Kushandiswa kwepermethrin(pyrethroid) chinhu chakakosha mukudzivirira zvipembenene mumhuka, huku nenzvimbo dzemaguta pasi rose, zvichida nekuda kwechepfu shoma kumhuka dzinoyamwisa uye kushanda kwayo zvakanyanya pakurwisa zvipembenene. Permethrin imhando yakakura yezvipembenene.mushonga wezvipembeneneizvo zvakaratidza kushanda zvakanaka pakurwisa zvipembenene zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira nhunzi dzemumba. Mishonga yezvipembenene inonzi pyrethroid inoshanda pamapuroteni e sodium channel ane voltage-gated, ichikanganisa mashandiro enguva dzose emapore channels, zvichikonzera kupfura kakawanda, kuoma mitezo, uye pakupedzisira kufa kwetsinga dzinosangana nezvipembenene. Kushandiswa kwe permethrin kakawanda muzvirongwa zvekudzora zvipembenene kwakonzera kusawirirana kwakapararira muzvipembenene zvakasiyana-siyana, 16, 17, 18, 19, kusanganisira nhunzi dzemumba 20, 21. Kuwedzera kwekutaura kwema enzymes ekubvisa detoxification mumuviri akadai se glutathione transferases kana cytochrome P450, pamwe nekusanzwa kwenzvimbo yakanangana nayo zvakawanikwa kuti ndizvo zvinonyanya kukonzera kusawirirana kwe permethrin 22.
Kana mhando ikawana mari yekuchinja-chinja nekuda kwekukura kwekusagona kuuraya zvipembenene, izvi zvinoderedza kukura kwezvipenyu zvinorwisa kana tikawedzera kumanikidzwa kwekusarudza nekumisa kwenguva pfupi kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene kana kutsiva mimwe mishonga yezvipembenene. Zvipembenene zvinorwisa zvipembenene zvichawanazve kunzwa kwazvo. Hazviratidzi kusagona kuuraya zvipembenene27,28. Saka, kuti tibudirire kubata zvipembenene nekusagona kuuraya zvipembenene, kusagona kuuraya zvipembenene, uye kuratidzwa kwehunhu hwezvipembenene zvinorwisa zvipembenene. Kusagona kuuraya zvipembenene uye kusagona kuuraya zvipembenene muzvipembenene zvemumba kwakambotaurwa muPunjab, Pakistan7,29. Zvisinei, ruzivo pamusoro pekugona kushandura hunhu hwezvipembenene zvemumba haruna kukwana. Chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekuongorora hunhu hwezvinhu zvemumba uye kuongorora matafura ehupenyu kuti tione kana paine mutsauko muhutano pakati pemhando dzinorwisa permethrin nemarudzi anokanganisa. Data iri richatibatsira kunzwisisa zvakanyanya kukanganiswa kwekusagona kuuraya permethrin mumunda uye kugadzira zvirongwa zvekutarisira kusagona kuuraya.
Kuchinja kwehutano hwehunhu hwemunhu muvanhu kunogona kubatsira kuratidza mupiro wavo wemajini uye kufanotaura remangwana revanhu. Zvipembenene zvinosangana nezvinhu zvakawanda zvinoshungurudza panguva yemabasa avo ezuva nezuva munharaunda. Kusangana nemakemikari ekurima kunokonzera kushushikana, uye zvipembenene zvinoshandisa simba rakawanda kushandura maitiro emajini, emuviri, uye maitiro mukupindura kumakemikari aya, dzimwe nguva zvichitungamira mukudzivisa nekukonzera shanduko panzvimbo dzakatarwa kana kugadzira zvinhu zvinobvisa chepfu. Enzimu 26. Zviito zvakadaro zvinowanzodhura uye zvinogona kukanganisa kurarama kwezvipembenene zvinodzivirira zvipembenene27. Zvisinei, kushaikwa kwemari yekusimba muzvipembenene zvinodzivirira zvipembenene kunogona kukonzerwa nekushaikwa kwemigumisiro yakaipa yepleiotropic inobatanidzwa neresistance alleles42. Kana pasina majini ekudzivisa akakanganisa physiology yezvipembenene zvinodzivirira, kuramba zvipembenene hakuzove kunodhura zvakanyanya, uye zvipembenene zvinodzivirira hazvizoratidzi mwero wezviitiko zvehupenyu kupfuura rudzi rwechirwere. Kubva pakusarura kusina kunaka 24. Pamusoro pezvo, nzira dzekudzivisa detoxification enzymes43 uye/kana kuvapo kwekuchinja majini44 muzvipembenene zvinodzivirira zvipembenene zvinogona kuvandudza hutano hwavo.
Chidzidzo ichi chakaratidza kuti mhando dzePerm-R nePerm-F dzisingapindi permethrin dzaive nehupenyu hupfupi vasati vakura, hupenyu hurefu, nguva pfupi isati yasvika oviposition, uye mazuva mashoma oviposition zvichienzaniswa nePerm-S inonzwa permethrin uye kubereka kwezai refu uye mwero wepamusoro wekurarama. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nehuwandu hwekupedzisira, hwemukati, uye hwese hwekubereka huwedzere uye nguva pfupi yekugadzirwa kwemhando dzePerm-R nePerm-F zvichienzaniswa nePerm-S. Kuonekwa kwekutanga kwenzvimbo dzakakwirira uye vxj dzemhando dzePerm-R nePerm-F kunoratidza kuti huwandu hwemhando idzi huchakura nekukurumidza kupfuura mhando dzePerm-S. Zvichienzaniswa nemhando dzePerm-S, mhando dzePerm-F nePerm-R dzakaratidza huwandu hwakaderera uye hwakakwira hwepermethrin, zvichiteerana29,30. Kugadziriswa kwakaonekwa muzvikamu zvehupenyu zvemhando dzepermethrin dzisingapindi permethrin kunoratidza kuti kuramba permethrin hakudhuri zvakanyanya uye kunogona kunge kusipo mukugoverwa kwezviwanikwa zvemuviri kuti zvikunde kuramba zvipembenene uye kuita mabasa ezvebhayoloji. Kubvumirana 24.
Zviyero zvehupenyu kana mari yekusimba kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvipembenene zvisingaurayi zvipembenene zvakaongororwa muzvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana, asi nemhedzisiro inopikisana. Semuenzaniso, Abbas et al. 45 vakadzidza mhedzisiro yekusarudzwa kwemushonga wezvipembenene weimidacloprid murabhoritari pahunhu hwemhuka dzenhunzi. Kusasimba kweImidacloprid kunoisa mari yekuchinjika pamarudzi ega ega, zvichikanganisa kubereka kwenhunzi dzemumba, kurarama pamatanho akasiyana ekukura, nguva yekukura, nguva yekubereka, kugona kwehupenyu uye mwero wekukura kwemukati. Kusiyana kwemari yekusimba kwenhunzi dzemumba nekuda kwekusasimba kwemishonga yezvipembenene yepyrethroid uye kusasangana nemishonga yezvipembenene kwakashumwa46. Kusarudzwa kwebhakitiriya remumba murabhoritari rine spinosad kunoisawo mari yekusimba pazviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu zvichienzaniswa nemarudzi anonzwa kana asina kusarudzwa27. Basit et al24 vakashuma kuti kusarudzwa kwemurabhoritari kweBemisia tabaci (Gennadius) neacetamiprid kwakaita kuti mitengo yekusimba iderere. Mhando dzakaongororwa dzeacetamiprid dzakaratidza mwero wekubereka wakakwira, mwero wekupinda mukati, uye kugona kwehupenyu kupfuura mhando dzinobatwa nemurabhoritari uye mhando dzisina kuongororwa dzemunda. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, Valmorbida et al. 47 yakashuma kuti aphid yeMatsumura inodzivirira pyrethroid inopa simba rekubereka rakanaka uye inoderedza mari yekusimba kwemhuka dzinodya zvipembenene.
Kuvandudzwa kwehunhu hwezvinhu zvipenyu zvemarudzi anodzivirira permethrin kunoshamisa kuti kutarisirwa kwenhunzi dzemumba kubudirire. Humwe hunhu hwenhunzi dzemumba, kana hukaonekwa mumunda, hunogona kutungamira mukukura kwekusagona kudzivirira permethrin muvanhu vanorapwa zvakanyanya. Mhando dzinodzivirira permethrin hadzina kupesana nepropoxur, imidacloprid, profenofos, chlorpyrifos, spinosad uye spinosad-ethyl29,30. Muchiitiko ichi, kutenderera mishonga yezvipembenene ine nzira dzakasiyana dzekuita kungave sarudzo yakanakisa yekunonotsa kukura kwekusagona kudzivirira uye kudzora kubuda kwenhunzi dzemumba. Kunyangwe data rakapihwa pano rakavakirwa padata rerabhoritari, kuvandudzwa kwehunhu hwezvinhu zvipenyu zvemarudzi anodzivirira permethrin kunokosha uye kunoda kutariswa zvakanyanya pakudzora nhunzi dzemumba mumunda. Kunzwisisa kwakawanda nezvekupararira kwenzvimbo dzinodzivirira permethrin kunodiwa kuti kunonotse kukura kwekusagona kudzivirira uye kuchengetedza kushanda kwayo kwenguva yakareba.
Nguva yekutumira: Gumiguru-25-2024