Mambure emushonga anouraya zvipembenene anogara kwenguva refu (ILNs) anowanzoshandiswa sechidziviriro chemuviri kudzivirira kutapukira kwemalaria. MuAfrica yekumaodzanyemba kweSahara, imwe yenzira dzakakosha zvikuru dzekudzikisa chirwere chemalaria kushandiswa kweILNs. Nekudaro, ruzivo rwekushandiswa kweILNs muEthiopia ishoma. Nokudaro, chidzidzo ichi chine chinangwa chekuongorora kushandiswa kweILN uye zvinhu zvakabatana pakati pemhuri muWest Arsi County, Oromia State, Southern Ethiopia muna 2023. Kuongororwa kwevanhu-based cross-sectional kwakaitwa muWest Arsi County kubva 1 kusvika 30 May 2023 nemuenzaniso we2808 dzimba. Data yakaunganidzwa kubva kudzimba uchishandisa yakarongwa mubvunzurudzo-inotungamirwa mibvunzo. Mashoko acho akaongororwa, akaiswa coded uye akapinda muEpiinfo version 7 ndokubva acheneswa nekuongororwa achishandisa SPSS version 25. Kuongorora kunotsanangurwa kwakashandiswa kuratidza mafrequency, zviyero uye magirafu. Binary logistic regression analysis yakaverengerwa uye misiyano ine p values isingasviki 0.25 yakasarudzwa kuti ibatanidzwe mumultivariate modhi. Muenzaniso wekupedzisira wakadudzirwa pachishandiswa zvakagadziridzwa odds ratios (95% nguva yekuvimba, p kukosha isingasviki 0.05) kuratidza kubatanidzwa kwenhamba pakati pemhedzisiro uye yakazvimirira. Dzinosvika 2389 (86.2%) dzimba dzine mambure ekuuraya zvipembenene kwenguva refu ayo anogona kushandiswa pakurara. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwese kwemambure ekuuraya zvipembenene kwenguva refu kwaiva 69.9% (95% CI 68.1–71.8). Kushandiswa kwemambure ekuuraya zvipembenene kwenguva refu kwakabatanidzwa zvakanyanya nekuve musoro wechikadzi weimba (AOR 1.69; 95% CI 1.33-4.15), nhamba yemakamuri akasiyana muimba (AOR 1.80; 95% CI 1.23-2.29), nguva yenguva refu yezvipembenene (AOR 1.5 CI 9; 9 net. 2.18-5.35), uye ruzivo rwakapindura (AOR 3.68; 95% CI 2.48-6.97). Kushandiswa kwese kwemambure ekuuraya zvipembenene kwenguva refu pakati pedzimba muEthiopia kwaive kwakaderera kana zvichienzaniswa nechiyero chenyika (≥ 85). Ongororo yacho yakawana kuti zvinhu zvakaita semukuru wemhuri wechikadzi, nhamba yemakamuri akasiyana mumba, nguva yekutsiviwa kwemambure ekuuraya zvipembenene kwenguva refu uye nhanho yeruzivo rwevakapindura vaive fungidziro yekushandiswa kweLLIN nenhengo dzemhuri. Nokudaro, kuitira kuti kuwedzere kushandiswa kweLLIN, West Alsi District Health Office uye vanobatana vanofanira kupa ruzivo rwakakodzera kuvanhu uye kusimbisa kushandiswa kweLLIN paimba.
Malaria idambudziko guru rehutano hweveruzhinji pasi rose uye chirwere chinotapukira chinokonzera kurwara kwakanyanya uye kufa. Chirwere ichi chinokonzerwa neutachiona hweprotozoan hwerudzi rwePlasmodium, hunotapurirwa nekurumwa nemosquitoes yechikadzi inonzi Anopheles1,2. Vanhu vanosvika mabhiriyoni 3.3 vari panjodzi yemarariya, nenjodzi huru kwazvo musub-Saharan Africa (SSA)3. Gwaro reWorld Health Organisation (WHO) 2023 rinoratidza kuti chidimbu chevanhu pasi rose vari panjodzi yekubatwa nemarariya, uye munyika makumi maviri nepfumbamwe, vanhu vanosvika 233 miriyoni vabatwa nemarariya, vanhu vanosvika 580 000 vafa, vana vari pasi pemakore mashanu pamwe nemadzimai akazvitakura vari ivo vanonyanya kubatwa nemarariya.
Ongororo dzakapfuura muEthiopia dzakaratidza kuti zvinhu zvinopesvedzera kushandiswa kwemambure kwenguva refu zvinosanganisira ruzivo rwenzira dzekutapurirana nemarariya, ruzivo rwunopihwa nevashandi vezvehutano (HEWs), mishandirapamwe yenhau, dzidzo munzvimbo dzehutano, mafungiro uye kusagadzikana mumuviri pakurara pasi pemambure ehumhutu kwenguva refu, kusakwanisa kuturika mambure ehumhutu aripo kwenguva refu, kusakwana kwezvivakwa zvekuturika humhutu husina kukwana, kudzidzisa kusakwana kwehumhutu. mambure, njodzi dzemalaria, uye kusaziva zvakanakira mambure eumhutu. 17,20,21 Zvidzidzo zvakaratidzawo kuti mamwe maitiro, kusanganisira ukuru hweimba, makore, nhoroondo yekukuvara, ukuru, chimiro, ruvara, uye nhamba yenzvimbo dzekurara, zvinosanganiswa nekushandiswa kwenguva refu kwe mosquito net. 5,17,18,22 Zvisinei, zvimwe zvidzidzo hazvina kuwana kushamwaridzana kwakakosha pakati pehupfumi hwemhuri uye nguva yekushandiswa kwe mosquito net3,23.
Mambure eumhutu anogara kwenguva refu, akakura zvakakwana kuti aiswe munzvimbo dzokurara, akawanikwa achishandiswa kakawanda, uye zvidzidzo zvakawanda munyika dzine marariya zvakasimbisa kukosha kwadzo mukuderedza kusangana kwevanhu nemarariya vectors nezvimwe zvirwere zvinotapukirwa nevector7,19,23. Munzvimbo dzine marariya, kuparadzirwa kwemambure eumhutu kwenguva refu kwakaratidzwa kuderedza kuitika kwemarariya, zvirwere zvakakomba, uye nzufu dzine chokuita nemarariya. Mambure eumhutu akaiswa mishonga yezvipembenene akaonekwa kuti anoderedza chirwere chemalaria nechikamu che48–50%. Kana akashandiswa zvakanyanya, mambure aya anogona kudzivirira 7% yekufa kwevana vari pasi pemakore mashanu pasi rose24 uye ane chekuita nekudzikira kukuru kwenjodzi yekuzvara huremu hushoma uye kurasikirwa kwe fetal25.
Hazvizivikanwe kuti vanhu vanoziva kusvika papi nezvekushandiswa kwemambure ekuuraya zvipembenene kwenguva refu uye kuti vanoatenga kusvika papi. Maonero nerunyerekupe pamusoro pekusaturika mambure zvachose, achiaturika zvisizvo uye munzvimbo isiri iyo, uye kusaisa pamberi pevana nevakadzi vane pamuviri vanokodzera kunyatsoferefetwa. Rimwe dambudziko maonero everuzhinji nezvebasa remambure ekuuraya zvipembenene kwenguva refu mukudzivirira marariya. 23 Huwandu hwemarariya hwakanyanya munzvimbo dzakadzika dzeWest Arsi County, uye ruzivo rwekushandisa mudzimba uye munharaunda mambure ekuuraya zvipembenene kwenguva refu kushoma. Nokudaro, chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaiva chekuongorora kuwanda kwekushandisa mambure ekuuraya zvipembenene kwenguva refu uye zvinhu zvakabatana pakati pemhuri muWest Arsi County, Oromia Region, kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweEthiopia.
Ongororo yenharaunda-yakavakirwa muchinjiko-chikamu yakaitwa kubva 1 kusvika 30 Chivabvu 2023 muWest Arsi County. West Arsi County iri muOromia Dunhu rekumaodzanyemba kweEthiopia, 250 km kubva kuAddis Ababa. Huwandu hwevanhu vedunhu iri 2,926,749, hunosanganisira 1,434,107 varume ne1,492,642 vakadzi. MuRuwa rweWest Arsi, vanhu vanofungidzirwa kuva 963 102 mumatunhu matanhatu netaundi rimwe vanogara vari pangozi huru yemarariya; zvisinei, matunhu mapfumbamwe haana marariya. West Arsi County ine misha 352, iyo 136 ine marariya. Pakati penzvimbo dzehutano 356, 143 inzvimbo dzekudzivirira marariya uye kune 85 nzvimbo dzehutano, makumi matatu nembiri dziri munzvimbo dzine malaria. Zvipatara zvitatu kubva muzvishanu zvinorapa varwere vemalaria. Nzvimbo iyi ine nzizi nenzvimbo dzemadiridziro dzakakodzera kuberekesa mosquito. Muna 2021, 312,224 mishonga yezvipembenene inogara kwenguva refu yakagoverwa munharaunda kuti ipindurwe nechimbichimbi, uye chikamu chechipiri che150,949 chenguva refu chezvipembenene chakagoverwa muna 2022-26.
Huwandu hwevanhu hwaionekwa semhuri dzese mudunhu reWest Alsi uye avo vanogara mudunhu iri panguva yekudzidza.
Nhamba yekudzidza yakasarudzwa kubva kumhuri dzose dzakakodzera munharaunda yeWest Alsi, pamwe chete nevaya vanogara munzvimbo dzine njodzi huru yemarariya panguva yekudzidza.
Mhuri dzose dziri mumisha yakasarudzwa yeWest Alsi County uye dzichigara munzvimbo yekudzidza kwemwedzi inopfuura mitanhatu dzakabatanidzwa muchidzidzo.
Mhuri dzisina kugamuchira LLIN panguva yekugovera uye avo vasingakwanisi kupindura nekuda kwekunzwa nekutadza kutaura vakabviswa muchidzidzo.
Saizi yekuenzanisira yechinangwa chechipiri chezvikonzero zvine chekuita nekushandiswa kweLLIN yakaverengerwa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwefomati uchishandisa Epi info version 7 statistical computing software. Tichifunga 95% CI, 80% simba uye chiyero chemugumisiro we 61.1% muboka risina kuvharwa, kufungidzira kwakatorwa kubva pakuongorora kwakaitwa pakati peIndia13 vachishandisa misoro yemhuri isina kudzidza sechinhu chinoshanduka, ine OR ye1.25. Kushandisa fungidziro dziri pamusoro apa uye kuenzanisa kusiyanisa nenhamba huru, kushanduka "musoro weimba pasina dzidzo" yakaonekwa seyekupedzisira kuenzanisa saizi yekutsunga, sezvo yakapa saizi yakakura ye2808 vanhu.
Saizi yemuenzaniso yakagoverwa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemhuri mumusha wega wega uye dzimba 2808 dzakasarudzwa kubva mumisha yakatevedzana vachishandisa nzira iri nyore yesampling. Huwandu hwemhuri mumusha wega wega hwakatorwa kubva kuVillage Health Information System (CHIS). Mhuri yekutanga yakasarudzwa nerotari. Kana imba yemudzidzi wekudzidza yakavharwa panguva yekuunganidza data, huwandu hwemabvunzurudzo maviri ekutevera akaitwa uye izvi zvakaonekwa sezvisina mhinduro.
Misiyano yakazvimiririra yaive hunhu hwemagariro evanhu (zera, chimiro chewanano, chitendero, dzidzo, basa, ukuru hwemhuri, nzvimbo yekugara, dzinza nemari yemwedzi wega wega), ruzivo rweruzivo uye zvinosiyana zvine chekuita nekushandiswa kwenguva refu kwemambure ekuuraya zvipembenene.
Mhuri dzakabvunzwa mibvunzo gumi nemitatu pamusoro peruzivo pamusoro pekushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene kwenguva refu. Mhinduro chaiyo yakapihwa 1 poindi, uye mhinduro isiriyo yakapihwa 0 zvibodzwa. Mushure mekupfupisa zvibodzwa zvemudzidzi wega wega, avhareji yezvibodzwa yakaverengerwa, uye vatori vechikamu vane zvibodzwa zviri pamusoro peavhareji vakaonekwa sevane “ruzivo rwakanaka” uye vatori vechikamu vane zvibodzwa zviri pasi peavhareji vaionekwa sevane ruzivo “hurombo” nezvekushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene kwenguva refu.
Data yakaunganidzwa pachishandiswa mibvunzo yakarongeka inotungamirirwa chiso nechiso nemubvunzurudzo uye yakagadziriswa kubva mumabhuku akasiyana-siyana2,3,7,19. Chidzidzo ichi chaisanganisira hunhu hwevanhu, hunhu hwezvakatipoteredza uye ruzivo rwevatori vechikamu rwekushandiswa kweISIS. Data yakaunganidzwa kubva kuvanhu makumi maviri nevasere vari munzvimbo yemarariya, kunze kwenzvimbo dzavo dzekuunganidza data uye inotariswa zuva nezuva nevanomwe marariya nyanzvi kubva kunzvimbo dzehutano.
Gwaro remibvunzo rakagadzirwa muchiRungu rikaturikirwa mumutauro weko (Afan Oromo) rozoturikirwa zvakare muchiRungu kuti ritariswe kuti rinoenderana here. Gwaro remibvunzo rakamboongororwa pa5% yemuenzaniso (135) kunze kwenzvimbo yehutano yeongororo. Mushure mekuongororwa kusati kwaitwa, gwaro remibvunzo rakagadziridzwa kuti rigone kujekeswa uye kurerutsa mazwi. Kucheneswa kwedata, kukwana, chiyero uye logic cheki yakaitwa nguva nenguva kuti ive nechokwadi chemhando yedata isati yapinda. Mushure mekutarisa nemutariri, data yose isina kukwana uye isingaenderani yakabviswa kubva kune data. Vanounganidza data nevatariri vakagamuchira kudzidziswa kwezuva rimwe chete uye sei ruzivo rwekuunganidza. Muongorori akatarisisa vanotora data nevatariri kuti vaone mhando yedata panguva yekuunganidza data.
Mashoko acho akaongororwa kuti akarurama uye akaenzana, ndokuzonyorwa ndokupinda muEpi-info version 7, ndokuzocheneswa nokuongororwa achishandisa SPSS version 25. Nhamba dzinotsanangura dzakadai sefrequencies, proportions, uye grafu dzakashandiswa kuratidza migumisiro. Bivariate binary logistic regression analyzes yakaverengerwa, uye covariates ine p values isingasviki 0.25 muiyo bivariate modhi yakasarudzwa kuti ibatanidzwe mumultivariate modhi. Iyo yekupedzisira modhi yakadudzirwa ichishandisa yakagadziridzwa odds ratios, 95% nguva yekuvimba, uye p kukosha <0.05 kuona kushamwaridzana pakati pemhedzisiro uye yakazvimirira. Multicollinearity yakaedzwa pachishandiswa chiyero chikanganiso (SE), icho chaive chiri pasi pe2 muchidzidzo ichi. Iyo Hosmer neLemeshow kunaka-kwe-fit bvunzo yakashandiswa kuyedza iyo modhi yakakodzera, uye kukosha kwep kweHosmer neLemeshow bvunzo muchidzidzo ichi yaive 0.746.
Asati aita chidzidzo, mvumo yetsika yakawanikwa kubva kuWest Elsea County Board of Health Ethics Committee maererano neDeclaration of Helsinki. Mushure mekutsanangura chinangwa chekudzidza, tsamba dzemvumo dzepamutemo dzakawanikwa kubva kudunhu rakasarudzwa uye mahofisi ehutano eguta. Vatori vechikamu vakaziviswa nezvechinangwa cheongororo, kuvanzika, uye kuvanzika. Mvumo yemashoko yakawanikwa kubva kune vatori vechikamu chidzidzo pamberi pemaitiro chaiwo ekuunganidza data. Mazita evakapindura haana kunyorwa, asi mumwe nomumwe anopindura akapiwa code yekuchengetedza zvakavanzika.
Pakati pevakapindura, vazhinji (2738, 98.8%) vakanga vanzwa nezvekushandiswa kwemishonga inogara kwenguva refu. Nezvekunobva ruzivo pamusoro pekushandiswa kwezvipembenene zvenguva refu, vazhinji vevakapindura 2202 (71.1%) vakagamuchira kubva kune avo vanochengeta utano. Vanenge vese vakapindura 2735 (99.9%) vaiziva kuti mishonga yezvipembenene yakabvaruka kwenguva refu inogona kugadziriswa. Vanenge vose vakapinda 2614 (95.5%) vaiziva nezvemishonga inouraya zvipembenene kwenguva refu sezvo vachikwanisa kudzivirira malaria. Vazhinji vedzimba dze2529 (91.5%) vaive neruzivo rwakanaka nezvezvipembenene zvinogara kwenguva refu. Nhamba yehuwandu hweruzivo rwemhuri pamusoro pekushandiswa kwezvipembenene zvenguva refu yaive 7.77 nekutsauka kwakajairwa kwe ± 0.91 (Tafura 2).
Mukuongorora kwebivariate yezvinhu zvine chekuita nekushandiswa kwenguva refu kwe mosquito net, zvinosiyana senge murume anopindura, nzvimbo yekugara, ukuru hwemhuri, mamiriro edzidzo, mamiriro ewanano, basa remumhan'ari, nhamba yemakamuri akasiyana mumba, ruzivo rwemambure anogara kwenguva refu, nzvimbo yekutenga mambure anogara kwenguva refu, nguva yekushandiswa kwemosquito yenguva refu mumba, uye nguva yekushandiswa kwemosquito yenguva refu. nekushandisa mambure kwenguva refu. Mushure mekugadzirisa zvinhu zvinokanganisa, zvose zvakasiyana-siyana nep-value <0.25 mu bivariate analysis zvakabatanidzwa mu multivariate logistic regression analysis.
Chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaiva chekuongorora kushandiswa kwemambure ekuuraya zvipembenene kwenguva refu uye zvinhu zvinobatanidzwa mudzimba muWest Arsi County, Ethiopia. Chidzidzo chacho chakawana kuti zvinhu zvine chokuita nekushandiswa kwemambure ekuuraya zvipembenene kwenguva refu zvinosanganisira chikadzi chevanhu vakapindura, nhamba yemakamuri akasiyana-siyana muimba, nguva yakareba inodiwa kuti itsive mambure ekuuraya zvipembenene kwenguva refu, uye chiyero chezivo yevakapindura, iyo yakanyatsobatanidzwa nekushandiswa kwemambure anogara kwenguva refu.
Kusiyana uku kunogona kunge kuri nekuda kwekusiyana kwehukuru hwemuenzaniso, huwandu hwechidzidzo, marongero ezvidzidzo zvedunhu, uye mamiriro ehupfumi. Parizvino, muEthiopia, Ministry of Health iri kuita maitiro akawanda ekuderedza mutoro wemarariya nekubatanidza kupindira kwekudzivirira marariya muzvirongwa zvehutano hwekutanga, izvo zvinogona kubatsira kuderedza zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nemarariya uye kufa.
Zvakabuda muongororo iyi zvakaratidza kuti vakuru vedzimba vechikadzi ndivo vanowanzoshandisa mishonga inouraya zvipembenene kwenguva refu kana zvichienzaniswa nevarume. Kuwana uku kunopindirana nezvidzidzo zvakaitwa muIlugalan County5, Raya Alamata Region33 uye Arbaminchi Town34, Ethiopia, izvo zvakaratidza kuti vakadzi ndivo vainyanya kushandisa mishonga inouraya zvipembenene kupfuura varume. Izvi zvinogona zvakare kuve mhedzisiro yetsika dzechivanhu munharaunda yeEthiopiya dzinokoshesa vakadzi pamusoro pevarume, uye kana vakadzi vava misoro yedzimba, varume vari pasi pekumanikidzwa kudiki kuti vasarudze kushandisa mishonga yezvipembenene inogara kwenguva refu ivo pachavo. Pamusoro pezvo, chidzidzo ichi chakaitwa kumaruwa, uko tsika dzechivanhu nemagariro evanhu vanogona kunge vachiremekedza madzimai akazvitakura uye kuvapa pekutanga mukushandisa mishonga inouraya zvipembenene kwenguva refu kudzivirira chirwere chemalaria.
Chimwe chiwanikwa cheongororo chakaratidza kuti huwandu hwemakamuri akasiyana mudzimba dzevatori vechikamu hwaienderana zvakanyanya nekushandiswa kwemambure ekudzivirira mosquito akasimba. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvakasimbiswa nezvidzidzo muEast Belessa7, Garan5, Adama21 uye Bahir Dar20 matunhu. Izvi zvingakonzerwa nokuti mhuri dzine makamuri mashoma akaparadzana mumba dzinowanzoshandisa mambure eumhutu anogara kwenguva refu, nepo mhuri dzine makamuri akaparadzana akawanda mumba uye nhengo dzemhuri dzakawanda dzinowanzoshandisa mambure anogara kwenguva refu, izvo zvingaguma nokushomeka kwemambure eumhutu mudzimba dzose dzakasiyana.
Nguva yekutsiviwa kwemambure ekuuraya zvipembenene kwenguva refu yakanyatsoenderana nekushandiswa kwemumba kwemambure ekuuraya zvipembenene kwenguva refu. Vanhu vakatsiva mambure ekuuraya zvipembenene anogara kwenguva refu kusvika makore matatu apfuura vaiwanzoshandisa mambure ekuuraya zvipembenene kwenguva refu kupfuura avo vakachinjwa makore asingasviki matatu apfuura. Kuwana uku kunoenderana nezvidzidzo zvakaitwa mudhorobha reArbaminchi, Ethiopia34 nekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweEthiopia20. Izvi zvingadaro nokuti mhuri dzine mukana wokutenga mambure eumhutu matsva kuti atsive ekare angangoshandisa mambure ekuuraya zvipembenene kwenguva refu pakati pemitezo yemhuri, iyo inogona kunzwa yakagutsikana uye ichikurudzirwa zvikuru kushandisa mambure matsva ekudzivirira marariya.
Zvimwe zvakabuda muongororo iyi zvakaratidza kuti dzimba dzine ruzivo rwakakwana pamusoro pemishonga yezvipembenene inogara kwenguva yakareba dzine mukana wakapetwa kana wekushandisa mishonga inogara kwenguva refu kana zvichienzaniswa nedzimba dzine ruzivo rushoma. Kuwana uku kunoenderanawo nezvidzidzo zvakaitwa muHawassa nekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweEthiopia18,22. Izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa nenyaya yekuti sezvo ruzivo rwemhuri uye ruzivo nezve nzira dzekudzivirira kutapurirana, njodzi, kuomarara uye matanho ekudzivirira chirwere ega anowedzera, mukana wekutora matanho ekudzivirira unowedzera. Uyezve, ruzivo rwakanaka uye maonero akanaka enzira dzekudzivirira marariya zvinokurudzira tsika yekushandisa mishonga inogara kwenguva refu. Naizvozvo, kupindira kwekuchinja maitiro kune chinangwa chekukurudzira kutevedzera zvirongwa zvekudzivirira marariya pakati penhengo dzemhuri nekukoshesa magariro netsika uye dzidzo yepasi rose.
Ichi chidzidzo chakashandisa dhizaini-chikamu uye hukama hwechikonzero hahuratidzirwe. Rangarira kurerekera kunogona kunge kwakaitika. Kutariswa kwemambure epamubhedha kunosimbisa kuti kutaura nezvezvimwe zvakabuda muongororo (semuenzaniso, kushandisa mambure ehusiku hwapfuura, kuwacha mambure epamubhedha, uye mari yaanowana) kunobva pakuzvitaura, izvo zvinoenderana nekurerekera kwemhinduro.
Kushandiswa kwese kwemambure anogara kwenguva refu-akagadziriswa zvipembenene mudzimba aive akaderera kana achienzaniswa neyakajairwa nyika yeEthiopia (≥ 85). Ongororo iyi yakaratidza kuti kuwanda kwekushandisa mambure anouraya zvipembenene kwenguva refu kwakakanganiswa zvakanyanya nekuti mukuru wemba aive mukadzi here, mangani emakamuri akazvimiririra aive mumba, zvakatora nguva yakareba sei kutsiva mambure anogara kwenguva refu ane mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, uye kuti vakapindura vaive neruzivo rwakadii. Nokudaro, West Arsi County Health Authority uye vanobatanidzwa vakakodzera vanofanira kushanda kuti vawedzere kushandiswa kwemambure anogara kwenguva refu ane zvipembenene pamwero wemhuri kuburikidza nekuparadzira ruzivo uye kudzidziswa kwakakodzera, uyewo kuburikidza nekuenderera mberi kwekuchinja kwehutano kutaurirana kuwedzera kushandiswa kwemambure anogara kwenguva refu ane utachiona. Simbisai kudzidziswa kwevanozvipira, masangano enharaunda, uye vatungamiriri vezvitendero pamashandisirwo akafanira emambure anogara kwenguva refu ane mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene paimba.
Yese data yakawanikwa uye / kana kuongororwa panguva yekudzidza inowanika kubva kumunyori anowirirana pane chikumbiro chine musoro.
Nguva yekutumira: Mar-07-2025