Kushandiswa kwepermetrin(pyrethroid) chinhu chakakosha mukudzivirira zvipembenene mumhuka, huku uye nzvimbo dzemumaguta pasi rose, zvichida nekuda kwehupfu hwayo hushoma kune mhuka dzinoyamwisa uye kubudirira kwepamusoro kurwisa zvipembenene 13. Permethrin ndeye yakakura-spectrummushonga wezvipembeneneizvo zvakaratidza kuti zvinoshanda pakurwisa twupukanana twupukanana, kusanganisira nhunzi dzemumba. Pyrethroid insecticides inoshanda pavoltage-gated sodium chiteshi mapuroteni, ichikanganisa kuita kwakajairika kwenzira dzepore, zvichikonzera kupfurwa kwakapetwa, kuremara, uye pakupedzisira kufa kwetsinga dzakasangana netumbuyu. Kugara uchishandiswa kwepermetrin muzvirongwa zvekudzivirira zvipembenene kwakakonzera kurwisa kwakapararira mumhando dzakasiyana dzezvipembenene, 16,17,18,19, kusanganisira nhunzi20,21. Kuwedzera kwekutaura kwema metabolic detoxification enzymes akadai se glutathione transferases kana cytochrome P450, pamwe nenzvimbo yakanangwa insensitivity yakawanikwa iri nzira huru dzinotungamira kupermetrin resistance22.
Kana rudzi ruchiunza mari inogadziriswa nekugadzira kurwisa kwezvipembenene, izvi zvinoderedza kukura kwekurwisa alleles patinowedzera kudzvanywa kwesarudzo nekumbomira kushandiswa kweimwe mishonga yezvipembenene kana kutsiva imwe mishonga yezvipembenene. Zvipembenene zvisingadziviriri zvichatangazve kunzwa. Hairatidzi kupikisa-kupikisa27,28. Naizvozvo, kuti ubudirire kubata zvipembenene uye kurwisa zvipembenene, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise zviri nani kuramba kwezvipembenene, kuchinjika, uye kutaura kwehunhu hwehupenyu hwezvipembenene zvinoramba. Kupokana uye kuyambuka-kupokana nepermethrin mumba nhunzi kwakambotaurwa muPunjab, Pakistan7,29. Nekudaro, ruzivo rwekuchinjika kwezvipenyu zvenhunzi dzemumba haripo. Chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekuongorora hunhu hwebhayoloji uye kuongorora matafura ehupenyu kuti uone kana mutsauko mukusimba uripo pakati pemapemethrin-resistant strains uye hutambudziko. Idzi data richabatsira kuenderera mberi nekunzwisisa kwedu kwekukanganisa kwepermetrin kuramba mumunda uye kugadzira zvirongwa zvekuramba.
Shanduko mukusimba kwehunhu hwebhayoloji hwemunhu muhuwandu hunogona kubatsira kuburitsa mupiro wavo uye kufanotaura ramangwana rehuwandu. Zvipembenene zvinosangana nematambudziko akawanda panguva yemabasa avo ezuva nezuva munharaunda. Kuratidzira kune agrochemicals kushungurudza, uye zvipembenene zvinoshandisa simba rakawanda kushandura genetic, physiological, uye maitiro ekuzvibata mukupindura makemikari aya, dzimwe nguva anotungamirira kukurwisana nekukonzera kuchinja kune nzvimbo dzakanangwa kana kubudisa zvinhu zvinosvibisa. Enzyme 26. Kuita kwakadai kunodhura uye kunogona kukanganisa kushanda kwetwumbuyu twusingatyi27. Zvisinei, kushayikwa kwemari yehutano muzvipembenene zvinopikisa zvipembenene zvinogona kunge zvakakonzerwa nekushayikwa kwemaitiro akaipa epleiotropic ane chokuita nekurwisa alleles42. Kana pasina yemajini ekupikisa yaikanganisa physiology yechipembenene chinoshingirira, kuramba kwezvipembenene kwaisazodhura zvakanyanya, uye chipembenene chinoshingirira hachizoratidze mwero wepamusoro wezviitiko zvebhayoloji pane kuomerwa. Kubva pakusarura kwakashata 24. Mukuwedzera, nzira dzekudzivirira kwe detoxification enzymes43 uye / kana kuvapo kwekugadzirisa magene44 muzvipembenene zvinodzivirira zvipembenene zvinogona kuvandudza hutano hwavo.
Chidzidzo ichi chakaratidza kuti mapemethrin-resistant strains Perm-R nePerm-F aive nehupenyu hupfupi asati akura, hupenyu hurefu, nguva pfupi isati yasvika, uye mazuva mashoma kusati kwasvika oviposition zvichienzaniswa nepermethrin-sensitive strain Perm- S uye zai refu. kubereka uye mwero wepamusoro wekupona. Aya makosi akakonzera kuwedzera terminal, mukati, uye mambure ekubereka mazinga uye ipfupi avhareji yechizvarwa nguva yemhando dzePerm-R uye Perm-F zvichienzaniswa nekunetsa Perm-S. Kuitika kwekutanga kwenhongonya dzepamusoro uye vxj yePerm-R nePerm-F strains inoratidza kuti huwandu hwemhando idzi huchakura nekukurumidza kupfuura Perm-S strain. Kuenzaniswa nePerm-S strains, Perm-F uye Perm-R strains yakaratidza yakaderera uye yakakwirira mazinga epermetrin kuramba, zvakateerana29,30. Iko kucherechedzwa kuchinjika muzvikamu zvehupenyu zvepermethrin-resistant strains inoratidza kuti kuramba kwepermetrin hakudhure zvine simba uye kunogona kunge kusipo mukugovewa kwezviwanikwa zvemuviri kukunda kuramba kwezvipembenene uye kuita zviitiko zvehupenyu. Compromise 24.
Iyo biological parameters kana kusimba kwekusimba kwezvipembenene-zvipembenene zvemhando dzezvipembenene zvakasiyana zvakaongororwa muzvidzidzo zvakasiyana, asi nemhedzisiro inopesana. Somuenzaniso, Abbas et al. 45 yakadzidza mhedzisiro yekusarudzwa kwerabhoritari yeipembenene imidacloprid pahunhu hwehupenyu hwenhunzi. Imidacloprid kuramba inoisa mari yekuchinjisa pamhando dzega, zvichikanganisa kubereka kwenhunzi, kurarama pamatanho akasiyana ekukura, nguva yebudiriro, nguva yechizvarwa, kugona kwebiological uye mwero wekukura kwemukati. Misiyano yemitengo yekusimba yenhunzi dzemumba nekuda kwekushomeka kwezvipembenene zvepyrethroid uye kushaikwa kwekusangana nemishonga yezvipembenene zvakashumwa46. Kusarudzwa kwerabhoritari yemabhakitiriya emumba ane spinosad inoisawo mari yekusimba pane dzakasiyana siyana zviitiko zvebhaibheri zvichienzaniswa neanonzwa kana asina kusarudzwa strains27. Basit et al24 vakashuma kuti kusarudzwa kwerabhoritari yeBemisia tabaci (Gennadius) ine acetamiprid yakakonzera kuderedzwa kwemitengo yekusimba. Matambudziko akaongororwa acetamiprid airatidza mazinga akakwira ekubereka, mazinga ekupinda mukati, uye zvipenyu zvisingakwanisi kupfuura marabhoritari-anobatwa nemarara uye asina kuedzwa emumunda. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, Valmorbida et al. 47 yakashuma kuti pyrethroid-resistant Matsumura aphid inopa kuvandudzwa kwekuita kubereka uye kuderedza mari yehutano kune zviitiko zvebiotic.
Kuvandudzwa kwehunhu hwebhayoloji hwemhando dzinodzivirira permethrin kuri kushamisa mukubudirira kwekuchengetedza nhunzi dzepamba. Zvimwe zvipenyu zvehupenyu hwenhunzi dzemba, kana zvikaonekwa mumunda, zvinogona kutungamira mukusimudzirwa kwepermetrin kuramba muvanhu vanobatwa zvakanyanya. Permethrin-resistant strains haisi kuyambuka-inopikisa propoxur, imidacloprid, profenofos, chlorpyrifos, spinosad uye spinosad-ethyl29,30. Muchiitiko ichi, kutenderera kwezvipembenene nenzira dzakasiyana dzekuita kungave sarudzo yakanakisa yekunonoka kukura kwekupokana nekudzora kubuda kwenhunzi dzemba. Kunyangwe ruzivo rwakapihwa pano rwakavakirwa padhata remurabhoritari, kuvandudzwa kwehunhu hwebhayoloji hwemhando dzinodzivirira permethrin kune hanya uye kunoda kutariswa kwakanyanya kana uchidzora nhunzi mumunda. Kumwe kunzwisiswa kwekugoverwa kwenzvimbo dzekupikiswa kwepermetrin kunodiwa kuti kunonoke kukura kwekupikisa uye kuchengetedza kushanda kwayo kwenguva yakareba.
Nguva yekutumira: Oct-25-2024