Miedzo yekuedza yakaitwa mudzimba muKhowe, kuchamhembe kweBenin, kuti vaongorore kushanda kwemushonga weumhutu mutsva uye wakaedzwa mumunda kurwisa zvipembenene zvemalaria zvisingapindike nepyrethrin. Mambure akashandiswa mumunda akabviswa mudzimba mushure memwedzi 12, 24 ne36. Zvidimbu zvewebhu zvakachekwa kubva muITN yese zvakaongororwa kuti zvionekwe kuti zvine makemikari uye kuongororwa kwehutachiona hwebhakitiriya kwakaitwa panguva yega yega yekuedza kuti vaongorore shanduko mukusagona kuuraya zvipembenene muhuwandu hwezvipembenene zveKhowe.
Interceptor® G2 yakashanda kupfuura mamwe maITN, zvichiratidza kuti mambure epyrethroid nechlorfenapyr akanakisa kupfuura mamwe marudzi emambure. Pakati pezvigadzirwa zvitsva, maITN ese echizvarwa chinotevera akaratidza kushanda zvakanaka kwehupenyu kupfuura Interceptor®; zvisinei, hukuru hwekuvandudzwa uku hwakaderera mushure mekukwegura kwemunda nekuda kwekugara kwenguva refu kwemakemikari asiri epyrethroid. Izvi zvinoratidza kudiwa kwekuvandudza kugara kwemishonga yeITN yechizvarwa chinotevera ichiuraya zvipembenene.
Mushonga wezvipembeneneMambure eumhutu akarapwa (ITNs) akaita basa guru mukuderedza kurwara nekufa kwemalaria mumakore makumi maviri apfuura. Kubva muna 2004, maITN anopfuura mabhiriyoni matatu akaparadzirwa pasi rose, uye zvidzidzo zvemuenzaniso zvinoratidza kuti 68% yezvirwere zvemalaria muAfrica iri pasi peSahara zvakadziviswa pakati pa2000 na2015. Zvinosuwisa kuti huwandu hwevanhu vanorwisa malaria kumishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene (rudzi rwemishonga inoshandiswa muITNs) hwakawedzera zvakanyanya, zvichityisidzira kushanda kwechirongwa ichi chakakosha. Panguva imwe chete, kufambira mberi mukutonga malaria kwadzikira pasi rose, nenyika dzakawanda dzine mutoro mukuru dzichiona kuwedzera kwezvirwere zvemalaria kubvira muna 2015. Maitiro aya akatungamira kukura kwechizvarwa chitsva chezvigadzirwa zvitsva zveITN zvine chinangwa chekugadzirisa kutyisidzira kwekusadzivirira pyrethroid nekubatsira kuderedza mutoro uyu uye kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvepasi rose.
Parizvino kune marudzi matatu matsva eITN ari pamusika, imwe neimwe ichisanganisa pyrethroid neimwe zvipembenene kana synergist inokwanisa kukunda pyrethroid resistance muzvirwere zvemalaria. Mumakore achangopfuura, miedzo yakawanda yakarongwa yakaitwa kuti iongorore kushanda kwezvirwere izvi zvichienzaniswa nemidziyo yepyrethroid-only uye kupa humbowo hunodiwa kutsigira mazano eWorld Health Organization (WHO). Midziyo yemubhedha inosanganisa pyrethroids nepiperonyl butoxide (PBO), iyo inoshanda pamwe chete inowedzera kushanda kwemishonga yepyrethroid nekudzivisa maenzymes ekubvisa mosquito detoxification, ndiyo yakatanga kukurudzirwa neWHO mushure mekunge zvigadzirwa zviviri (Olyset® Plus nePermaNet® 3.0) zvaratidza simba guru rezvirwere zvichienzaniswa nemidziyo yepyrethroid-only mumiedzo yakarongwa yakarongeka muTanzania neUganda. Zvisinei, data rakawanda rinodiwa kuti uone kukosha kwemishonga yepyrethroid-PBO pahutano hwevanhu muWest Africa, uko pyrethroid resistance yakanyanya inogona kuderedza mabhenefiti ayo zvichienzaniswa nemidziyo yepyrethroid-only.
Kuramba kuripo kwemishonga yeITN inouraya zvipembenene kunowanzo ongororwa nekuunganidza mambure kubva munharaunda nguva nenguva uye kuaedza muongororo dzebioassays dzemurabhoritari uchishandisa mhando dzeumhutu dzakaberekeswa nezvipembenene. Kunyange zvazvo bvunzo idzi dzichibatsira pakuona kuwanikwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene pamusoro pemambure emubhedha nekufamba kwenguva, dzinopa ruzivo rushoma pamusoro pekushanda kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemambure emubhedha echizvarwa chinotevera nekuti nzira nemarudzi eumhutu anoshandiswa anofanirwa kugadziriswa kuti aenderane nekushanda kwemishonga yezvipembenene yaari. Kuedza hut test inzira imwe inogona kushandiswa kuongorora kushanda kwemishonga yezvipembenene muzvidzidzo zvekugara kwenguva refu pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu anotevedzera kusangana kwechisikigo pakati pevanogara umhutu hwemusango nemambure emumba panguva yekushandiswa. Zvechokwadi, zvidzidzo zvechangobva kuitwa zvemuenzaniso zvinoshandisa entomological surrogates yedata re epidemiological zvakaratidza kuti kufa kweumhutu nehuwandu hwekudyisa hwakayerwa mumiedzo iyi zvinogona kushandiswa kufanotaura kukanganisa kweITN pakuwanda kwemalaria nekupararira mumapoka eRCTs. Saka, miedzo yekuyedza yakavakirwa mudzimba umo ma lymph nodes akarapwa zvipembenene akaunganidzwa mumunda anobatanidzwa mu cluster RCTs inogona kupa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pekuenzanisa kushanda zvakanaka kwe lymph nodes dzakarapwa zvipembenene uye kuramba dzichiuraya zvipembenene kwenguva yakareba, uye kubatsira kududzira mhedzisiro yezvirwere zveongororo idzi.
Kuedza kwedzimba dzemumba inzira yakajairwa yekugara kwevanhu inokurudzirwa neWorld Health Organisation kuti iongorore kushanda kwemambure eumhutu akarapwa zvipembenene. Miedzo iyi inotevedzera mamiriro chaiwo anosangana nevanhu vanodya umhutu pavanenge vachishandisa mambure emumba uye nokudaro inzira yakakodzera yekuongorora kushanda kwezvemuviri kwemambure emubhedha akashandiswa panguva yehupenyu hwawo hwebasa.
Chidzidzo ichi chakaongorora kushanda kwezvipembenene kwemhando nhatu dzakasiyana dzemambure eumhutu anouraya zvipembenene echizvarwa chitsva (PermaNet® 3.0, Royal Guard® naInterceptor® G2) pasi pemamiriro emunda mumatura ekuyedza uye chakaaenzanisa nemaneti emhando yepyrethrin chete (Interceptor®). Mambure ese aya eumhutu anorapwa zvipembenene anowanikwa pane rondedzero yeWHO yekutanga yekudzora vector. Hunhu hwakadzama hwemaneti eumhutu ega ega anopiwa pazasi:
MunaKurume 2020, chirongwa chikuru chekugovera mambure eumhutu akakura mumunda chakaitwa mumisha yehut muZou Prefecture, kuchamhembe kweBenin, kuti kuyedzwe mudzimba dzehut. Interceptor®, Royal Guard® neInterceptor® G2 mambure emubhedha akasarudzwa zvisina tsarukano mumaguta eKove, Zagnanado neOuinhi sechikamu chechidzidzo chekutarisa kugara kwenguva refu chakaiswa mukati meRCT yeboka kuti chiongorore kushanda kwemambure emubhedha ane mishonga miviri yezvipembenene. Mambure eumhutu ePermaNet® 3.0 akaunganidzwa mumusha weAvokanzun pedyo neJija neBohicon townships (7°20′ N, 1°56′ E) uye akagoverwa panguva imwe chete nemambure eumhutu eboka reRCT panguva yechirongwa che2020 cheNational Malaria Control Programme. Mufananidzo 1 unoratidza nzvimbo dzemasumbu/misha yekudzidza uko mhando dzakasiyana dzeITN dzakaunganidzwa zvichienzaniswa nenzvimbo dzehut dzekuedza.
Kuedzwa kwechumba chekuedza kwakaitwa kuti kuenzaniswe mashandiro ezvipembenene zveInterceptor®, PermaNet® 3.0, Royal Guard® uye Interceptor® G2 ITNs padzakabviswa mudzimba mushure memwedzi 12, 24 uye 36 mushure mekuparadzirwa. Panguva yega yega yegore, mashandiro eITNs dzakwegura mumunda akaenzaniswa nemambure matsva, asina kushandiswa emhando yega yega uye mambure asina kugadziriswa senzira yekudzora isina kunaka. Panguva yega yega yegore, sampuro dzinokwana 54 dzeITNs dzakakura mumunda uye maITNs matanhatu matsva emhando yega yega akaedzwa mukuyedzwa kamwe chete kana kaviri kwechumba nekutenderera kwemazuva ese kwekurapa. Pamberi pekuyedzwa kwechumba chega chega, avhareji yeporosity index yemambure ekare emhando yega yega yeITN yakayerwa zvichienderana nekurudziro yeWHO. Kutevedzera kupera nekubvaruka kubva pakushandiswa kwezuva nezuva, maITNs ese matsva nemambure ekudzora asina kugadziriswa akaboorwa nemaburi matanhatu e4 x 4 cm: maviri mupaneri rimwe nerimwe refu uye rimwe mupaneri rimwe nerimwe pfupi, zvichienderana nekurudziro yeWHO. Mambure eumhutu akaiswa mukati meimba nekusunga mipendero yemachira edenga netambo kuzvipikiri mumakona ekumusoro emadziro eimba. Mabatirwo anotevera akaongororwa mukuyedzwa kweimba yega yega:
Mambure emunda akaongororwa mudzimba dzekuedza mugore rimwe chete apo mambure akabviswa. Kuedzwa kwedzimba kwakaitwa panzvimbo imwe chete kubva muna Chivabvu kusvika Gunyana 2021, Kubvumbi kusvika Chikumi 2022, uye Chivabvu kusvika Chikunguru 2023, mambure akabviswa mushure memwedzi 12, 24, uye 36, zvichiteerana. Kuedzwa kwega kwega kwakagara kwenguva imwe chete yekurapwa (husiku 54 mumavhiki mapfumbamwe), kunze kwemwedzi 12, apo nzira mbiri dzakatevedzana dzekurapa dzakaitwa kuti kuwedzere saizi yemuenzaniso weumhutu. Zvichitevera dhizaini yeLatin square, kurapwa kwaitenderedzwa vhiki nevhiki pakati pedzimba dzekuedza kudzora mhedzisiro yenzvimbo yedzimba, nepo vanozvipira vaitenderedzwa zuva nezuva kudzora mutsauko mukukwezva kweumhutu kune vanhu vanohukura. Umhutu hwakaunganidzwa mazuva matanhatu pavhiki; pazuva rechinomwe, usati watanga kutenderera kunotevera, dzimba dzakacheneswa uye dzakafemerwa nemhepo kudzivirira kupararira kwehutachiona.
Magumo makuru ekubudirira kwekurapwa kwehudyu yekuedza kurwisa umhutu hweAnopheles gambiae hunodzivirira pyrethroid uye kuenzanisa kwechizvarwa chinotevera cheITN ne pyrethroid-only Interceptor® net kwaive:
Zvimwe zvezvishandiso zvekurapa hut mukuyedza kurwisa umhutu hweAnopheles gambiae husingapindi pyrethroid zvaive zvinotevera:
Kudzivirira (%) - kuderedzwa kwehuwandu hwevanopindwa muropa muboka rakarapwa zvichienzaniswa neboka risina kurapwa. Kuverengwa kwacho ndekwekuti:
apo Tu inhamba yeumhutu huri muboka rekudzivirira risina kurapwa, uye Tt inhamba yeumhutu huri muboka rakarapwa.
Mwero weKubuda Kwemvura (%) – Mwero weKubuda Kwemvura unokonzerwa nekutsamwiswa kunogona kuitika kubva mukurapwa, kunoratidzwa sechikamu cheumhutu hwakaunganidzwa pabharukoni.
. Kuderedza huwandu hweumhutu hunosveta ropa (%) ndiko kudzikira kwehuwandu hweumhutu hunosveta ropa muboka rakarapwa zvichienzaniswa neboka rekudzivirira risina kurapwa. Nzira yekuverenga ndeiyi inotevera: apo Bfu iri huwandu hweumhutu hunosveta ropa muboka rekudzivirira risina kurapwa, uye Bft iri huwandu hweumhutu hunosveta ropa muboka rakarapwa.
Kuderera kwekubereka (%) — kuderera kwehuwandu hweumhutu hwakabereka muboka rakarapwa zvichienzaniswa nehwevanhu vasina kurapwa. Nzira yekuverenga ndeiyi inotevera: apo Fu iri huwandu hweumhutu hwakabereka muboka revanhu vasina kurapwa, uye Ft iri huwandu hweumhutu hwakabereka muboka rakarapwa.
Kuti vatarise shanduko muchimiro chekusagona kurwisa kweCovè vectors nekufamba kwenguva, WHO yakaita bvunzo dzebioassays mu vitro nemu vial mugore rimwe chete rekuyedza kwega kwega hut (2021, 2022, 2023) kuti vaongorore kukanganiswa kweAI muITN dziri kudzidzwa uye kuti vatsanangure zvabuda. Muzvidzidzo zve in vitro, umhutu hwakaiswa pamapepa efirita akarapwa nehuwandu hwakatsanangurwa hwe alpha-cypermethrin (0.05%) uye deltamethrin (0.05%), uye kumabhodhoro akafukidzwa nehuwandu hwakatsanangurwa hweCFP (100 μg/bhodhoro) uye PPF (100 μg/bhodhoro) kuti vaongorore kukanganiswa kwemishonga iyi yezvipembenene. Kusimba kwekusagona kurwisa pyrethroid kwakaongororwa nekuisa umhutu pa5-fold (0.25%) uye 10-fold (0.50%) musiyano we α-cypermethrin ne deltamethrin. Pakupedzisira, mupiro wePBO synergy uye cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) overexpression kune pyrethroid resistance yakaongororwa neumhutu hwakatanga kusangana nehuwandu hwakasiyana hweα-cypermethrin (0.05%) uye deltamethrin (0.05%), uye pre-exposure kuPBO (4%). Pepa rekusefa rakashandiswa paWHO tube test rakatengwa kubva kuUniversiti Sains Malaysia. Mabhodhoro eWHO bioassay test achishandisa CFP nePPF akagadzirwa zvichienderana neWHO recommendations.
Umhutu hwakashandiswa pakuongorora mhuka hwakatorwa panguva yekubereka kubva kunzvimbo dzekuberekesa dziri pedyo nedzimba dzekuedza dzobva dzarerwa kusvika dzakura. Panguva imwe neimwe, umhutu hunosvika zana hwakaiswa mushonga wega wega kwemaminitsi makumi matanhatu, ne4 dzakafanana pachubhu/bhodhoro uye humhutu hunosvika makumi maviri nemashanu pachubhu/bhodhoro. Kune vanobatwa nepyrethroid neCFP, umhutu husina kudya hwakashandiswa kwemazuva matatu kusvika mashanu, nepo paPPF, umhutu hunosveta ropa hune mazuva mashanu kusvika manomwe hwakashandiswa kukurudzira oogenesis uye kuongorora mhedzisiro yePPF pakubereka umhutu. Kubatwa kwakafanana kwakaitwa uchishandisa firita yesilicone yakanyikwa mafuta, PBO yakanaka (4%), uye mabhodhoro akaputirwa neacetone senzira dzekudzivirira. Pakupera kwekubatwa, umhutu hwakatamisirwa mumidziyo isina kurapwa uye hwakaiswa mukotoni yakanyikwa mu10% (w/v) glucose solution. Kufa kwakanyorwa maawa makumi maviri nemana mushure mekubatwa nepyrethroid uye maawa makumi maviri nemana ega ega kwemaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri mushure mekubatwa neCFP nePPF. Kuti vaongorore mukana wekuwana PPF, umhutu hwakapona hwakasangana nePPF pamwe nezvirwere zvisina kunaka zvakachekwa mushure mekunge kufa kwanonoka, kukura kwechibereko kwakaonekwa uchishandisa maikorosikopu, uye kubereka kwakaongororwa zvichienderana nedanho raChristopher rekukura kwezai [28, 30]. Kana mazai akakura zvakakwana kusvika padanho raChristopher V, umhutu hwaiiswa muchikamu chevhu, uye kana mazai asina kukura zvakakwana uye akaramba ari padanho reI-IV, umhutu hwaiiswa muchikamu chevhu.
Panguva imwe neimwe yegore, zvidimbu zve30 × 30 cm zvakachekwa kubva mumambure matsva uye akashandiswa mumunda panzvimbo dzakatarwa muWHO [22]. Mushure mekucheka, mambure akaiswa mazita, akaputirwa nealuminium foil uye akachengetwa mufiriji pa4 ± 2 °C kudzivirira kutamira kweAI mujira. Mambure acho akazotumirwa kuWalloon Agricultural Research Centre muBelgium kuti aongororwe makemikari kuti aone shanduko muhuwandu hweAI mukati mehupenyu hwawo hwekushanda. Nzira dzekuongorora dzakashandiswa (dzakavakirwa panzira dzakakurudzirwa neInternational Cooperative Committee for Pesticide Analysis) dzakatsanangurwa kare [25, 31].
Padata rekuyedza mudzimba, huwandu hwese hweumhutu huri mhenyu/hwakafa, hunoruma/husina kuruma, uye hwakabereka/husina utachiona muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvedzimba hwakaunganidzwa pakurapwa kwega kwega mukuyedza kwega kwega kuti paverengwe mhedzisiro dzakasiyana-siyana (kufa kwemaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri, kuruma, ectoparasitism, net entrapment, kubereka) uye 95% confidence intervals dzavo dzinoenderana (CIs). Musiyano pakati pekurapwa kwemhedzisiro iyi yeproportional binary yakaongororwa uchishandisa logistic regression, nepo mutsauko wemhedzisiro yekuverenga wakaongororwa uchishandisa negative binomial regression. Nekuti maitiro maviri ekutenderera kwekurapwa akaitwa mwedzi gumi nemiviri yega yega uye mamwe marapirwo akaedzwa mumiedzo yese, kuongororwa kwekupinda kweumhutu kwakagadziriswa zvichienderana nenhamba yemazuva kurapwa kwega kwega kwakaedzwa. ITN itsva yemhedzisiro yega yega yakaongororwawo kuti iwane fungidziro imwe chete yenguva dzese. Kuwedzera kune shanduko huru yekurapa, modhi yega yega yaisanganisira hut, sleeper, trial period, ITN aperture index, uye day semhedzisiro yakatarwa yekudzora shanduko nekuda kwekusiyana kwekukwezva kwemunhu wega wega uye hut, mwaka, mamiriro eumhutu, uye kupararira kwakanyanya. Kuongorora kweRegression kwakaburitsa adjusted odds ratios (ORs) uye 95% confidence intervals inoenderana ne95% confidence intervals kuti ifungidzire mhedzisiro yeITN yechizvarwa chitsva zvichienzaniswa ne pyrethroid-only net, Interceptor®, pamhedzisiro yekutanga yekufa kweumhutu uye kubereka. P values kubva kumamodeli akashandiswawo kupa mavara madiki anoratidza kukosha kwehuwandu padanho re5% pakuenzanisa kwese kwemhedzisiro yekutanga neyechipiri. Kuongorora kwese kweRegression kwakaitwa muStata version 18.
Kuwanda kwevanokonzera chirwere cheCovese kwakatsanangurwa zvichibva pakufa uye kubereka kwakaonekwa mu vitro uye muongororo dzemabhodhoro zvichienderana nekurudziro dzeWorld Health Organization. Mhedzisiro yekuongorora makemikari yakapa huwandu hwese hweAI muzvidimbu zveITN, izvo zvakashandiswa kuverenga huwandu hweAI mumimbure yakamboshandiswa mumunda zvichienzaniswa nemambure matsva panguva imwe neimwe gore rega rega. Ruzivo rwese rwainyorwa nemaoko pamafomu akajairwa uye rwobva rwapinzwa kaviri mudhatabhesi reMicrosoft Excel.
Makomiti eEthics eBazi reHutano reBenin (Nhamba 6/30/MS/DC/DRFMMT/CNERS/SA), London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) (Nhamba 16237) neWorld Health Organization (Nhamba ERC.0003153) vakatendera kuitiswa kwekuyedzwa kwehut yekuedza kwaisanganisira vanozvipira. Mvumo yakanyorwa yakawanikwa kubva kune vese vanozvipira vasati vapinda muchidzidzo. Vazvipiri vese vakapihwa chemoprophylaxis yemahara kuderedza njodzi yemarariya, uye mukoti aive pabasa mukati mekuyedzwa kwese kuti aongorore chero muzvipiri airatidza zviratidzo zvefivha kana kusawirirana nechigadzirwa chekuyedza.
Mhedzisiro yakazara kubva mudzimba dzekuedza, inotsanangura huwandu hweumhutu hupenyu/hwakafa, hwakafa nenzara/hwakadyiswa ropa, uye hwakabereka/hwakasabereka hweboka rega rega rekuedza, pamwe chete nenhamba dzinotsanangura zvinopihwa sekuwedzera (Tafura S1).
Muimba yekuyedza muKowa, Benin, kudya kwemhombwe dzemusango dzinodzivirira pyrethroid dzeAnopheles gambiae kwakadziviswa. Ruzivo kubva muzvidziviriro zvisina kurapwa uye mambure matsva akaunganidzwa mumiedzo kuti ape fungidziro imwe chete yekushanda. Nekuongorora kwekugadzirisa, makoramu ane mavara akafanana haana kusiyana zvakanyanya padanho re5% (p > 0.05). Mitsetse yekukanganisa inomiririra 95% confidence intervals.
Kufa kweumhutu hwemusango hunorwisa pyrethroid hweAnopheles gambiae huchipinda mudumba rekuyedza muKowa, Benin. Ruzivo kubva muzvidziviriro zvisina kurapwa uye mambure matsva akaunganidzwa mukuyedza kuti ape fungidziro imwe chete yekushanda. Nekuongorora kwekugadzirisa, makoramu ane mavara akafanana haana kusiyana zvakanyanya padanho re5% (p > 0.05). Mitsetse yekukanganisa inomiririra 95% yekuvimba.
Chiyero chezvikwereti chinotsanangura musiyano wekufa nemaneti eumhutu echizvarwa chitsva zvichienzaniswa nemaneti eumhutu epyrethroid chete. Mutsetse une madotsi unomiririra chiyero chezvikwereti che1, zvichiratidza kuti hapana musiyano wekufa. Chiyero chezvikwereti > 1 chinoratidza kufa kwakanyanya nemaneti eumhutu echizvarwa chitsva. Data remaneti eumhutu echizvarwa chitsva rakaunganidzwa mumiedzo kuti pave nefungidziro imwe chete yekushanda. Mitsetse yekukanganisa inomiririra 95% yekuvimba.
Kunyangwe Interceptor® yakaratidza kufa kwakaderera pane ese maITN akaedzwa, kukwegura mumunda hakuna kukanganisa zvakanyanya kukanganisa kwayo kufa kwevector. Kutaura zvazviri, Interceptor® itsva yakakonzera kufa kwe12%, nepo mambure emunda akaratidza kuvandudzika kudiki pamwedzi gumi nemiviri (17%, p=0.006) uye mwedzi makumi maviri nemana (17%, p=0.004), asati adzokera padanho rakafanana nemambure matsva pamwedzi makumi matatu nematanhatu (11%, p=0.05). Kusiyana neizvi, huwandu hwekufa kwechizvarwa chinotevera chemambure akarapwa zvipembenene hwakaderera zvishoma nezvishoma nekufamba kwenguva mushure mekuiswa. Kuderera kwacho kwakanyanya kuoneka neInterceptor® G2, uko kufa kwakadzikira kubva pa58% nemambure matsva kusvika pa36% pamwedzi gumi nemiviri (p).< 0.001), 31% pamwedzi makumi maviri nemana (p< 0.001), uye 20% pamwedzi 36 (p< 0.001). PermaNet® 3.0 itsva yakaderedza huwandu hwevanhu vanofa kusvika pa37%, izvo zvakadererawo zvakanyanya kusvika pa20% pamwedzi gumi nemiviri (p).< 0.001), 16% pamwedzi makumi maviri nemana (p< 0.001), uye 18% pamwedzi 36 (p< 0.001). Maitiro akafanana akaonekwa neRoyal Guard®, ne mesh itsva ichikonzera kudzikira kwe33% kwehuwandu hwevakafa, zvichiteverwa nekuderera kukuru kusvika ku21% pamwedzi gumi nemiviri (p).< 0.001), 17% pamwedzi makumi maviri nemana (p< 0.001) uye 15% pamwedzi 36 (p< 0.001).
Kuderera kwekubereka kweumhutu hwemusango hunorwisa pyrethroid hunonzi Anopheles gambiae hunopinda mudumba rekuyedza muKwa, Benin. Ruzivo kubva muzvidziviriro zvisina kurapwa uye mambure matsva akaunganidzwa mukuyedza kuti ape fungidziro imwe chete yekushanda. Mabhawa ane mavara akafanana haana kusiyana zvakanyanya padanho re5% (p > 0.05) nekuongorora kwekugadzirisa. Mabhawa ezvikanganiso anomiririra 95% confidence intervals.
Zviyero zvemukana zvinotsanangura musiyano wekubereka nemambure eumhutu echizvarwa chitsva zvichienzaniswa nemambure eumhutu epyrethroid chete. Mutsetse une madotsi unomiririra chiyero che1, zvichiratidza kuti hapana musiyano mukubereka.<1 zvinoratidza kudzikira kukuru kwekubereka nemambure matsva. Ruzivo rwemambure matsva eumhutu rwakaunganidzwa mumiedzo kuti pave nefungidziro imwe chete yekushanda. Zvikanganiso zvinomiririra 95% yekuvimbana.
Nguva yekutumira: Kukadzi-17-2025