Mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inoita basa rakakosha mukudzivirira nekudzora zvirwere zvekurima nemasango, kuvandudza goho rezviyo nekuvandudza kunaka kwezviyo, asi kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene kuchaunza mhedzisiro yakaipa pamhando nekuchengetedzwa kwezvigadzirwa zvekurima, hutano hwevanhu uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza.Gwaro reInternational Code of Conduct for Pesticide Management, rakapihwa pamwe chete neFood and Agriculture Organisation yeUnited Nations neWorld Health Organisation, rinoda kuti zviremera zvepasi rose zvigadzirise mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene kuti itange nzira yekunyoresa patsva kuti igare ichiongorora pamwe nekuwongorora mishonga yakanyoreswa mishonga.Ita shuwa kuti njodzi nyowani dzinoonekwa nenguva uye matanho anoshanda ekudzora anotorwa.
Parizvino, European Union, United States, Canada, Mexico, Australia, Japan, South Korea neThailand vakagadzira mushure mekunyoresa njodzi yekutarisa uye kuongorora zvakare masisitimu zvichienderana nemamiriro avo.
Kubva pakaitwa chirongwa chekunyoreswa kwezvipembenene muna 1982, zvinodikanwa zvekunyoresa zvipembenene zvakagadziridzwa katatu, uye zvinodiwa zvehunyanzvi uye zviyero zvekuongorora kuchengetedzwa zvakavandudzwa zvakanyanya, uye zvigadzirwa zvekare zvekare zvakanyoreswa hazvichakwanise kuzadzisa zvizere. ikozvino kuchengetedzwa kwekuongorora zvinodiwa.Mumakore achangopfuura, kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwezviwanikwa, kutsigirwa kweprojekiti uye mamwe matanho, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs yakaramba ichiwedzera kuchengetedzwa kwekunyoreswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene, uye kutsvaga uye kuongorora huwandu hwemhando dzemishonga ine muchetura uye ine njodzi.Semuyenzaniso, kune inotevera zvinodhaka ngozi ngozi metsulfuron-methyl, kwezvakatipoteredza ngozi flubendiamide uye ngozi yehutano hwevanhu paraquat, tanga chidzidzo chinokosha, uye kusuma inorambidzwa kudzora matanho panguva;Yakawedzera kubviswa phorate, isofenphos-methyl, isocarbophos, ethoprophos, omethoate, carbofuran muna 2022 uye 2023 Mishonga misere ine muchetura, yakadai semethomyl nealdicarb, yakaderedza chikamu chemishonga inouraya zvipembenene kusvika pasi pe1% yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemishonga yezvipembenene yakanyoreswa. , zvinobudirira kuderedza njodzi dzekuchengetedza pakushandisa mushonga wezvipembenene.
Kunyangwe China yakasimudzira zvishoma nezvishoma uye kuongorora mashandisirwo ekutarisa uye kuchengetedzwa kwekuongorora kwemishonga yezvipembenene yakanyoreswa, haisati yagadzira yakarongeka uye yakanangana nekuongorora zvakare mitemo nemirairo, uye basa rekuongororazve harina kukwana, maitiro haasati agadziriswa, uye chikuru. mutoro hauna kujeka, uye pachine mukaha mukuru kana uchienzaniswa nenyika dzakabudirira.Naizvozvo, kudzidza kubva kune yakura modhi uye ruzivo rweEuropean Union neUnited States, kujekesa maitiro ekuita uye zvinodiwa zvekuongororazve kunyoresa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene muChina, uye kuvaka mhando nyowani yekutonga kwezvipembenene inobatanidza kuongorora kunyoresa, kuongororazve uye kuenderera mberi kwekunyoresa. zvakakosha manejimendi zvemukati zvekunyatso chengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwekushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene uye budiriro yemaindasitiri.
1 Ongorora zvakare chikamu cheprojekiti
1.1 European Union
1.1.1 chirongwa chekuongorora chemhando dzekare
Muna 1993, European Commission (inonzi “European Commission”) maererano nezvinodiwa neDirective 91/414, mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inoda kusvika 1 000 yakanyoreswa kuti ishandiswe pamusika July 1993 asati asvika yakaongororwazve muzvikamu zvina.Muna Kurume 2009, ongororo yakapedzwa, uye nezve 250 zvinhu zvinoshandiswa, kana 26%, zvakanyoreswa zvakare nekuti zvakasangana nekuchengetedza zviyero;67% yezvigadzirwa zvinoshanda zvakabuda pamusika nekuda kweruzivo rusina kukwana, pasina bhizinesi application kana bhizinesi rekubvisa.Imwe 70 kana 7% yezvishandiso zvinoshandiswa zvakabviswa nekuti hazvina kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvekuongorora kutsva kwekuchengetedza.
1.1.2 ongororo yemvumo
Chisungo 21 cheEU Pesticide Management Act 1107/2009 itsva chinopa kuti European Commission panguva ipi zvayo inogona kutanga kuongororazve zvinhu zvakanyoreswa zvinoshanda, ndiko kuti, kuongororazve kwakakosha.Zvikumbiro zvekuongororwa patsva neNhengo dzeNyika muchiedza chezvitsva zvesainzi nehunyanzvi zvakawanikwa uye data rekutarisa zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa neKomisheni yekutanga kuongorora kwakakosha.Kana Komisheni ikaona kuti chinhu chinoshanda chinogona kunge chisisazadzise zvinodiwa zvekunyoresa, inozivisa Nyika dzeNhengo, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) nekambani inogadzira mamiriro ezvinhu uye isa zuva rekupedzisira rekuti kambani itumire chirevo.Komisheni inogona kutsvaga zano kana rubatsiro rwesainzi uye nehunyanzvi kubva kuNhengo dzeNyika neEFSA mukati memwedzi mitatu kubva pazuva rekugamuchira chikumbiro chezano kana rubatsiro rwehunyanzvi, uye EFSA ichaendesa maonero ayo kana mhedzisiro yebasa rayo mukati memwedzi mitatu kubva zuva rekugamuchira chikumbiro.Kana zvikagumiswa kuti chinhu chinoshanda hachichazadzisa zvinodiwa zvekunyoresa kana kuti rumwe ruzivo rwakakumbirwa haruna kupihwa, Komisheni ichapa sarudzo yekubvisa kana kugadzirisa kunyoreswa kwechinhu chinoshanda zvinoenderana nehurongwa hwekutonga.
1.1.3 kuvandudzwa kweKunyoresa
Kuenderera mberi kwekunyoreswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene muEU kwakaenzana nekuongorora nguva nenguva muChina.Muna 1991, EU yakazivisa 91/414/EEC rairo, iro rinoti nguva yekunyoreswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene yakanyoreswa haigone kudarika makore gumi, uye inofanirwa kunyorera kunyoreswa zvakare kana yapera, uye inogona kuvandudzwa mushure mekuzadzisa zviyero zvekunyoresa. .Muna 2009, European Union yakashambadzira mutemo mutsva wekuuraya zvipembenene Law 1107/2009, uchitsiva 91/414/EEC.Mutemo 1107/2009 unotaura kuti zvinhu zvinoshanda uye kugadzirira kwemishonga yezvipembenene zvinofanirwa kunyorera kunyoresa patsva mushure mekupera, uye yakatarwa nguva yekuwedzerwa kwezvishandiso kunyoresa zvinoenderana nerudzi rwayo uye mhedzisiro yekuongorora: nguva yekuwedzera yezvishandiso zvemishonga yezvipembenene. kazhinji haapfuuri makore gumi nemashanu;Nguva yemumiriri wekutsiva haipfuure makore manomwe;Active ingredients inodiwa kudzora twupukanana twupukanana nezvirwere zvisingazadzise maitiro azvino ekunyoresa, akadai seKirasi 1A kana 1B carcinogens, Kirasi 1A kana 1B inobereka chepfu zvinhu, zvinoshanda zvinokanganisa zvine endocrine zvinokanganisa zvimiro zvinogona kukonzera mhedzisiro pavanhu. uye zvipenyu zvisina chinangwa, hazvizowedzerwe kweanopfuura makore mashanu.
1.2 United States
1.2.1 kunyoreswazve kwemhando dzekare
Muna 1988, Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) yakagadziridzwa kuti inoda kuongororwazve kwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa mumishonga inouraya zvipembenene yakanyoreswa pamberi paNovember 1, 1984. Kuve nechokwadi chekuteerera kwezvino ruzivo rwesayenzi uye mitemo yekutonga.MunaGunyana 2008, US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) yakapedza kuongorora zvakare kwe1,150 inoshanda zvinhu (yakakamurwa kuita 613 misoro) kuburikidza neOld Variety Re-registration Program, iyo 384 misoro yakabvumidzwa, kana 63 muzana.Paive nemisoro ye229 yekudzimwa, ichiverengera makumi matatu nemanomwe muzana.
1.2.2 ongororo yakakosha
Pasi peFIFRA neCode of Federal Regulations (CFR), kuongororwazve kwakakosha kunogona kutangwa kana humbowo hunoratidza kuti kushandiswa kwemushonga kunosangana nechimwe chezvinotevera:
1) Inogona kukonzera kukuvara kwakanyanya kuvanhu kana zvipfuyo.
2) Inogona kunge iri carcinogenic, teratogenic, genotoxic, fetal muchetura, kubereka muchetura kana chisingaperi kunonoka muchetura kuvanhu.
3) Chiyero chakasara muzvisikwa zvisina chinangwa munharaunda chinogona kuenzana kana kudarika kuwanda kweacute kana chisingaperi chehupfu mhedzisiro, kana inogona kuva nemhedzisiro yakaipa pakubereka kwezvisina chinangwa zvipenyu.
4) inogona kuisa njodzi kune kuenderera mberi kwehupenyu hwemhuka dziri mungozi kana kutyisidzirwa sezvakatsanangurwa neEndangered Species Act.
5) Inogona kukonzera kuparadzwa kwenzvimbo dzakakosha dzezvipenyu zviri mungozi kana kutyisidzirwa kana dzimwe shanduko dzakaipa.
6) Panogona kunge paine njodzi kuvanhu kana nharaunda, uye zvinodikanwa kuti uone kana mabhenefiti ekushandisa mushonga wezvipembenene anogona kudzikamisa zvakaipa zvemagariro, zvehupfumi uye zvakatipoteredza.
Kuongororazve kwakakosha kazhinji kunosanganisira kuongororwa kwakadzama kweimwe kana akati wandei njodzi dzinogona kuitika, nechinangwa chekupedzisira chekudzikisa njodzi yekuuraya zvipembenene nekuongorora data iripo, kuwana ruzivo rutsva uye / kana kuitisa bvunzo nyowani, kuongorora njodzi dzakaonekwa uye kuona njodzi yakakodzera. kuderedza matanho.Mushure mekunge kuongororwa patsva kwapera, EPA inogona kutanga hurongwa hwekukanzura, kuramba, kuisa patsva, kana kugadzirisa kunyoreswa kwechigadzirwa chine chekuita.Kubva kuma1970, EPA yakaita ongororo patsva yemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inodarika zana uye yakapedza yakawanda yeongororo idzodzo.Parizvino, kuongororwa kwakati wandei kwakamirira: aldicarb, atrazine, propazine, simazine, uye ethyleneoxide.
1.2.3 ongororo yekunyoresa
Tichifunga kuti chirongwa chekare chekunyoresa patsva chakapedzwa uye kuongororwa kwakakosha kwatora makore mazhinji, EPA yakafunga kutanga kuongororazve sechirongwa chekutsiva kunyoreswa zvekare kwakasiyana uye kuongororwazve kwakakosha.kuongororwazve kwazvino kweEPA kwakaenzana nekuongororwa nguva nenguva muChina, uye hwaro hwayo hwepamutemo iFood Quality Protection Act (FQPA), iyo yakakurudzira kuongororwa nguva nenguva kwemishonga yezvipembenene kekutanga muna 1996, uye yakagadziridza FIFRA.EPA inofanirwa kugara ichiongorora mushonga wega wega wakanyoreswa kanokwana kamwechete pamakore gumi nemashanu kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti mushonga wega wega wakanyoreswa unoramba uchitevedzera mwero wazvino sezvo mazinga ekuongorora njodzi anoshanduka uye mitemo inoshanduka.
Muna 2007, FIFRA yakapa shanduko kuti itange kuongorora zvakare zviri pamutemo, ichida kuti EPA ipedze kuongorora kwayo mishonga yezvipembenene 726 yakanyoreswa pamberi paGumiguru 1, 2007, naGumiguru 31, 2022. Sechikamu chesarudzo yekuongorora, EPA inofanirawo kuzadzisa chisungo chayo pasi Endangered Species Act kutora matanho ekutanga kuderedza njodzi kune mhuka dziri mungozi.Nekudaro, nekuda kwedenda reCCIDID-19, kunonoka kuendesa data kubva kune vanonyorera uye nekuoma kwekuongorora, basa harina kupera nenguva.Muna 2023, EPA yakabudisa hurongwa hutsva hwekuongororazve makore 3, iyo ichavandudza nguva yekupedzisira yekuongororazve mishonga ye726 yakanyoreswa pamberi paOctober 1, 2007, uye 63 mishonga yezvipembenene yakanyoreswa mushure mezuva iroro kusvika Gumiguru 1, 2026. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti, zvisinei nekuti mushonga wezvipembenene wakaongororwazve here, EPA inotora danho rakakodzera rekutonga kana yaona kuti kufumurwa kwemushonga kunoisa njodzi yekukurumidzira kuvanhu kana nharaunda inoda kutariswa nekukurumidza.
2 Maitiro Anoenderana
Sezvo EU yekare yekuongorora yakasiyana-siyana, kunyoreswa zvakare kweUnited States kwakasiyana-siyana uye mapurojekiti ekuongororazve akapedzwa, pari zvino, EU kunyanya kuburikidza nekuwedzera kunyoresa, United States kunyanya kuburikidza nechirongwa chekuongororazve kuita ongororo yekuchengetedzwa kwevakanyoreswa. mishonga yezvipembenene, iyo yakaenzana nekuongorora nguva nenguva muChina.
2.1 European Union
Kuenderera mberi kwekunyoresa muEU kwakakamurwa kuita nhanho mbiri, yekutanga ndeyekuenderera kweiyo inoshanda ingredient kunyoresa.Izvo zvinoshandiswa zvinogona kuvandudzwa kana zvakatemwa kuti mumiririri mumwe chete kana anopfuura anoshandisa einjiniya inoshanda uye kanenge kamwe chete chigadzirwa chekugadzirira chine chinoshanda chinosangana nezvinodiwa zvekunyoresa.Komisheni inogona kusanganisa zvinhu zvakafanana zvinoshanda uye kumisa zvinokosheswa uye zvirongwa zvebasa zvinoenderana nemhedzisiro yavo pahutano hwevanhu nemhuka uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, ichifunga, nesezvinobvira, kudiwa kwekutonga kunoshanda uye kuramba kutonga kwechinangwa.Purogiramu inofanira kusanganisira zvinotevera: maitiro ekutumira uye kuongororwa kwezvikumbiro zvekuvandudzwa kwekunyoresa;Ruzivo runofanirwa kuendeswa, kusanganisira matanho ekudzikisa kuyedzwa kwemhuka, sekushandiswa kwehunyanzvi hwekuyedza nzira senge in vitro screening;Nguva yekupedzisira yekutumira data;Mitemo mitsva yekutumira data;Kuongorora uye nguva dzekuita sarudzo;Uye kugoverwa kwekuongororwa kwezvinhu zvinoshanda kuNyika dzenhengo.
2.1.1 Active ingredients
Zvishandiso zvinoshanda zvinopinda mune inotevera yekuvandudza kutenderera 3 makore isati yapera yechokwadi nguva yechitupa chavo chekunyoresa, uye vanofarira kunyorera patsva yekunyoreswa (angave anonyorera panguva yekubvumidzwa kwekutanga kana vamwe vanyoreri) vanofanirwa kuendesa chikumbiro chavo makore matatu. isati yapera chitupa chekunyoresa.Kuongororwa kwedata rekuenderera mberi kweiyo inoshanda ingredient kunyoreswa kunoitwa pamwe chete nerepporteur nhengo yenyika (RMS) uye co-rapporteur nhengo yenyika (Co-RMS), nekubatanidzwa kweEFSA nedzimwe Nhengo dzeNyika.Zvinoenderana nemaitiro akatarwa nemirau, mirau uye nhungamiro yakakodzera, Nhengo imwe neimwe yeNyika inosarudza Nhengo yeNyika ine zviwanikwa zvinodiwa uye kugona (manpower, saturation yebasa, nezvimwewo) seNyika inotungamira.Nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana, Nyika inotungamira neVatungamiriri veNyika yekuongorora patsva inogona kusiyana neNyika yakanyoreswa zita racho.Musi wa27 Kurume 2021, Regulation 2020/1740 yeEuropean Commission yakatanga kushanda, ichitsanangura nyaya dzakanangana dzekuvandudzwa kwekunyoreswa kwezvinhu zvinoshanda zvemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, zvinoshanda kune zvinoshanda zvinongedzo nguva yekunyoresa iri kana mushure me27 Kurume 2024. Yekushanda. zvinongedzo zvinopera pamberi paKurume 27, 2024, Regulation 844/2012 icharamba ichishanda.Iyo chaiyo maitiro ekunyoresa kuvandudzwa muEU ndeaya anotevera.
2.1.1.1 Pre-application Notification uye mhinduro Mazano
Asati anyorera kunyorera patsva kunyoreswa, bhizinesi rinotanga kuendesa kuEFSA chiziviso chemiyedzo yakakodzera yarinoda kuita mukutsigira kumutsiridza kunyoreswa, kuitira kuti EFSA igoipa rairo yakazara uye kubvunza veruzhinji iva nechokwadi chekuti miedzo yakakodzera inoitwa nenguva uye zvine musoro.Mabhizinesi anogona kutsvaga zano kubva kuEFSA chero nguva asati avandudza chikumbiro chavo.EFSA ichazivisa Nyika inotungamira uye/kana iyo inotungamira Nyika nezvechiziviso chakaunzwa nebhizinesi uye kuita kurudziro yakajairika zvichienderana nekuongororwa kweruzivo rwese rwune chekuita nechinhu chinoshanda, kusanganisira ruzivo rwekare rwekunyoresa kana kuenderera kweruzivo rwekunyoresa.Kana vakati wandei vakanyorera panguva imwe chete vakatsvaga zano rekuvandudza kunyoreswa kwechikamu chimwe chete, EFSA ichavaraira kuti vaendese chikumbiro chekuvandudza pamwe chete.
2.1.1.2 Chikumbiro Kutumira uye kugamuchirwa
Munyoreri achaendesa chikumbiro chekuvandudza zvemagetsi mukati memakore matatu kusati kwapera kunyoreswa kwechinhu chinoshanda kuburikidza nepakati pekutumira sisitimu yakasarudzwa neEuropean Union, kuburikidza iyo inotungamira Nyika, Co-Presiding State, dzimwe Nhengo dzeNyika, EFSA neKomisheni. anogona kuziviswa.Hurumende inotungamira ichazivisa mumhan'ari, mubatanidzwa weNyika, Komisheni neEFSA, mukati memwedzi mumwe wekutumirwa kwechikumbiro, nezvezuva rekugamuchira uye kubvumidzwa kwechikumbiro chekuvandudzwa.Kana chimwe kana zvimwe zvinhu zvisipo muzvinyorwa zvakatumirwa, kunyanya kana data rakazara rebvunzo risina kuendeswa sezvinodiwa, nyika inotungamira ichazivisa munyoreri nezvezvinhu zvisipo mukati memwedzi mumwe kubva pazuva rekugamuchira chikumbiro, uye inoda kutsiva mukati memazuva gumi nemana, kana zvinhu zvisipo zvisina kuendeswa kana pasina zvikonzero zvine musoro zvinopihwa pakupera, chikumbiro chekuvandudza hachigamuchirwe.Hurumende inotungamira ichakurumidza kuzivisa munhu anenge akumbira, iyo inotungamira Nyika, Komisheni, dzimwe Nhengo dzeNyika uye EFSA nezvechisarudzo uye zvikonzero zvekusabvumirwa.Pasati pasvika zuva rekupedzisira rekuenderera mberi kwechikumbiro, iyo inotungamira Nyika inobvumirana pamabasa ese ekuongorora uye kugoverwa kwebasa.
2.1.1.3 Ongororo yedata
Kana chikumbiro chekuenderera mberi chikagamuchirwa, Hurumende inotungamira inoongorora ruzivo rukuru uye kutsvaga mhinduro dzeveruzhinji.EFSA ichaita, mukati memazuva makumi matanhatu kubva pazuva rekuburitswa kwechikumbiro chekuenderera mberi, kubvumira veruzhinji kuti vatumire zvakanyorwa pamusoro peruzivo rwekuenderera mberi kwechikumbiro uye kuvapo kweimwe data yakakosha kana kuyedza.Hurumende inotungamira uye inotungamira Nyika inobva yaita yakazvimiririra, chinangwa uye yakajeka ongororo yekuti chinhu chinoshanda chichiri kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekunyoreswa, zvichibva pane zvakawanikwa nesainzi uye magwaro anoshanda ekutungamira, achiongorora ruzivo rwese rwakagamuchirwa pakuvandudzwa kwechikumbiro, yakambotumira data rekunyoresa uye mhedzisiro yekuongorora (kusanganisira yakapfuura dhizaini ongororo) uye zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa zvakagamuchirwa panguva yekubvunza veruzhinji.Ruzivo rwakaunzwa nevanyoreri kupfuura chikamu chechikumbiro, kana mushure menguva yakatarwa yekutumira, haizotariswa.Hurumende inotungamira ichaendesa gwaro rekuongorora tsvakiridzo (dRAR) kuKomisheni neEFSA mukati memwedzi gumi nemitatu kubva pakuunzwa kwechikumbiro chekuvandudza.Munguva iyi, Hurumende inotungamira inogona kukumbira rumwe ruzivo kubva kune anenge akakumbira uye kuisa nguva yekuwedzera ruzivo, inogona zvakare kubvunza EFSA kana kukumbira rumwe ruzivo rwesainzi nehunyanzvi kubva kune dzimwe Nhengo dzeNyika, asi haizokonzere kuti nguva yekuongorora ipfuure. yakatarwa 13 mwedzi.Iyo dhizaini yekunyoresa yekuwedzera yekuongorora report inofanirwa kunge iine zvinotevera zvinhu chaizvo:
1) Zvikumbiro zvekuenderera mberi kwekunyoresa, kusanganisira chero mamiriro anodiwa uye zvirambidzo.
2) Mazano pamusoro pekuti iyo inoshandiswa inoshandiswa inofanira kuonekwa se "ngozi shoma" inoshandiswa.
3) Mazano ekuti chinhu chinoshanda chinofanira kutorwa semumiriri wekutsiva.
4) Kurudziro yekumisikidzwa kweiyo yakanyanya kusara muganho (MRL), kana zvikonzero zvekusabatanidza MRL.
5) Kurudziro yekuisa, kusimbiswa kana kupatsanurwa kwezvinhu zvinoshanda.
6) Kutemerwa kuti ndeapi miedzo mukunyoresa kuenderera mberi data yakakosha pakuongororwa.
7) Kurudziro pane zvikamu zvemushumo zvinofanirwa kubvunzwa nenyanzvi.
8) Pazvinenge zvakakodzera, Hurumende inotungamira haibvumirani nepfungwa dzekuongorora kweNyika Inotungamira, kana pfungwa dzisina chibvumirano pakati peNyika dziri nhengo dzinoumba Bato rakabatana reNyika Dzinotungamira.
9) Mhedzisiro yekubvunzurudzwa kwevanhu uye kuti ichatorwa sei.
Nyika inotungamira inofanirwa kutaurirana nekukasira nevakuru veChemicals vanodzora uye, munguva pfupi yapfuura, kuendesa chikumbiro kuEuropean Chemicals Agency (ECHA) panguva yekuendeswa kwegwaro rekuongorora kuenderera mberi kwekuongorora kuti riwane kanenge kupatsanurwa pasi peEU Classification, Labeling uye Packaging Regulation yeZvinhu uye Misanganiswa.Mushonga unoshanda unoputika, huturu hwehuputi, kuora kweganda / kushatirwa, kukuvara kwemaziso zvakanyanya / kushatirwa, kufema kana kurwara kweganda, germ cell mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, huturu hwekubereka, huturu hwehupfu hwakanangwa kubva pakuratidzwa kamwe chete uye kudzokororwa, uye kupatsanurwa kwakafanana kwenjodzi. kunzvimbo yemvura.Dare redzimhosva richataura zvakaringana zvikonzero nei chinhu chiri kushanda chisingaenderane nemaitiro echikamu cheimwe kana akawanda emakirasi enjodzi, uye ECHA inogona kutaura pamusoro pemaonero eNyika yekutongwa.
2.1.1.4 Maonero pagwaro rekuongorora kuenderera mberi
EFSA ichaongorora kana gwaro rekuenderera mberi kwekuongorora riine ruzivo rwese rwakakodzera uye roritenderedza kune anenge achinyorera uye nedzimwe Nhengo dzeMatunhu pasati papera mwedzi mitatu mushure mekugamuchira mushumo.Mushure mekutambira gwaro rekuenderera mberi kwekuongorora, munyoreri anogona, mukati memavhiki maviri, kukumbira EFSA kuti ichengetedze rumwe ruzivo rwakavanzika, uye EFSA ichaita kuti gwaro rekuenderera mberi kwekuongorora riziviswe pachena, kunze kweruzivo rwakavanzika rwakagamuchirwa, pamwe chete neyakagadziridzwa. kuenderera mberi ruzivo rwekushandisa.EFSA ichabvumira veruzhinji kuti vaunze zvakanyorwa mukati memazuva makumi matanhatu kubva pazuva rekuburitswa kwegwaro rinoenderera mberi rekuongorora uye kuvatumira, pamwe chete nezvavo, kuNyika inotungamira, Nyika inotungamira kana boka reNhengo dzeNyika. co-presiding.
2.1.1.5 Ongororo yevezera uye kupihwa kwekugadzirisa
EFSA inoronga nyanzvi (nyanzvi dzenyika inotungamira uye nyanzvi dzedzimwe nhengo dzenhengo) kuita wongororo yevezera, kukurukura maonero ekuongorora kwenyika inotungamira uye zvimwe zvinhu zvasara, kuita mhedziso dzekutanga uye kubvunza veruzhinji, uye pakupedzisira kuendesa mhedziso nezvisungo kune European Commission yekubvumidzwa uye kuburitswa.Kana, nekuda kwezvikonzero zviri kunze kwekutonga kweanonyorera, kuongororwa kwechinhu chinoshanda kusati kwapedzwa zuva rekupera risati rapera, EU ichapa danho rekuwedzera kurongeka kweiyo inoshanda ingredient kunyoresa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti kunyoresa kuvandudzwa kunopera zvakanaka. .
2.1.2 Gadziriro
Ane chitupa chekunyoresa chakakodzera, mukati memwedzi ye3 yekuvandudzwa kwekunyoreswa kwechinhu chinoshanda, kuendesa chikumbiro chekuvandudzwa kwekunyoreswa kwechigadzirwa chemishonga kuNhengo yeNyika iyo yakawana kunyoreswa kwechigadzirwa chemishonga chinoenderana. .Kana muridzi wekunyoresa akanyorera patsva kunyoreswa kwechigadzirwa chimwe chete chemishonga munzvimbo dzakasiyana, ruzivo rwese rwekunyoreswa ruchaziviswa kune ese Nhengo dzeNyika kuitira kuti kufambisa kuchinjana kwemashoko pakati peNhengo dzeNyika.Kuti udzivise bvunzo dzakapetwa, munyoreri anofanira, asati aita bvunzo kana bvunzo, atarise kana mamwe mabhizinesi akawana kunyoreswa kwechigadzirwa chekugadzirira, uye anotora matanho anonzwisisika nenzira yakanaka uye yakajeka kuti asvike muyedzo uye bvunzo mushumo wekugovana chibvumirano. .
Kuti igadzire hurongwa hwekushanda hwakarongeka uye hunoshanda, EU inoshandisa hurongwa hwekunyoresa dunhu regadziriro, iyo yakakamurwa kuita matunhu matatu: Maodzanyemba, nechepakati uye Maodzanyemba.iyo zonal Steering Committee (zonal SC) kana mumiriri wayo nhengo Nyika dzichabvunza vese vane zvitupa zvekunyoresa zvigadzirwa kuti vanyore here kunyorera patsva kunyoreswa uye munharaunda ipi, Inoteyawo iyo zonal rapporteur Nhengo yeNyika (zonal RMS).Kuti varonge zviri mberi, dunhu rinotungamira dunhu rinofanirwa kugadzwa pachine nguva isati yaendeswa kwechikumbiro chekuenderera mberi kwechigadzirwa chemushonga, izvo zvinowanzokurudzirwa kuti zviitwe EFSA isati yaburitsa mhedziso yeiyo inoshanda ingredient wongororo.Ibasa reDunhu rinotungamira redunhu kusimbisa huwandu hwevanyoreri vakaendesa zvikumbiro zvekuvandudza, kuzivisa vanonyorera nezvechisarudzo uye kupedzisa ongororo vakamiririra dzimwe Nyika dziri mudunhu (kuenderera mberi kwekuongorora kune mamwe mashandisirwo emishonga. zvigadzirwa dzimwe nguva zvinoitwa neNhengo yeNyika pasina kushandisa zonal registration system).Iyo inoshanda ingredient yekuongorora nyika inodiwa kuti ipedze kuenzaniswa kweiyo inoshanda ingredient yekuenderera mberi data neiyo drug product yekuenderera mberi data.Dunhu rinotungamira redunhu richapedza kuongororwa kwedata rekuenderera mberi kwegadziriro mukati memwedzi mitanhatu uye rotumira kuNhengo dzeNyika nevanyoreri kuti vazopindura.Imwe neimwe Nhengo yeNyika ichapedza kuenderera mberi kwemvumo yezvigadzirwa zvayo zvekugadzira mukati memwedzi mitatu.Iyo yese yekugadzira yekuvandudza maitiro inoda kupedzwa mukati memwedzi gumi nemiviri kubva pakupera kweiyo inoshanda ingredient kunyoresa kuvandudzwa.
2.2 United States
Muchirongwa chekuongororazve, US EPA inofanirwa kuita ongororo yenjodzi, kuona kana mushonga wekuuraya zvipembenene unosangana nezvinodiwa zvekunyoresa zveFIFRA, uye kupa sarudzo yekuongorora.EPA's pesticide regulatory Agency ine zvikamu zvinomwe, zvikamu zvina zvekutonga, uye zvikamu zvitatu zvakakosha.Registry uye Reevaluation Service ndiro Bazi rinotonga, uye Registry ine basa rekushandisa kutsva, kushandiswa uye shanduko mune ese akajairwa makemikari mishonga yezvipembenene;Reevaluation Service ine basa rekuongorora mushure mekunyoresa mishonga yezvipembenene.Bazi reHealth Effects Branch, Environmental Behavior and Effects Branch uye Biological and Economic Analysis Branch, ayo ari mayuniti akasarudzika, ane basa rekuongorora kwehunyanzvi hwese data rakakodzera rekunyoreswa kwezvipembenene uye kuongororwa mushure mekunyoresa, uye kupedzisa njodzi. kuongorora.
2.2.1 Thematic division
Musoro wekuongororazve une chimwechete kana zvimwe zvinonyanya kushanda uye zvese zvigadzirwa zvine izvo zvinoshanda zvinosanganisa.Kana chimiro chemakemikari uye toxicological hunhu hweakasiyana anoshanda zvinhu zvine hukama, uye chikamu kana yese yedata inodiwa kuongororwa njodzi inogona kugovanwa, inogona kuiswa muchikamu chimwe chete;Zvigadzirwa zvepesticide zvine akawanda anoshanda zvinosanganisirwa zvakare zviri pasi pekuongororazve musoro wechinhu chimwe nechimwe chinoshanda.Kana data idzva kana ruzivo ruchiwanikwa, EPA inogonawo kuita shanduko kunyaya yekuongororazve.Kana ikaona kuti akawanda anoshanda mumusoro wenyaya haana kufanana, EPA inogona kupatsanura musoro wacho kuita misoro miviri kana kupfuura yakazvimirira, kana kuti inogona kuwedzera kana kubvisa zvinobatika kubva pachinyorwa chekuongororazve.
2.2.2 Magadzirirwo ehurongwa
Musoro wega wega wekuongorora patsva une zuva rekutanga, rinova zuva rekutanga kunyoresa kana zuva rekunyoreswazve kwechigadzirwa chemushonga chakatanga kunyoreswa mumusoro wenyaya (zuva rekunyoresa zvakare rinoreva zuva rekunyoreswazve kana sarudzo yenguva pfupi. yakasainwa), kazhinji chero ipi zvayo gare gare.EPA kazhinji inogadzika hurongwa hwayo hwekuongorora patsva pazuva rekutanga kana kuongororwazve kwazvino, asi inogona zvakare kuongorora akawanda akakodzera misoro panguva imwe chete kuti ishande.EPA ichatumira faira rekuongororazve, kusanganisira zuva rekutanga, pawebhusaiti yayo uye chengetedza chirongwa chekuongororazve chegore rayakadhindwa uye kweanenge makore maviri anotevera anotevera.
2.2.3 Kuongorora patsva kunotanga
2.2.3.1 kuvhura dhoketi
EPA inotanga kuongororwazve nekugadzira dossier yeruzhinji yenyaya yega yega yekuongororazve mushonga wezvipembenene uye kukumbira mhinduro.Nekudaro, kana EPA ikaona kuti mushonga wezvipembenene unosangana nemaitiro ekunyoreswa kweFIFRA uye pasina kumwe kuongorora kunodiwa, inogona kusvetuka danho iri uye kuzivisa sarudzo yayo yekupedzisira zvakananga kuburikidza neFederal Register.Imwe neimwe faira renyaya icharamba yakavhurika mukati mekuongororazve kusvika sarudzo yekupedzisira yaitwa.Iyo faira inosanganisira, asi haina kuganhurirwa kune, zvinotevera: mhedziso yemamiriro echirongwa chekuongororazve;Rondedzero yezvinyoreso zviripo uye vanyoresa, chero Federal Rejista chiziviso maererano nekumirira kunyoreswa, iripo kana tentative yasara miganho;Magwaro ekuongorora njodzi;A bibliography yerejista yemazuva ano;Tsaona data pfupiso;Uye chero imwe yakakodzera data kana ruzivo.Iyo faira inosanganisirawo hurongwa hwekutanga hwebasa hunosanganisira ruzivo rwekutanga EPA parizvino ine nezve mushonga wezvipembenene kuti udzorerwe uye kuti uchashandiswa sei, pamwe nekuongororwa kwenjodzi, zvinodiwa nedata, uye chirongwa chekuongorora.
2.2.3.2 Pfungwa dzeruzhinji
EPA inoburitsa chiziviso muFederal Register kuti veruzhinji vataure nezve faira reevaluation uye hurongwa hwekutanga hwebasa kwenguva isingasviki mazuva makumi matanhatu.Panguva ino, vanobatana vanogona kubvunza mibvunzo, kuita mazano kana kupa ruzivo rwakakodzera.Kuendeswa kweruzivo rwakadaro kunofanirwa kuita zvinotevera zvinodiwa.
1) Ruzivo rwakakodzera runofanira kuendeswa mukati menguva yakatarwa yekutaura, asi EPA ichafungawo, pakufunga kwayo, kuti itore data kana ruzivo rwakatumirwa mushure.
2) Ruzivo runofanira kuendeswa mune inoverengwa uye inogona kushandiswa fomu.Semuenzaniso, chero zvinyorwa zvisiri muChirungu zvinofanirwa kuperekedzwa neshanduro yeChirungu, uye chero ruzivo rwakatumirwa muodhiyo kana vhidhiyo fomu inofanirwa kuperekedzwa nerekodhi rakanyorwa.Zvinyorwa zvinotumirwa zvinogona kuendeswa nepepa kana fomu remagetsi.
3) Iye anotumira anofanira kunyatso ratidza kwainobva data rakatumirwa kana ruzivo.
4) Iyo subfiler inogona kukumbira kuti EPA iongorore zvakare ruzivo rwakarambwa muongororo yapfuura, asi inofanirwa kutsanangura zvikonzero zvekudzokororazve.
Kubva pane ruzivo rwakagamuchirwa panguva yekutaura uye kuongorora kusati kwaitika, EPA inovandudza uye inopa chirongwa chekupedzisira chebasa chinosanganisira zvinodiwa nedata rechirongwa, zvirevo zvakagamuchirwa, uye pfupiso yemhinduro dzeEPA.
Kana mushonga wezvipembenene unoshanda usina chero chigadzirwa chekunyoresa, kana zvese zvakanyoreswa zvigadzirwa zvabviswa, EPA haichaongorora mushonga.
2.2.3.3
Kuwedzera kujeka uye kubatanidzwa uye kugadzirisa kusavimbika kunogona kukanganisa kuongororwa kwenjodzi yezvipembenene uye sarudzo dzekutonga njodzi, senge kusajeka kwemazita kana kushayikwa data reyedzo, EPA inogona kuita musangano wekutarisa nevanobata pane dziri kuuya kana dzirikuenderera mberi dzekuongororazve.Kuva neruzivo rwakakwana pakutanga kunogona kubatsira EPA kupfupisa ongororo yayo kunzvimbo dzinoda kutariswa.Semuenzaniso, kusati kwatanga kuongororwazve, EPA inogona kubvunza ane chitupa chekunyoresa kana mushandisi wemushonga nezve mashandisirwo nekushandiswa kwechigadzirwa, uye panguva yekuongororazve, EPA inogona kubvunza ane chitupa chekunyoresa, mushandisi wemushonga kana zvimwe zvine chekuita. vashandi kuti vauye pamwe chete kugadzira chirongwa chekutonga njodzi yezvipembenene.
2.2.4 Kuongorora patsva nekushandisa
2.2.4.1 Ongorora shanduko dzakaitika kubva pawongororo yapfuura
EPA ichaongorora chero shanduko mumirau, marongero, nzira dzekuongorora njodzi, kana zvinodiwa nedata zvakaitika kubva paongororo yekupedzisira yekunyoresa, kuona kukosha kweshanduko idzodzo, uye kuona kana mushonga wakaongororwa patsva uchiri kusangana neFIFRA yekunyoresa.Panguva imwecheteyo, ongorora zvese zvinoenderana nedata nyowani kana ruzivo kuti uone kana kuongororwa kutsva kwenjodzi kana njodzi nyowani / bhenefiti yekuongorora inodiwa.
2.2.4.2 Ita ongororo itsva sezvinodiwa
Kana zvakatemwa kuti kuongororwa kutsva kwakakosha uye data iripo yekuongorora yakakwana, EPA ichaita zvakananga zvakare kuongororwa kwenjodzi kana njodzi / bhenefiti yekuongorora.Kana iyo data iripo kana ruzivo rukasasangana nezvinodiwa zvitsva zvekuongorora, EPA inoburitsa ziviso yekufona kune akakodzera ane chitupa chekunyoresa zvinoenderana nemirairo yeFIFRA.Mubati wezvitupa wekunyoresa anowanzo kudiwa kuti apindure mukati memazuva makumi mapfumbamwe kuti abvumirane neEPA paruzivo rwunozoendeswa uye nguva yekupedzisa chirongwa.
2.2.4.3 Ongororo yezvinokonzeresa mhuka dziri munjodzi
Kana EPA inoongororazve mushonga wezvipembenene unoshanda mukuwongorora patsva, inosungirwa kutevedzera zvirevo zveEndangered Species Act kudzivirira kukuvadzwa kune dzakarongwa nemubatanidzwa mhuka dziri kutyisidzirwa kana kutsakatika uye kukanganisa kwakashata panzvimbo yakasarudzwa yakakosha.Kana zvichidikanwa, EPA ichabvunza neUS Fish and Wildlife Service uye National Marine Fisheries Service.
2.2.4.4 Kutora chikamu kweruzhinji
Kana kuongororwa kutsva kwenjodzi kukaitwa, EPA inowanzo buritsa chiziviso muFederal Register ichipa dhizaini yekuongorora njodzi kuti iongororwe neveruzhinji uye vataure, paine nguva yekutaura kwemazuva angangoita makumi matatu uye kazhinji mazuva makumi matanhatu.EPA ichatumirawo yakadzokororwa yekuongorora njodzi mushumo muFederal Register, tsananguro yechero shanduko kugwaro rakarongwa, uye mhinduro kune veruzhinji.Kana iyo yakadzokororwa kuongororwa kwenjodzi ikaratidza kuti kune njodzi dzekunetsekana, nguva yekutaura ingangoita mazuva makumi matatu inogona kupihwa kubvumidza veruzhinji kuti vape mamwe mazano ekuderedza njodzi.Kana kutariswa kwekutanga kuchiratidza hushoma hwekushandisa/kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene, kushomeka kune vanobata kana veruzhinji, njodzi yakaderera, uye kushomeka kana kusaita kudzikisa njodzi kunodiwa, EPA inogona kusaita yakaparadzana neruzhinji chirevo pamusoro pekunyorwa kwengozi yekuongorora, asi. panzvimbo pacho ita kuti gwaro racho rivepo kuti riongororwe neveruzhinji pamwe nesarudzo yekuongororazve.
2.2.5 sarudzo yekuongorora kunyoresa
Sarudzo yekuongorora patsva isarudzo yeEPA yekuti mushonga wezvipembenene unosangana nezvinodiwa nemutemo wekunyoresa, kureva kuti, inoongorora zvinhu zvakaita sezita rechigadzirwa, zvinhu zvinoshanda uye kurongedzerwa kuti zvione kana mushonga uchaita basa rawaida pasina kukonzeresa mhedzisiro yakaipa pamunhu. utano kana nharaunda.
2.2.5.1 sarudzo yekuongorora kunyoresa yakarongwa kana sarudzo yenguva pfupi yakatsanangurwa
Kana EPA ikaona kuti kuongororwa kwenjodzi kutsva hakukodzeri, ichapa sarudzo yakarongwa yekuongororazve pasi pemitemo (iyo "Chisarudzo Chinorongwa");Kana imwe ongororo yakawedzera, seyekutsakatika kwemhando yekuongorora kana endocrine kuongororwa, ichidikanwa, sarudzo yenguva pfupi inogona kupihwa.Sarudzo yakatsanangurwa ichaburitswa kuburikidza neFederal Register uye ichave inowanikwa kune veruzhinji kwenguva yekutaura kwemazuva angangoita makumi matanhatu.Sarudzo yakarongwa inonyanya kusanganisira zvinotevera zvinhu:
1) Taura mhedziso dzayo pamusoro pemaitiro ekunyoreswa kweFIFRA, kusanganisira zvakawanikwa pakubvunzurudzwa kweEndangered Species Act, uye kuratidza hwaro hwezvisarudzo izvi.
2) Ziva matanho ekudzikisira njodzi akarongwa kana mamwe magadzirirwo anodiwa uye wovapembedza.
3) Ratidza kana data yekuwedzera ichidiwa;Kana zvichidikanwa, taura zvinodiwa nedata uye zivisa muridzi kadhi rekunyoresa nezvekufona kwedata.
4) Rondedzera chero shanduko yakarongwa yezita.
5) Isa nguva yekupedzisira yekupedzisa chimwe nechimwe chinodiwa chiito.
2.2.5.2 sarudzo yekuongorora kunyoresa kwenguva pfupi
Mushure mekutarisa zvese zvataurwa pamusoro pesarudzo yenguva pfupi yakatsanangurwa, EPA inogona, pakufunga kwayo, kuburitsa danho renguva pfupi kuburikidza neFederal Register isati yapedzwa kuongororwazve.Sarudzo yenguva pfupi inosanganisira tsananguro yekuchinja kupi kwechisarudzo chenguva yakapfuura uye mhinduro kumashoko anokosha, uye sarudzo yenguva pfupi inogonawo: inoda matanho matsva ekuderedza njodzi kana kushandisa matanho ekuderedza ngozi;Kumbira kutumirwa kwemavara akagadziridzwa;Rondedzera ruzivo rwe data rinodiwa kuti upedze kuongorora uye hurongwa hwekutumira (data yekufona zviziviso inogona kupihwa zvisati zvaitika, panguva imwe chete kana mushure menguva pfupi yekuongororazve sarudzo yapihwa).Kana muridzi weti regisheni akatadza kushanda pamwe nezviito zvinodiwa mudanho rekuongororazve, EPA inogona kutora danho rakakodzera remutemo.
2.2.5.3 sarudzo yekupedzisira
EPA ichapa danho rekupedzisira pakupedzwa kwese ongororo yekuongororazve, kusanganisira, pazvinenge zvakakodzera, kuongororwa uye kubvunzana kwezvipenyu zvakanyorwa paFederal Endangered and Threatened Wildlife List, pamwe nekuongorora kwe endocrine diruptor screening zvirongwa.Kana muridzi weti yekunyoresa akatadza kushanda pamwe nezviito zvinodiwa musarudzo yekuongororazve, EPA inogona kutora danho repamutemo rakakodzera pasi peFIFRA.
3 Nyoresa chikumbiro chekuenderera mberi
3.1 European Union
Kuvandudzwa kwekunyoreswa kweEU kwezvishandiso zvinoshandiswa zvemishonga yezvipembenene ongororo yakazara inosanganisa data rekare uye idzva, uye vanyoreri vanofanirwa kuendesa data rakazara sezvinodiwa.
3.1.1 Active ingredients
Chisungo chechitanhatu cheRegulation 2020/1740 pakuvandudza kunyoreswa chinotsanangura ruzivo ruchaunzwa kuti rumutsiridze kunyoreswa kwechinhu chinoshanda, kusanganisira:
1) Zita nekero yemunyoreri ane basa rekuenderera mberi nekunyorera uye kuzadzisa zvisungo zvinotemwa nemirairo.
2) Zita nekero yemunyoreri akabatana uye zita remubatanidzwa wevagadziri.
3) Nzira inomiririra yekushandiswa kwechinhu chimwe chete chekudzivirira chirimwa chine chinhu chinoshanda pachirimwa chakakura munharaunda yega yega, uye humbowo hwekuti chigadzirwa chinosangana nezvinodiwa zvekunyoresa zvakatarwa muChinyorwa 4 cheMutemo No. 1107/2009.
Iyo iri pamusoro "Nzira yekushandisa" inosanganisira nzira yekunyora uye kuongororwa mukuenderera mberi kwekunyora.Inenge imwe yemiti yekudzivirira yemiti ine nzira dzepamusoro dzinomiririra dzekushandisa dzinofanira kunge dzisina zvimwe zvinhu zvinoshanda.Kana iyo ruzivo rwakaunzwa nemunyoreri isingabatanidzi nzvimbo dzese dzakabatanidzwa, kana kuti haina kukura zvakanyanya munzvimbo iyi, chikonzero chinofanira kupihwa.
4) data inodiwa uye mhedzisiro yekuongorora njodzi, zvinosanganisira: i) kuratidza shanduko mune zvemutemo uye zvekutonga zvinodiwa kubva pakubvumidzwa kweiyo inoshanda ingredient kunyoresa kana kuvandudzwa kwekunyorwa kwazvino;ii) kuratidza shanduko musainzi uye tekinoroji kubva pakabvumidzwa kunyoreswa kwechinhu chinoshanda kana kuvandudzwa kwekunyoreswa kwazvino;iii) kuratidza shanduko mukushandiswa kwekumiririra;iv) inoratidza kuti kunyoreswa kunoramba kuchichinja kubva pakunyoreswa kwepakutanga.
(5) iyo yakazara rugwaro rweyedzo yega yega kana yekudzidza mushumo uye ayo abstract sechikamu cheruzivo rwekutanga kunyoresa kana kunotevera kunyoresa kuenderera neruzivo maererano neinoshingaira yeruzivo zvinodiwa.
6) iyo yakazara rugwaro rweyedzo yega yega kana yekudzidza mushumo uye yayo abstract sechikamu cheiyo yekutanga kunyoresa data kana yakatevera kunyoresa data, zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvekugadzira zvinodhaka.
7) Documentary humbowo hwekuti zvinodikanwa kushandisa chinhu chinoshanda icho chisingaenderane neazvino kunyoresa mwero kudzora hosha yechirimwa.
8) Kupedzisa bvunzo yega yega kana kudzidza kunosanganisira vertebrates, taura matanho anotorwa kudzivirira kuyedzwa pane vertebrates.Ruzivo rwekuwedzera rwekunyoresa haruve nechero mushumo wekuyedza kushandiswa nemaune kwechinhu chinoshanda kuvanhu kana kushandiswa kwechigadzirwa chine chinhu chinoshanda.
9) Kopi yechikumbiro cheMRLS chakatumirwa zvinoenderana neChinyorwa 7 cheMutemo (EC) No 396/2005 yeParamende yeEuropean uye yeKanzuru.
10) Chikumbiro chechikamu kana kupatsanurwa kwechinhu chinoshanda zvinoenderana neRegulation 1272/2008.
11) Rondedzero yezvishandiso zvinogona kuratidza kukwana kwechikumbiro chekuenderera, uye maka iyo data nyowani yakaunzwa panguva ino.
12) Maererano neChitsauko 8 (5) cheMutemo No. 1107/2009, pfupiso nemigumisiro yezvinyorwa zvesayenzi zvakaongororwa nevezera.
13) Ongorora ruzivo rwese rwakaunzwa zvinoenderana nemamiriro azvino esainzi uye tekinoroji, kusanganisira kuongororwazve kweimwe yedata rekutanga rekunyoresa kana rinotevera rekunyoresa data rekuenderera mberi.
14) Kufunga uye kurudziro yechero inodiwa uye yakakodzera matanho ekudzikisa njodzi.
15) Zvinoenderana neChisungo 32b cheRegulation 178/2002, EFSA inogona kutumira bvunzo dzinodiwa dzesainzi kuti dziitwe nesangano rakazvimirira retsvagurudzo yesainzi uye kutaurira mhedzisiro yebvunzo kuParamende yeEuropean, Komisheni neNyika dzeNhengo.Zvikumbiro zvakadaro zvakavhurika uye zviri pachena, uye ruzivo rwese runoenderana neruzivo rweyedzo runofanira kuverengerwa mukunyoreswa kwekuwedzera chikumbiro.
Kana iyo yekutanga dhata yekunyoresa ichiri kusangana neazvino data zvinodiwa uye zviyero zvekuongorora, inogona kuramba ichishandiswa kune iyi yekuwedzera yekunyoresa, asi inoda kuendeswa zvakare.Munyoreri anofanirwa kushandisa zvaanogona kuti awane uye nekupa ruzivo rwekutanga rwekunyoresa kana ruzivo rwakakodzera sekuenderera mberi kwekunyoresa kunotevera.Kana munyoreri wekuvandudzwa kwekunyoresa asiri iye anonyorera kwekutanga kunyoreswa kwechinhu chinoshanda (kureva kuti, munyoreri asina ruzivo rwakaunzwa kekutanga), zvinodikanwa kuti uwane kodzero yekushandisa kunyoresa kuripo. ruzivo rwechinhu chinoshanda kuburikidza nemunyoreri wekutanga kunyoreswa kana dhipatimendi rekutonga renyika yekuongorora.Kana munyoreri wekuvandudza kunyoreswa akapa humbowo hwekuti ruzivo rwakakodzera hahupo, Hurumende inotungamira kana EFSA yakaita ongororo yapfuura uye/kana yakazotevera yekuvandudza ichaedza kupa ruzivo rwakadaro.
Kana iyo yapfuura kunyoresa data isingaite izvo zvazvino zvinodiwa, bvunzo nyowani uye mishumo mitsva inofanirwa kuitwa.Munyoreri anofanirwa kuona uye kunyora bvunzo nyowani dzinofanirwa kuitwa uye nguva yavo, kusanganisira yakaparadzana runyorwa rwemiedzo mitsva yevose vane vertebrates, vachifunga nezvemhinduro yakapihwa neEFSA isati yatanga kunyorera.Mushumo mutsva webvunzo unofanirwa kunyorwa zvakajeka, uchitsanangura chikonzero uye chinodiwa.Kuti uve nechokwadi chekuvhurika uye pachena uye kuderedza kudzokororwa kwebvunzo, bvunzo nyowani dzinofanirwa kuiswa kuEFSA isati yatanga, uye bvunzo dzisina kunyorwa hadzigamuchirwe.Munyoreri anogona kuendesa chikumbiro chekuchengetedzwa kwedata uye kuendesa zvese zvakavanzika uye zvisiri-zvakavanzika shanduro dzeiyi data.
3.1.2 Gadziriro
Kuenderera mberi kwekunyoreswa kwemishonga yemishonga inobva pane zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa zvakapedzwa.Zvinoenderana neChinyorwa 43 (2) cheMutemo Nha. 1107/2009, zvikumbiro zvekuenderera mberi kwegadziriro zvinosanganisira:
1) Kopi yekugadzirira kunyoresa chitupa.
2) chero data idzva rinodiwa panguva yekushandiswa nekuda kwekuchinja mune zvinodiwa zveruzivo, nhungamiro uye maitiro avo (kureva, shanduko mune inoshanda chikamu cheyedzo endpoints inokonzerwa nekuenderera nekuongororwa kwekunyoresa).
3) Zvikonzero zvekutumira data idzva: ruzivo rutsva runodikanwa, nhungamiro uye zviyero zvakanga zvisiri kushanda panguva yekunyora kwechigadzirwa;Kana kugadzirisa mamiriro ekushandiswa kwechigadzirwa.
4) Kusimbisa kuti chigadzirwa chinosangana nekunyoresa kuvandudzwa zvinodiwa zvezvishandiso zvinoshandiswa mumirau (kusanganisira zvirambidzo zvinoenderana).
5) Kana chigadzirwa chave chichitariswa, ruzivo rwekutarisa ruzivo ruchapihwa.
6) Kana zvichidikanwa, ruzivo rwekuenzanisa kuongororwa ruchaendeswa maererano nemitemo yakakodzera.
3.1.2.1 Kufananidzwa kwedata yezvinhu zvinoshanda
Paunenge uchinyorera kuenderera mberi kwekunyoreswa kwezvigadzirwa zvemishonga, munyoreri anofanirwa, maererano nemhedzisiro yekuongorora yechinhu chinoshanda, ape ruzivo rutsva rwechinhu chimwe nechimwe chinoshanda chinoda kuvandudzwa nekuda kwekuchinja kwezvinodiwa nedata uye zviyero, gadzirisa nekuvandudza zvinoenderana nedhata yechigadzirwa chemishonga, uye ita ongororo yenjodzi zvinoenderana negwara idzva uye magumo ehukoshi kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti njodzi ichiri munzvimbo inogamuchirwa.Iko kufananidzwa kwe data rinoshanda rinowanzo ibasa renyika inotungamira kuita ongororo inoenderera yekunyorwa kweiyo inoshanda ingredient.Munyoreri anogona kupa ruzivo rwakakodzera rwekusanganisa ruzivo kune yakasarudzwa inotungamira Nyika nekupa chiziviso chekuti iyo inoshanda yeinjiniya ruzivo iri munguva isiri yekudzivirira, humbowo hwekodzero yekushandisa ruzivo, chiziviso chekuti gadziriro yacho haibvumidzwe kuendesa gwaro. ruzivo rwechinhu chinoshanda, kana nekufunga kudzokorora bvunzo.Mvumo yeruzivo rwechikumbiro chekuenderera mberi kwekunyoreswa kwegadziriro inogona kungovimba nemushonga mumwe chete wepakutanga unosangana nechiyero chitsva, uye kana mhando yeiyo yakaonekwa yepakutanga mushonga yachinja (kusanganisira iyo yakawanda yemukati yetsvina), munyoreri anogona kupa zvine musoro nharo. kuti mushonga wepakutanga wakashandiswa unogona kuramba uchionekwa sewakafanana.
3.1.2.2 Shanduko kumaitiro akanaka ekurima (GAP)
Munyoreri anofanirwa kupa runyoro rwekutarisirwa kushandiswa kwechigadzirwa, kusanganisira chirevo chinoratidza kuti hapana shanduko yakakosha muGAP munharaunda kubva panguva yekunyoreswa, uye rondedzero yakaparadzana yekushandiswa kwechipiri mufomu yeGAP nenzira yakatarwa. .Chete shanduko dzakakosha muGAP dzinodiwa kutevedzera shanduko muchikamu chinoshanda chekuongorora (mitsva yekupedzisira tsika, kugamuchirwa kwegwaro idzva, mamiriro kana zvirambidzo mumitemo yekuvandudza kunyoresa) zvinogamuchirwa, chero munyoreri achipa ruzivo rwese rwunodiwa rwekutsigira.Muchidimbu, hapana yakakosha dosage fomu shanduko inogona kuitika mukuenderera mberi kwekushandisa
3.1.2.3 Data yekushanda kwezvinodhaka
Kuti zvishande, munyoreri anofanirwa kuona uye kupembedza kuendeswa kwe data idzva rebvunzo.Kana shanduko yeGAP ichikonzerwa nehutsva hutsva hwekupedzisira, nhungamiro mitsva, data yekuyedza yeGAP nyowani inofanira kuendeswa, kana zvisina kudaro, data yekuramba chete ndiyo inofanirwa kuendeswa kune yekuenderera kwekunyorera.
3.2 United States
Zvinodiwa nedata reUS EPA pakuongororazve mishonga yezvipembenene zvinoenderana nekunyoresa kwemishonga yezvipembenene, kuchinja kwekunyoresa, nekunyoresazve, uye hapana mirau yakasiyana.Zvikumbiro zvakanangwa zveruzivo zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvekuongorora njodzi mukuongororwazve, mhinduro yakagamuchirwa panguva yekubvunza veruzhinji, nezvimwewo, ichaburitswa muchimiro chechirongwa chekupedzisira chebasa uye chiziviso chekufona kwedata.
4 Dzimwe Nyaya
4.1 Joint application
4.1.1 European Union
Zvinoenderana neChinyorwa 5, Chitsauko 3 cheRegulation 2020/1740, kana vanopfuura mumwe vakanyorera kunyorera patsva kunyoreswa kwechinhu chimwe chete chinoshanda, vese vanyoreri vachatora matanho anonzwisisika kuendesa ruzivo pamwe chete.Sangano rakasarudzwa nemunyoreri rinogona kuita chikumbiro chemubatanidzwa pachinzvimbo cheanonyorera, uye vese vangango nyorera vanogona kufonerwa nechikumbiro chekutumira pamwe chete ruzivo.
Vanyoreri vanogona zvakare kuendesa ruzivo rwakakwana zvakasiyana, asi vanofanirwa kutsanangura zvikonzero muruzivo.Nekudaro, zvinoenderana neChinyorwa 62 cheRegulation 1107/2009, bvunzo dzinodzokororwa pamhuka dzine vertebrate hazvigamuchirwe, saka vangangove vanyoreri uye vane ruzivo rwemvumo yakakodzera vanofanirwa kuita zvese zvavanogona kuti vaone kuti mhedzisiro yekuongororwa kwevertebrate uye zvidzidzo zvinosanganisirwa zvakagovaniswa.Nezve kuvandudzwa kwekunyoreswa kwechinhu chinosanganisira vazhinji vanyoreri, data rese rinofanirwa kuongororwa pamwe chete, uye mhedziso nemishumo inofanirwa kuumbwa mushure mekuongorora kwakadzama.
4.1.2 United States
EPA inokurudzira kuti vanyoreri vagovane data yekuongororazve, asi hapana chinosungirwa.Zvinoenderana nechiziviso chekufona kwedata, iye akabata chitupa chekunyoresa chechinhu chinoshanda chemushonga wezvipembenene anogona kusarudza kupa pamwe chete data nevamwe vanyoreri, kuita zvidzidzo zvakasiyana, kana kubvisa kunyoresa.Kana miyedzo yakaparadzana nevanyoreri vakasiyana ikaguma nemapoinzi maviri akasiyana ekupedzisira, EPA ichashandisa yakanyanya kuchengetedza magumo.
4.2 Hukama pakati pekuvandudzwa kwekunyoresa nekunyoresa kutsva
4.2.1 European Union
Kusati kwatanga kuvandudzwa kweiyo inoshanda ingredient kunyoreswa, ndiko kuti, iyo Nhengo yeNyika isati yagamuchira kuvandudzwa kweinoshandira kunyorera kunyorera chikumbiro, munyoreri anogona kuenderera mberi nekuendesa chikumbiro chekunyoreswa kwechigadzirwa chakakodzera chemishonga kuNhengo yeNyika (dunhu) ;Mushure mekutanga kwekuvandudzwa kwekunyoreswa kwechinhu chinoshanda, munyoreri haachakwanise kuendesa chikumbiro chekunyoreswa kunoenderana gadziriro kuNhengo yeNyika, uye anofanirwa kumirira kuburitswa kwechisungo pakuvandudzwa kwekunyoreswa kwechinhu chinoshanda asati aendesa mukati. zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvitsva.
4.2.2 United States
Kana kumwe kunyoreswa (semuenzaniso, gadziriro nyowani yedosi) isingakonzere kuongororwa kwenjodzi, EPA inogona kugamuchira kunyoreswa kwekuwedzera panguva yekuongororazve;Nekudaro, kana kunyoreswa kutsva (senge chiyero chitsva chekushandisa) kuchigona kukonzeresa kuongororwa kwenjodzi, EPA inogona kusanganisira chigadzirwa mukuongororazve njodzi yekuongorora kana kuita yakaparadzana ongororo yenjodzi yechigadzirwa uye kushandisa zvabuda mukuongororazve.Kuchinjika kweEPA kunokonzerwa nekuti zvikamu zvitatu zvakakosha zveHealth Effects Branch, Environmental Behavior and Effects Branch, uye Biological and Economic Analysis Branch inotsigira basa reRegistry neReevaluation Branch, uye inokwanisa kuona zvese. iyo data registry uye kuongororwazve panguva imwe chete.Semuenzaniso, kana kuongororwazve kwaita sarudzo yekushandura iyo label, asi isati yaburitswa, kana kambani ikatumira chikumbiro chekuchinja label, registry inoigadzirisa zvinoenderana nesarudzo yekuongororazve.Iyi nzira inoshanduka inobvumira EPA kuti ibatanidze zviwanikwa uye kubatsira makambani kuti anyoreswe kare.
4.3 Dziviriro yeData
4.3.1 European Union
Iyo nguva yekudzivirira ye data nyowani inoshanda yeinjiniya uye data rekugadzirira rinoshandiswa kunyoresa kuvandudzwa mwedzi makumi matatu, kutanga kubva pazuva iro rinoenderana gadziriro chigadzirwa chakatanga kunyoreswa kuvandudzwa mune imwe neimwe Nhengo State, yakatarwa zuva rinosiyana zvishoma kubva kune imwe Nhengo yeNyika kuenda kune imwe.
4.3.2 United States
Ichangobva kutumirwa yekuongororazve data ine nguva yekudzivirira yedata yemakore gumi nemashanu kubva pazuva rekutumira, uye kana munyoreri achitaura nezve data rakaunzwa nerimwe bhizinesi, rinofanirwa kuratidza kuti muripo wakapihwa muridzi wedata kana mvumo yawanikwa.Kana bhizinesi rinoshanda rekunyoresa zvinodhaka richiona kuti raendesa dhata rinodiwa kuti riongororwezve, chigadzirwa chekugadzirira chinogadzirwa uchishandisa mushonga unoshanda chawana mvumo yekushandisa data remushonga unoshanda, saka rinogona kuchengetedza kunyoreswa zvakananga zvichienderana ne kuongororazve mhedziso yemushonga unoshanda, pasina kuwedzera rumwe ruzivo, asi ichiri kuda kutora matanho ekudzora njodzi sekugadzirisa iyo label sezvinodiwa.
5. Pfupiso uye tarisiro
Pakazere, EU neUS vane chinangwa chimwechete mukuwongororazve zvigadzirwa zvezvipembenene zvakanyoreswa: kuve nechokwadi chekuti sezvo kugona kwekuongorora njodzi kuchikura uye shanduko yemitemo, mishonga yese yakanyoreswa yezvipembenene inogona kuramba ichishandiswa zvakachengeteka uye haiise njodzi isina musoro kuhutano hwevanhu. uye zvakatipoteredza.Zvisinei, pane zvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana mumaitirwo chaiwo.Kutanga, inoratidzwa mukubatana pakati pekuongorora tekinoroji uye manejimendi kuita sarudzo.Iyo EU yekuwedzera yekunyoresa inovhara zvese tekinoroji ongororo uye yekupedzisira manejimendi sarudzo;Kuongororazve muUnited States kunongoita mhedziso yekuongorora kwehunyanzvi sekugadzirisa zvinyorwa uye kuendesa data nyowani, uye ane chitupa chekunyoresa anofanirwa kutora danho rekuita zvinoenderana nemhedziso uye kuita zvikumbiro zvinoenderana nekuita sarudzo dzekutonga.Chechipiri, nzira dzekushandisa dzakasiyana.Kuwedzerwa kwekunyoresa muEU kwakakamurwa kuita matanho maviri.Nhanho yekutanga ndeyekuwedzera kweiyo inoshanda ingredient kunyoresa padanho reEU.Mushure mekuwedzera kweiyo inoshanda ingredient kunyoreswa kwapfuura, kuwedzera kwekunyoreswa kwezvigadzirwa zvemishonga kunoitwa munhengo dzenhengo dzinoenderana.Kuongororwazve kwezvinhu zvinoshanda uye zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira muUnited States kunoitwa panguva imwe chete.
Mvumo yekunyoresa uye kuongororwazve mushure mekunyoresa zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha kuti ive nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kwekushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene.Muna Chivabvu 1997, China yakashambadza "Mitemo yeKutarisira Pesticide", uye mushure memakore anopfuura makumi maviri ebudiriro, hurongwa hwakakwana hwekunyoresa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene uye evaluation standard system yakatangwa.Parizvino, China yakanyoresa marudzi anopfuura 700 emishonga yezvipembenene uye zvigadzirwa zvekugadzirira zvinopfuura 40,000, zvinopfuura hafu yacho zvakanyoreswa kwemakore anopfuura makumi maviri.Kwenguva refu, yakawanda uye yakawanda yekushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene zvinozotungamira mukukwira kwebiological kuramba kwechinangwa, kuwedzera kwekuunganidza kwezvakatipoteredza, uye kuwedzera kwenjodzi dzevanhu nemhuka.Kuongororazve mushure mekunyoreswa inzira inoshanda yekudzikisa njodzi yenguva refu yekushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene uye kuona kutenderera kwehupenyu hwese kutamiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene, uye chinhu chinobatsira pakunyoresa uye kubvumidza system.Zvakadaro, basa rekuChina rekuongororazve mishonga yezvipembenene rakatanga nguva yapera, uye “Matanho eKunyoreswa kwePesticide Registration” yakaburitswa muna 2017 yakaratidza kekutanga kubva padanho rekutonga kuti mhando dzemishonga yakanyoreswa kwemakore anopfuura gumi neshanu dzinofanira kurongeka kuti dzitakure. ongorora nguva nenguva maererano nekugadzirwa uye kushandiswa kwemamiriro ezvinhu uye shanduko yemutemo weindasitiri.NY/ T2948-2016 “Technical Specification for Pesticide Reevaluation” yakabudiswa muna 2016 inopa misimboti nematanho ekuongorora ekuongororazve mhando dzemishonga yezvipembenene dzakanyoreswa, uye inotsanangura mazwi akakodzera, asi kuteedzera kwayo kunogumira seyero inokurudzirwa.Zvichienderana nebasa rinoshanda rekutarisira mishonga yezvipembenene muChina, tsvakiridzo uye ongororo yekuongororazve hurongwa hweEU neUnited States inogona kutipa pfungwa dzinotevera uye kujekerwa.
Chekutanga, ipa mutambo wakazara kune basa guru remubati weti regisheni mukuongororwazve kwemishonga yezvipembenene yakanyoreswa.Maitiro ekuongororazve mushonga wezvipembenene muEU neUnited States ndewekuti dhipatimendi rekunyoreswa kwekunyoresa rinogadzira hurongwa hwebasa, rinoisa pamberi pekuongororazve mhando uye zvinonetsa nezvenzvimbo dzine njodzi, uye ane chitupa chekunyoresa chezvipembenene anoendesa ruzivo sezvinodiwa mukati nguva yakatarwa.China inogona kutora zvidzidzo kubva pamamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo, kushandura mafungiro edhipatimendi rekunyoreswa kwezvipembenene kuti riite bvunzo dzekuongorora uye kupedza basa rose rekuongororazve mushonga wezvipembenene, uyezve kujekesa basa guru remunhu ane chitupa chekunyoresa chezvipembenene mukuita ongororo zvakare nekuona. kuchengetedzwa kwechigadzirwa, uye kuvandudza nzira dzekushandisa dzekuongororazve mushonga wezvipembenene muChina.
Chechipiri kugadzwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene reevaluation data protection system.Mitemo yePesticide Management nemitemo yayo inotsigira inotsanangura zvakajeka nzira yekudzivirira yemhando itsva dzemishonga yezvipembenene muChina uye zvinodikanwa zvemvumo yedhata rekunyoreswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene, asi kuongororazve kuchengetedza kwedata uye zvinodiwa zvemvumo yedata hazvina kujeka.Naizvozvo, vane zvitupa zvekunyoreswa kwezvipembenene vanofanirwa kukurudzirwa kuti vatore chikamu mubasa rekuongororazve, uye yekuongororazve data redziviriro system inofanirwa kutsanangurwa zvakajeka, kuitira kuti varidzi ve data rekutanga vape data kune vamwe vanonyorera muripo, kuderedza bvunzo dzinodzokororwa, uye. kuderedza mutoro pamabhizinesi.
Chechitatu ndechekuvaka hurongwa hwekuongorora njodzi yezvipembenene mushure mekunyoresa, kuongorora njodzi yezvipembenene, kuongororazve nekuenderera mberi nekunyoresa.Muna 2022, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs ichangobva kuburitsa "Mitemo pamusoro peManejirwo ePesticide Risk Monitoring and Evaluation (Draft for Comment)", zvichiratidza kutsunga kweChina kuendesa zvine hungwaru uye kuita nguva nenguva mushure mekunyoresa manejimendi emishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene.Mune ramangwana, tinofanirawo kufunga zvakanaka, kuita tsvakiridzo huru, uye kudzidza kubva kune zvakawanda, uye zvishoma nezvishoma titange nekuvandudza mushure mekunyoresa kuchengetedza kuchengetedza kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inoenderana nemamiriro enyika yeChina kuburikidza nekutarisa, kuongorora zvakare uye. kunyoreswa kwenjodzi yekushandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, kuitira kudzikisira zvechokwadi marudzi ese enjodzi dzinogona kukonzerwa nekushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene, uye kudzivirira zvinobudirira kugadzirwa kwekurima, hutano hweveruzhinji uye kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza.
Nguva yekutumira: May-27-2024