi gumi nemaviri (p.<0.001), 16% pamwedzi makumi maviri nemana (p<0.001), uye 18% pamwedzi makumi matatu nematanhatu (p<0.001). Muitiro wakafanana wakaonekwa neRoyal Guard®, ine mesh nyowani yakakonzera kudzikiswa kwe33% yekufa, ichiteverwa nekudzikisira kwakanyanya kusvika 21% pamwedzi gumi nemaviri (p.<0.001), 17% pamwedzi makumi maviri nemana (p<0.001) uye 15% pamwedzi 36 (p<0.001).
Kudzikiswa kwekukura kwehumhutu hwemusango pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae mosquito kupinda muimba yekuedza muKwa, Benin. Dhata kubva kune asina kubatwa kudzora uye novel mambure akaunganidzwa pamiyedzo kuti ipe fungidziro imwechete yekubudirira. Mabhawa ane mavara akajairwa aive asina kunyanya kusiyana padanho re5% (p> 0.05) nekuongorora kwekugadzirisa. Mabhawa ekukanganisa anomiririra 95% nguva dzekuvimba.
Odds ratios inotsanangura musiyano wekubereka nemambure eumhutu echizvarwa chitsva zvichienzaniswa nepyrethroid-only mosquito net. Mutsetse une doti unomiririra chiyero che1, zvichiratidza kuti hapana mutsauko mukubereka. Odds ratios<1 inoratidza kudzikiswa kukuru kwembereko nemambure echizvarwa chitsva. Mashoko emambure eumhutu echizvarwa chitsva akabatanidzwa mukuedzwa kuti abudise fungidziro imwechete yekubudirira. Mabhawa ekukanganisa anomiririra 95% nguva dzekuvimba.
Nguva yekutumira: Feb-17-2025