Mushonga wezvipembenene wemumbaKupfapfaidza (IRS) inzira huru yekuderedza kutapurirana kwechirwere cheTrypanosoma cruzi chinotapuriranwa nezvipembenene, icho chinokonzera chirwere cheChagas munzvimbo zhinji dzeSouth America. Zvisinei, kubudirira kweIRS munharaunda yeGrand Chaco, iyo inofukidza Bolivia, Argentina neParaguay, hakugone kukwikwidzana nedzimwe nyika dzeSouthern Cone.
Chidzidzo ichi chakaongorora maitiro enguva dzose eIRS uye kudzora mhando yemishonga inouraya zvipembenene munharaunda inowanzowanikwa mishonga iyi muChaco, Bolivia.
Chinhu chinoshandaalpha-cypermethrin(ai) yakatorwa papepa rekusefa rakaiswa pamusoro pemadziro esprayer uye yakayerwa mumhinduro dzetangi rekusefa dzakagadzirwa uchishandisa Insecticide Quantitative Kit (IQK™) yakagadziriswa nzira dzeHPLC dzinoshandiswa. Data rakaongororwa uchishandisa negative binomial mixed-effects regression model kuti iongorore hukama huripo pakati pehuwandu hwezvipembenene hunoshandiswa papepa rekusefa uye kureba kwemadziro ekusefa, kufukidza spray (nzvimbo yekusefa/nguva yekusefa [m2/min]), uye chiyero chekusefa chakacherechedzwa/chinotarisirwa. Kusiyana pakati pekutevedzera zvinodiwa nevanopa hutano nevaridzi vedzimba nezvinodiwa neIRS zvemba dzisina vanhu kwakaongororwawo. Kugadzika kwealpha-cypermethrin mushure mekusanganiswa mumatangi ekusefa akagadzirira kwakayerwa murabhoritari.
Kusiyana kukuru kwakaonekwa muhuwandu hwe alpha-cypermethrin AI, ne10.4% chete (50/480) yemafirita uye 8.8% (5/57) yedzimba dzakasvika pahuwandu hwaitarisirwa hwe50 mg ± 20% AI/m2. Huwandu hwakaratidzwa hahuna kuenzana nehuwandu hwakawanikwa mumhinduro dzekupfapfaidza dzakakodzera. Mushure mekusanganisa alpha-cypermethrin ai mumushonga wepamusoro wakagadzirwa wetangi rekupfapfaidza wakakurumidza kugara, izvo zvakaita kuti alpha-cypermethrin ai irasikirwe nemutsara mumwe chete paminiti uye kurasikirwa kwe49% mushure memaminitsi gumi nemashanu. 7.5% chete (6/80) yedzimba dzakarapwa pachiyero chekupfapfaidza chakakurudzirwa neWHO che19 m2/min (±10%), nepo 77.5% (62/80) yedzimba dzakarapwa pachiyero chakaderera pane zvaitarisirwa. Avhareji yehuwandu hwechinhu chinoshanda chakaendeswa kumba yakanga isina hukama zvakanyanya nekuvharwa kwepfapfaidzo kwakaonekwa. Kutevedzera mitemo yedzimba hakuna kukanganisa zvakanyanya kufukidzwa kwepfapfaidzo kana avhareji yehuwandu hwe cypermethrin yakaendeswa kudzimba.
Kutumirwa kweIRS kusina kunaka kunogona kunge kuri nekuda kwehunhu hwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene uye kudiwa kwekuongorora nzira dzekuunzwa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene, kusanganisira kudzidziswa kwemapoka eIRS nedzidzo yeveruzhinji kukurudzira kutevedzera mitemo. IQK™ chishandiso chakakosha chinobatsira pabasa chinovandudza mhando yeIRS uye chinoita kuti kudzidziswa kwevanopa hutano uye kuita sarudzo kune vatungamiriri mukutonga kweChagas vector.
Chirwere cheChagas chinokonzerwa nehutachiona hwechipembenene chinonzi Trypanosoma cruzi (kinetoplastid: Trypanosomatidae), chinokonzera zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana muvanhu nedzimwe mhuka. Muvanhu, hutachiona hunokonzera zviratidzo hunoitika mavhiki kusvika kumwedzi mushure mehutachiona uye hunoratidzwa nefivha, malaise, uye hepatosplenomegaly. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti 20-30% yehutachiona hunopfuurira kusvika pachimiro chisingaperi, chinowanzo onekwa necardiomyopathy, iyo inoratidzwa nekukanganisa kwemuchina wekufambisa mweya, cardiac arrhythmias, left ventricular dysfunction, uye pakupedzisira congestive heart failure uye, zvisingawanzoitiki, chirwere chemudumbu. Zvirwere izvi zvinogona kuramba zviripo kwemakumi emakore uye zvakaoma kurapa [1]. Hapana mushonga.
Mutoro wepasi rose wechirwere cheChagas muna 2017 waifungidzirwa kuva vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni 6.2, zvichikonzera kufa kwevanhu 7900 uye makore ehupenyu akagadziriswa nehurema (DALYs) 232,000 emazera ese [2,3,4]. Triatominus cruzi inotapuriranwa muCentral neSouth America yese, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekumaodzanyemba kweNorth America, neTriatominus cruzi (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), iyo inoverengera 30,000 (77%) yehuwandu hwese hwezviitiko zvitsva muLatin America muna 2010 [5]. Dzimwe nzira dzehutachiona munzvimbo dzisiri dzechirwere dzakadai seEurope neUnited States dzinosanganisira kutapurirana kweropa rine hutachiona kubva pakuzvarwa naro uye kuwedzerwa ropa rine hutachiona. Semuenzaniso, muSpain, kune nyaya dzinosvika 67,500 dzehutachiona pakati pevatorwa vekuLatin America [6], zvichikonzera mari yehurongwa hwehutano hwegore negore inosvika US$9.3 miriyoni [7]. Pakati pa2004 na2007, 3.4% yevakadzi vane pamuviri vekuLatin America vakaongororwa pachipatara cheBarcelona vaive nechirwere cheTrypanosoma cruzi [8]. Nokudaro, kuedza kudzora kutapurirana kwezvirwere munyika dzakapararira kwakakosha kuderedza mutoro wezvirwere munyika dzisina triatomine vectors [9]. Nzira dziripo dzekudzivirira dzinosanganisira kupfapfaidza mumba (IRS) kuderedza kuwanda kwezvirwere mudzimba nedziri pedyo, kuongororwa kwemadzimai kuti vaone uye vabvise kutapurirana kwezvirwere zvekuzvarwa nazvo, kuongororwa kweropa nemidziyo yemuviri, uye mapurogiramu edzidzo [5,10,11,12].
MuSouthern Cone yeSouth America, chirwere chikuru chinokonzerwa nehutachiona hwetriatomine. Rudzi urwu runonyanya kukonzera zvirwere zvinodya nyama uye zvinodya nyama uye runoberekera zvakanyanya mudzimba nemashedhi emhuka. Muzvivakwa zvisina kuvakwa zvakanaka, matombo ari mumadziro nedenga ane tupukanana twetriatomine, uye kupinda kwezvirwere mudzimba kwakanyanya [13, 14]. Southern Cone Initiative (INCOSUR) inokurudzira kuedza kwakabatana kwenyika dzese kurwisa hutachiona hwemumba muTri. Shandisa IRS kuona mabhakitiriya ane utachiona nezvimwe zvinhu zvakanangana nenzvimbo yacho [15, 16]. Izvi zvakaita kuti kuwanda kwechirwere cheChagas kuderere zvakanyanya uye kusimbiswa neWorld Health Organisation kuti kutapurirana kwehutachiona hwezvipembenene kwakanga kwabviswa mune dzimwe nyika (Uruguay, Chile, zvikamu zveArgentina neBrazil) [10, 15].
Kunyangwe kubudirira kweINCOSUR, vector Trypanosoma cruzi ichiripo mudunhu reGran Chaco muUSA, masango akaoma mwaka nenguva anofukidza 1.3 miriyoni square kilometers kumiganhu yeBolivia, Argentina neParaguay [10]. Vagari vedunhu iri vari pakati pemapoka akanyanya kusiyiwa uye vanogara muurombo hwakanyanya vasina mukana wekuwana hutano hwakakwana [17]. Kuwanda kwehutachiona hweT. cruzi uye kutapurirana kwevector munharaunda idzi kuri pakati pepamusoro pasi rose [5,18,19,20] ne26–72% yedzimba dzakazadzwa netrypanosomatids. infestans [13, 21] uye 40–56% Tri. Mabhakitiriya ane hutachiona anobata Trypanosoma cruzi [22, 23]. Ruzhinji (>93%) rwezviitiko zvese zvechirwere cheChagas chinotapuriranwa nevector munharaunda yeSouthern Cone rwunowanikwa muBolivia [5].
IRS parizvino ndiyo nzira chete inogamuchirwa zvakanyanya yekuderedza triacine muvanhu. infestans inzira yakasimbiswa kare yekuderedza mutoro wezvirwere zvakawanda zvinotapuriranwa nevanhu [24, 25]. Kugovaniswa kwedzimba mumusha weTri. infestans (infestans index) chiratidzo chikuru chinoshandiswa nevakuru vehutano kuita sarudzo nezvekuiswa kweIRS uye, zvakakosha, kururamisa kurapwa kwevana vane hutachiona husingaperi vasina njodzi yekutapuriranwazve [16,26,27,28,29]. Kushanda kweIRS uye kuramba kuripo kwekutapurirana kwevector munharaunda yeChaco zvinokanganiswa nezvinhu zvakati wandei: mhando isina kunaka yekuvaka chivako [19, 21], nzira dzisina kunaka dzeIRS uye nzira dzekutarisa hutachiona [30], kusava nechokwadi kweveruzhinji maererano nezvinodiwa neIRS Kusatevedzera mitemo [31], kushanda kwenguva pfupi kwemishonga yezvipembenene [32, 33] uye Tri. infestans dzakaderera kuramba uye/kana kusanzwa mishonga yezvipembenene [22, 34].
Mishonga yezvipembenene inonzi synthetic pyrethroid inowanzoshandiswa muIRS nekuda kwekuti inouraya zvipembenene zvetriatomine. Kana iri muhuwandu hushoma, mishonga yezvipembenene inonzi pyrethroid yakashandiswawo senzira dzekutsamwisa kubvisa mabhakitiriya mumipata yemadziro kuti ionekwe [35]. Tsvagiridzo pamusoro pekudzora mhando dzemishonga yeIRS yakaganhurirwa, asi kumwewo kwakaratidzwa kuti kune kusiyana kukuru muhuwandu hwezvinhu zvinoshanda zvemishonga yekuuraya zvipukanana (AIs) zvinounzwa mudzimba, nehuwandu hunowanzo kuderera pasi pehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinotarisirwa [33,36,37,38]. Chimwe chikonzero chekushaikwa kwetsvagiridzo yekudzora mhando ndechekuti high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), chiyero chegoridhe chekuyera huwandu hwezvinhu zvinoshanda mumishonga yekuuraya zvipukanana, chakaoma, chinodhura, uye kazhinji hachina kukodzera mamiriro akapararira munharaunda. Kufambira mberi kwazvino mukuyedzwa kwerabhoritari ikozvino kunopa dzimwe nzira uye dzisingadhuri dzekuongorora kuendeswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipukanana uye maitiro eIRS [39, 40].
Chidzidzo ichi chakagadzirirwa kuyera shanduko muhuwandu hwezvipembenene panguva yemishandirapamwe yeIRS yakatarisana neTri. Phytophthora infestans yembatatisi mudunhu reChaco, Bolivia. Kuwanda kwezvinhu zvinoshanda zvezvipembenene kwakayerwa mumafomura akagadzirwa mumatangi ekupfapfaidza uye mumasampuli emapepa ekusefa akaunganidzwa mumakamuri ekupfapfaidza. Zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa kuendeswa kwezvipembenene kudzimba zvakaongororwawo. Nechinangwa ichi, takashandisa chemical colorimetric assay kuyedza huwandu hwepyrethroids mumienzaniso iyi.
Chidzidzo ichi chakaitwa muItanambicua, dunhu reCamili, dhipatimendi reSanta Cruz, Bolivia (20°1′5.94″ S; 63°30′41″ W) (Mufananidzo 1). Dunhu iri chikamu chedunhu reGran Chaco muUSA uye rinoratidzwa nemasango akaoma mwaka nemwaka ane tembiricha ye0–49 °C uye mvura inonaya ye500–1000 mm/gore [41]. Itanambicua ndeimwe yenzvimbo gumi nepfumbamwe dzeGuaraní muguta, uko vagari vanosvika chiuru nemazana maviri vanogara mudzimba mazana maviri nemakumi maviri dzakavakwa zvakanyanya nezvidhinha zvezuva (adobe), fenzi dzechinyakare uye matabique (anozivikanwa munharaunda iyi setabique), matanda, kana musanganiswa wezvinhu izvi. Zvimwe zvivakwa nezvivakwa zviri pedyo neimba zvinosanganisira mashedhi emhuka, makamuri ekuchengetera zvinhu, makicheni nezvimbuzi, zvakavakwa nezvinhu zvakafanana. Hupfumi hwenzvimbo iyi hwakavakirwa pakurima, kunyanya chibage nenzungu, pamwe nehuku diki, nguruve, mbudzi, madhadha nehove, uye zvirimwa zvakawanda zvinotengeswa muguta reKamili (rinenge makiromita gumi nemaviri kubva ipapo). Guta reKamili rinopawo mikana yakawanda yemabasa kuvanhu, kunyanya mumabasa ekuvaka nemabasa epamba.
Muchidzidzo chazvino, huwandu hwehutachiona hweT. cruzi pakati pevana veItanambiqua (makore 2-15) hwaive 20% [20]. Izvi zvakafanana nekupararira kwehutachiona pakati pevana vakashumwa munharaunda yeGuarani iri pedyo, iyo yakaonawo kuwedzera kwekupararira kwehutachiona nekukura, neruzhinji rwevagari vane makore anopfuura makumi matatu ekuberekwa vachibatwa nehutachiona [19]. Kutapurirana kwehutachiona kunoonekwa senzira huru yehutachiona munharaunda idzi, Tri iriyo nzira huru. Infestans inopindira mudzimba nezvivakwa zvekunze [21, 22].
Kambani yezvehutano yemuguta yakasarudzwa haina kukwanisa kupa mishumo yezviitiko zveIRS muItanambicua chidzidzo ichi chisati chaitwa, asi mishumo kubva munharaunda dziri pedyo inoratidza zvakajeka kuti mabasa eIRS mudunhu iri anga achiitwa nguva nenguva kubvira muna 2000 uye kupfapfaidzwa kwe20% beta cypermethrin; kwakaitwa muna 2003, kuchiteverwa nekupfapfaidzwa kwakawanda mudzimba dzine utachiona kubva muna 2005 kusvika 2009 [22] uye kupfapfaidzwa kwakarongeka kubva muna 2009 kusvika 2011 [19].
Munharaunda iyi, IRS yakaitwa nenyanzvi nhatu dzehutano dzakadzidziswa munharaunda dzichishandisa 20% alpha-cypermethrin suspension concentrate [SC] (Alphamost®, Hockley International Ltd., Manchester, UK). Mushonga wezvipembenene wakagadzirwa ne 50 mg ai/m2 zvichienderana nezvinodiwa neChagas Disease Control Program yeSanta Cruz Administrative Department (Servicio Department de Salud-SEDES). Mishonga yezvipembenene yakashandiswa uchishandisa Guarany® backpack sprayer (Guarany Indústria e Comércio Ltda, Itu, São Paulo, Brazil) ine simba re 8.5 l (tank code: 0441.20), ine flat-spray nozzle uye nominal flow rate ye 757 ml/min, zvichigadzira rwizi rwe 80° pa standard cylinder pressure ye 280 kPa. Vashandi vekuchenesa vakasanganisawo ma aerosol cans nedzimba dzakapfapfaidzwa. Vashandi ava vakambodzidziswa nebazi rezvehutano reguta remuno kugadzirira nekuendesa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, pamwe nekupfapfaidza mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene pamadziro emukati nekunze edzimba. Vanokurudzirwawo kuti vakumbire vagari kuti vabvise zvinhu zvese mumba, kusanganisira fenicha (kunze kwemafuremu emubhedha), maawa angangoita makumi maviri nemana IRS isati yatora matanho ekubvumira kupinda mukati memba kuti ipfapfaidze. Kutevedzera zvinodiwa izvi kunoyerwa sezvinotsanangurwa pazasi. Vagari vanokurudzirwawo kumirira kusvika madziro akapendwa aoma vasati vapindazve mumba, sezvakakurudzirwa [42].
Kuti vaone huwandu hwe lambda-cypermethrin AI inounzwa mudzimba, vaongorori vakaisa bepa rekusefa (Whatman Nhamba 1; dhayamita 55 mm) pamadziro edzimba makumi mashanu nenomwe dziri pamberi peIRS. Dzimba dzese dzaigamuchira IRS panguva iyoyo dzaibatanidzwa (dzimba makumi maviri neshanu muna Mbudzi 2016 uye dzimba makumi matatu nembiri muna Ndira-Kukadzi 2017). Izvi zvinosanganisira dzimba makumi mashanu nembiri dzeadobe nedzimba shanu dzetabik. Zvidimbu zvisere kusvika zvipfumbamwe zvebepa rekusefa zvakaiswa mumba yega yega, zvakakamurwa kuita hurefu hutatu hwemadziro (0.2, 1.2 uye 2 m kubva pasi), nemadziro ese matatu akasarudzwa achipesana newachi, kutanga kubva pamusuwo mukuru. Izvi zvakapa makopi matatu pahurefu hwemadziro ese, sezvakakurudzirwa kuti zvionekwe kuti mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inoburitswa zvakanaka [43]. Mushure mekushandisa mushonga wekuuraya zvipembenene, vaongorori vakaunganidza bepa rekusefa ndokuriomesa kubva pachiedza chezuva chakananga. Kana raoma, bepa rekusefa raiputirwa netepi yakajeka kuti ridzivirire uye ribate mushonga wezvipembenene pamusoro wakafukidzwa, ndokuzoputirwa nealuminium foil uye kuchengetwa pa7°C kusvika pakuedzwa. Pamapepa ese efirita anosvika 513 akaunganidzwa, 480 kubva padzimba 57 dzaivepo kuti dziongororwe, kureva mapepa efirita 8-9 pamusha wega wega. Mienzaniso yekuedzwa yaisanganisira mapepa efirita 437 kubva kudzimba dzeadobe 52 uye mapepa efirita 43 kubva kudzimba 5 dzetabik. Muenzaniso uyu unoenderana nehuwandu hwedzimba dziri munharaunda (76.2% [138/181] adobe uye 11.6% [21/181] tabika) akanyorwa muongororo dzepasuo nesuo dzechidzidzo ichi. Kuongororwa kwepepa refirita uchishandisa Insecticide Quantification Kit (IQK™) uye kusimbiswa kwayo uchishandisa HPLC zvinotsanangurwa muAdditional File 1. Huwandu hwemishonga inouraya utachiona hunotarisirwa i50 mg ai/m2, iyo inobvumira kushivirira kwe ± 20% (kureva 40–60 mg ai/m2).
Kuwanda kweAI kwakaongororwa mumagaba makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe akagadzirwa nevashandi vezvehutano. Takatora sampuli yematangi 1-4 akagadzirwa pazuva, neavhareji yematangi 1.5 (akaenzana: 1-4) akagadzirwa pazuva mukati memazuva gumi nemasere. Kutevedzana kwesampuli kwakatevera kutevedzana kwesampuli kwakashandiswa nevashandi vehutano muna Mbudzi 2016 naNdira 2017. Kufambira mberi kwezuva nezuva kubva; Ndira Kukadzi. Mushure mekusanganisa zvakakwana musanganiswa, 2 ml yemusanganiswa yakatorwa kubva pamusoro pezviri mukati. Sampuli ye2 mL yakazosanganiswa murabhoritari nekushandura kwemaminetsi mashanu isati yatorwa sampuli mbiri dze5.2 μL uye dzakaedzwa uchishandisa IQK™ sezvakatsanangurwa (ona Zvimwe faira 1).
Mwero wekuiswa kwechinhu chinoshanda chezvipembenene wakayerwa mumatangi mana ekupfapfaidza akasarudzwa zvakananga kuratidza huwandu hwekutanga (zero) hwezvinhu zvinoshanda mukati menzvimbo dzepamusoro, dzepasi, uye dzechinangwa. Mushure mekusanganisa kwemaminitsi gumi nemashanu akatevedzana, bvisai sampuli nhatu dze5.2 µL kubva pamusoro pemuenzaniso wega wega we2 mL vortex panguva imwe chete. Huremu hwemhinduro inonangwa mutangi i1.2 mg ai/ml ± 20% (kureva 0.96–1.44 mg ai/ml), izvo zvakaenzana nekuwana huwandu hwakanangwa hunoendeswa kufirita pepa, sezvakatsanangurwa pamusoro apa.
Kuti tinzwisise hukama huripo pakati pemabasa ekupfapfaidza mishonga yezvipembenene nekuendesa mishonga yezvipembenene, muongorori (RG) akaperekedza vashandi vehutano vaviri veIRS vemunharaunda panguva yekuendeswa kweIRS kudzimba 87 (dzimba 57 dzakatorwa pamusoro uye 30 padzimba 43 dzakapfapfaidzwa nemishonga yezvipembenene). Kurume 2016). Dzimba gumi nenhatu padzimba idzi 43 hadzina kunyorwa: varidzi vatanhatu vakaramba, uye dzimba nomwe dzakangorapwa zvishoma. Nzvimbo yese inofanira kupfapfaidzwa (mamita mativi mana) mukati nekunze kwemba yakayerwa zvakadzama, uye nguva yese inoshandiswa nevashandi vehutano vachipfapfaidza (maminitsi) yakanyorwa pachivande. Data iri rinoshandiswa kuverenga chiyero chekupfapfaidza, chinotsanangurwa senzvimbo yepamusoro inopfapfaidzwa paminiti (m2/min). Kubva padata iri, chiyero chekupfapfaidza chakaonekwa/chinotarisirwa chinogonawo kuverengerwa sechiyero chekuenzanisa, nechiyero chekupfapfaidza chinotarisirwa chiri 19 m2/min ± 10% yezvinodiwa zvemidziyo yekupfapfaidza [44]. Kune chiyero chakacherechedzwa/chinotarisirwa, huwandu hwekushivirira i1 ± 10% (0.8–1.2).
Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, dzimba makumi mashanu nenomwe dzakaiswa firita pamadziro adzo. Kuti vaone kana kuonekwa kwepepa rekusefa kwakakanganisa huwandu hwevashandi vekuchenesa, huwandu hwekusefa mudzimba idzi makumi mashanu nenomwe hwakaenzaniswa nehuwandu hwekusefa mudzimba makumi matatu dzakarapwa munaKurume 2016 dzisina firita papepa. Huwandu hwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene hwakayerwa chete mudzimba dzakagadzirwa nefirita papepa.
Vagari vedzimba makumi mashanu neshanu vakanyoreswa kuti vatevedzere zvinodiwa neIRS zvekuchenesa dzimba, kusanganisira dzimba makumi matatu dzakapfapfaidzwa munaKurume 2016 uye dzimba makumi maviri neshanu dzakapfapfaidzwa munaMbudzi 2016. 0–2 (0 = zvinhu zvese kana zvakawanda zvinosara mumba; 1 = zvinhu zvakawanda zvakabviswa; 2 = imba isina chinhu zvachose). Mhedzisiro yekutevedzera mitemo yemuridzi pahuwandu hwekupfapfaidzwa uye huwandu hwezvipembenene zvemoxa yakaongororwa.
Simba rehuwandu hwemasvomhu rakaverengerwa kuti rione kusiyana kwakakosha kubva pakuwanda kwealpha-cypermethrin kwakatarisirwa kushandiswa papepa rekusefa, uye kuona kusiyana kwakakosha mukuwanda kwezvipembenene uye mwero wekupfapfaidza pakati pemapoka edzimba akabatana. Simba rehuwandu hwemasvomhu (α = 0.05) rakaverengerwa pahuwandu hushoma hwedzimba dzakatorwa sesampuli yeboka ripi neripi remhando (kureva, saizi yemuenzaniso yakatarwa) yakatsanangurwa pakutanga. Mukupfupisa, kuenzanisa huwandu hwezvipembenene mumuenzaniso mumwe chete pamhando 17 dzakasarudzwa (dzakarongwa sevaridzi vasingateereri) kwaive nesimba re98.5% rekuona kusiyana kwe20% kubva pakuwanda kwechinangwa kwakatarisirwa kwe50 mg ai/m2, uko kusiyana (SD = 10) kwakapfuudzwa zvakanyanya zvichibva pane zvakacherechedzwa zvakaburitswa kune dzimwe nzvimbo [37, 38]. Kuenzanisa kuwanda kwezvipembenene mumagaba eaerosol akasarudzwa kumba kuti zvive nekushanda kwakaenzana (n = 21) > 90%.
Kuenzanisa mienzaniso miviri yehuwandu hwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene mudzimba n = 10 uye n = 12 kana huwandu hwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene mudzimba n = 12 uye n = 23 hwakaburitsa simba rehuwandu hwe66.2% uye 86.2% kuti zvionekwe. Hunhu hwaitarisirwa hwemusiyano we20% ndehwe50 mg ai/m2 uye 19 m2/min, zvichiteerana. Zvichienderana nekuchengetedzwa, zvaifungidzirwa kuti paizova nekusiyana kukuru muboka rega rega kwehuwandu hwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene (SD = 3.5) uye huwandu hwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene (SD = 10). Simba rehuwandu raive >90% pakuenzanisa kwakaenzana kwehuwandu hwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene pakati pedzimba dzine firita pepa (n = 57) uye dzimba dzisina firita pepa (n = 30). Kuverenga kwesimba kwese kwakaitwa uchishandisa chirongwa cheSAMPSI muSTATA v15.0 software [45]).
Mapepa ekusefa akaunganidzwa kubva mumba akaongororwa nekuisa data kumuenzaniso we multivariate negative binomial mixed-effects (chirongwa cheMENBREG mu STATA v.15.0) nenzvimbo yemadziro mukati memba (mazinga matatu) semhedzisiro isina kurongeka. Kuwanda kwemwaranzi yeBeta. -cypermethrin io MaModeli akashandiswa kuyedza shanduko dzine chekuita nekukwirira kwemadziro e nebulizer (mazinga matatu), mwero we nebulization (m2/min), zuva rekuisa IRS, uye mamiriro emupi wehutano (mazinga maviri). Muenzaniso we generalized linear (GLM) wakashandiswa kuyedza hukama huripo pakati pehuwandu hwe alpha-cypermethrin papepa rekusefa rakaendeswa kumba kwega kwega uye huwandu huri mumhinduro inoenderana mutangi rekusefa. Kucherwa kwehuwandu hwezvipembenene mumushonga wetangi rekusefa nekufamba kwenguva kwakaongororwa nenzira yakafanana nekubatanidza kukosha kwekutanga (nguva zero) semuenzaniso we offset, kuyedza nguva yekudyidzana kwetangi ID × nguva (mazuva). Mapoinzi edata ekunze x anowanikwa nekushandisa mutemo weTukey boundary, apo x < Q1 - 1.5 × IQR kana x > Q3 + 1.5 × IQR. Sezvakaratidzwa, mwero wekupfapfaidza mudzimba nomwe uye huwandu hwepakati hwezvipembenene mudzimba imwe chete hazvina kutorwa kubva muongororo yehuwandu.
Kururama kwekuyera huwandu hwe alpha-cypermethrin mumakemikari e ai IQK™ kwakasimbiswa nekuenzanisa kukosha kwemasampuli makumi maviri nemanomwe emapepa ekusefa kubva kumatura matatu ehuku akaedzwa ne IQK™ ne HPLC (gold standard), uye mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza hukama hwakasimba (r = 0.93; p < 0.001) (Mufananidzo 2).
Kubatana kwehuwandu hwealpha-cypermethrin mumasampuli emapepa efirita akatorwa kubva kumatura ehuku mushure meIRS, akayerwa neHPLC neIQK™ (n = mapepa efirita makumi maviri nemanomwe kubva kumatura matatu ehuku)
IQK™ yakaedzwa pamapepa ekusefa mazana mana nemakumi masere akatorwa kubva kumafurati ehuku makumi mashanu nenomwe. Papepa rekusefa, huwandu hwealpha-cypermethrin hwaibva pa0.19 kusvika 105.0 mg ai/m2 (pakati pe17.6, IQR: 11.06-29.78). Paaya, 10.4% chete (50/480) yaive mukati mehuwandu hwe40–60 mg ai/m2 (Mufananidzo 3). Ruzhinji rwemasampuru (84.0% (403/480)) rwaive ne60 mg ai/m2. Musiyano uri pakati pehuwandu hwepakati hwemba yega yega yemafirita ekuyedza 8-9 akaunganidzwa pamba yega yega waive wehukuru, neavhareji ye19.6 mg ai/m2 (IQR: 11.76-28.32, huwandu: 0. 60-67.45). 8.8% chete (5/57) yenzvimbo dzakawana huwandu hwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene hwaitarisirwa; 89.5% (51/57) vaive pasi pemiganhu yenzvimbo yakatarwa, uye 1.8% (1/57) vaive pamusoro pemiganhu yenzvimbo yakatarwa (Mufananidzo 4).
Kugoverwa kakawanda kwehuwandu hwealpha-cypermethrin pamafirita akatorwa kubva kudzimba dzakarapwa neIRS (n = dzimba 57). Mutsetse wakamira unomiririra huwandu hwakananga hwehuwandu hwecypermethrin ai (50 mg ± 20% ai/m2).
Kuwanda kwe beta-cypermethrin av pa 8-9 filter pamusha wega wega, kwakaunganidzwa kubva kudzimba dzakagadzirwa ne IRS (n = 57 dzimba). Mutsetse wakataramuka unomiririra huwandu hwe alpha-cypermethrin ai (50 mg ± 20% ai/m2). Mitsetse yekukanganisa inomiririra miganhu yepasi neyepamusoro yepakati pepakati iri pedyo.
Kuwanda kwepakati kwakapihwa kumafirita ane hurefu hwemadziro hwe0.2, 1.2 uye 2.0 m kwaive 17.7 mg ai/m2 (IQR: 10.70–34.26), 17.3 mg a .i./m2 (IQR: 11.43–26.91) uye 17.6 mg ai/m2. zvichiteerana (IQR: 10.85–31.37) (inoratidzwa muAdditional file 2). Kudzora zuva reIRS, modhi yemhedzisiro yakasanganiswa yakaratidza mutsauko wakakura mukuwanda pakati pehurefu hwemadziro (z < 1.83, p > 0.067) kana shanduko dzakakosha nezuva rekupfapfaidza (z = 1.84 p = 0.070). Kuwanda kwepakati kwakapihwa kudzimba dzeadobe 5 kwakanga kusina kusiyana nekuwanda kwepakati kwakapihwa kudzimba dzeadobe 52 (z = 0.13; p = 0.89).
Kuwanda kweAI mumagaba eGuarany® aerosol makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe akatorwa ega akatorwa sampuli isati yashandiswa neIRS kwakachinja ne12.1, kubva pa0.16 mg AI/mL kusvika pa1.9 mg AI/mL pagaba (Mufananidzo 5). 6.9% (2/29) chete yemagaba eaerosol yaive nehuwandu hweAI mukati mehuwandu hwedosi yakatarwa ye0.96–1.44 mg AI/ml, uye 3.5% (1/29) yemagaba eaerosol yaive nehuwandu hweAI >1.44 mg AI/ml.
Avhareji yehuwandu hwealpha-cypermethrin ai yakayerwa mumhando makumi maviri nepfumbamwe dzekupfapfaidza. Mutsetse wakataramuka unomiririra huwandu hweAI hunokurudzirwa hwemagaba eaerosol (0.96–1.44 mg/ml) kuti uwane huwandu hweAI hwakananga hwe40–60 mg/m2 muimba yehuku.
Pamagaba emvura e29 akaongororwa, 21 akaenzana nedzimba 21. Kuwanda kweai kwakaunzwa mumba hakuna kubatana nekuwanda kwematangi ekupfapfaidza anoshandiswa kurapa imba (z = -0.94, p = 0.345), izvo zvakaratidzwa mukubatana kwakaderera (rSp2 = -0.02) (Mufananidzo .6). ).
Kubatana pakati pekuwanda kwe beta-cypermethrin AI pamapepa ekusefa 8-9 akatorwa kubva kudzimba dzakarapwa ne IRS uye kuwanda kwe AI mumhinduro dzekupfapfaidza dzakagadzirwa kumba dzinoshandiswa kurapa imba yega yega (n = 21)
Kuwanda kweAI mumhinduro dzepamusoro dzema sprayers mana akaunganidzwa mushure mekuzungunuswa (nguva 0) kwakasiyana ne3.3 (0.68–2.22 mg AI/ml) (Mufananidzo 7). Kune rimwe tangi, kukosha kuri mukati mehuwandu hwechinangwa, kune rimwe tangi, kukosha kuri pamusoro pechinangwa, kune mamwe matangi maviri, kukosha kuri pasi pechinangwa; Kuwanda kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene kwakazoderera zvakanyanya mumadziva ese mana panguva yekutevera kwemaminetsi gumi nemashanu (b = −0.018 kusvika −0.084; z > 5.58; p < 0.001). Tichifunga nezve kukosha kwekutanga kwetangi rega rega, nguva yekudyidzana kweTank ID x Nguva (maminitsi) yakanga isina kukosha (z = -1.52; p = 0.127). Mumadziva mana, avhareji yekurasikirwa kwemushonga wezvipembenene we mg ai/ml yaive 3.3% paminiti (95% CL 5.25, 1.71), ichisvika 49.0% (95% CL 25.69, 78.68) mushure memaminitsi gumi nemashanu (Mufananidzo 7).
Mushure mekusanganisa zvakakwana mhinduro dziri mumatangi, mwero wemvura yealpha-cypermethrin ai wakayerwa mumatangi mana ekupfapfaidza panguva imwe chete kwemaminitsi gumi nemashanu. Mutsetse unomiririra kukodzera kwakanakisisa kwedata unoratidzwa padhamu rega rega. Zvakacherechedzwa (pfungwa) zvinomiririra avhareji yesamples nhatu.
Avhareji yenzvimbo yemadziro pamusha wega wega yekurapwa kweIRS yaive 128 m2 (IQR: 99.0–210.0, nzvimbo: 49.1–480.0) uye avhareji yenguva inopedzwa nevashandi vehutano yaive maminetsi gumi nemaviri (IQR: 8. 2–17.5, nzvimbo: 1.5–36.6). ) imba yega yega yakapfapfaidzwa (n = 87). Kufukidzwa kwepfapfaidzo kwakaonekwa mudzimba idzi dzehuku kwaive kubva pa3.0 kusvika 72.7 m2/min (pakati: 11.1; IQR: 7.90–18.00) (Mufananidzo 8). Zvinhu zvisina kupfapfaidzwa zvakabviswa uye huwandu hwekupfapfaidza hwakaenzaniswa nehuwandu hwekupfapfaidza hwakakurudzirwa neWHO hwe19 m2/min ± 10% (17.1–20.9 m2/min). 7.5% (6/80) chete yedzimba dzaive muhuwandu uhwu; 77.5% (62/80) vaive muchikamu chezasi uye 15.0% (12/80) vaive muchikamu chepamusoro. Hapana hukama hwakawanikwa pakati pehuwandu hweAI hwakaendeswa kudzimba uye huwandu hwespray hwakaonekwa (z = -1.59, p = 0.111, n = dzimba 52).
Mwero wekupfapfaidza wakaonekwa (min/m2) mudzimba dzehuku dzakarapwa neIRS (n = 87). Mutsetse wekutarisa unomiririra mwero wekupfapfaidza unotarisirwa we19 m2/min (±10%) unokurudzirwa nezvinodiwa nemidziyo yetangi rekupfapfaidza.
80% yedzimba 80 dzaive nechiyero chekupfapfaidza chakacherechedzwa/chinotarisirwa kunze kwechikamu chekushivirira 1 ± 10%, ne71.3% (57/80) yedzimba dziri pasi, 11.3% (9/80) iri pamusoro, uye dzimba 16 dzaive mukati mechikamu chekushivirira mukati mechikamu. Kugoverwa kwehuwandu hwechiyero chakacherechedzwa/chinotarisirwa kunoratidzwa muFaira rekuwedzera 3.
Paiva nemusiyano wakakura muhuwandu hwepakati hwe nebulization pakati pevashandi vaviri vehutano vaiwanzoita IRS: 9.7 m2/min (IQR: 6.58–14.85, n = 68) zvichienzaniswa ne15.5 m2/min (IQR: 13.07–21.17, n = 12). (z = 2.45, p = 0.014, n = 80) (sezvinoratidzwa muAdditional File 4A) uye chiyero che spray chakacherechedzwa/chinotarisirwa (z = 2.58, p = 0.010) (sezvinoratidzwa muAdditional File 4B Show).
Kunze kwezvirwere zvisina kujairika, mushandi wehutano mumwe chete ndiye akapfapfaidza dzimba makumi mashanu neina dzaive dzakaiswa bepa rekusefa. Avhareji yekupfapfaidza mudzimba idzi yaive 9.23 m2/min (IQR: 6.57–13.80) zvichienzaniswa ne15.4 m2/min (IQR: 10.40–18.67) mudzimba makumi maviri nematanhatu dzisina bepa rekusefa (z = -2.38, p = 0.017). ).
Kutevedzera zvinodiwa nemhuri kuti vabve mudzimba dzavo kuti vaendeswe neIRS kwakasiyana: 30.9% (17/55) havana kubuda mudzimba dzavo zvishoma uye 27.3% (15/55) havana kubuda mudzimba dzavo zvachose; vakaparadza dzimba dzavo.
Mazinga ekupfapfaidza akaonekwa mudzimba dzisina chinhu (17.5 m2/min, IQR: 11.00–22.50) aiwanzova akakwirira kupfuura mudzimba dzisina chinhu (14.8 m2/min, IQR: 10.29–18 .00) uye dzimba dzisina chinhu zvachose (11.7 m2). /min, IQR: 7.86–15.36), asi mutsauko wacho wakanga usina kukosha (z > -1.58; p > 0.114, n = 48) (inoratidzwa muAdditional file 5A). Mhedzisiro yakafanana yakawanikwa pakufunga nezvekuchinja kwakabatana nekuvapo kana kusavapo kwepepa rekusefa, iro risina kuwanikwa sechikamu chakakosha mumuenzaniso.
Mumapoka matatu ese, nguva chaiyo inodiwa yekupfapfaidza dzimba haina kusiyana pakati pedzimba (z < -1.90, p > 0.057), nepo nzvimbo yepakati penzvimbo yakasiyana: dzimba dzisina chinhu zvachose (104 m2 [IQR: 60.0–169, 0 m2) ]) idiki pane dzimba dzisina chinhu (224 m2 [IQR: 174.0–284.0 m2]) uye dzimba dzisina chinhu zvishoma (132 m2 [IQR: 108.0–384.0 m2]) (z > 2 .17; p < 0.031, n = 48). Dzimba dzisina chinhu zvachose dzinenge hafu yehukuru (nzvimbo) hwedzimba dzisina chinhu kana dzisina chinhu zvishoma.
Kune dzimba diki (n = 25) dzine data reAI rekutevedzera mitemo uye remishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, pakanga pasina mutsauko muhuwandu hweAI hwakaendeswa kudzimba pakati pezvikamu izvi zvekutevedzera mitemo (z < 0.93, p > 0.351), sezvakatsanangurwa muAdditional File 5B. Mhedzisiro yakafanana yakawanikwa pakuongorora kuvapo/kusavapo kwepepa rekusefa uye kupararira kwespray (n = 22).
Chidzidzo ichi chinoongorora maitiro nemaitiro eIRS munharaunda yemaruwa munharaunda yeGran Chaco muBolivia, nzvimbo ine nhoroondo refu yekutumira mavector [20]. Kuwanda kwealpha-cypermethrin ai inopihwa panguva yeIRS yakajairika kwakasiyana zvakanyanya pakati pedzimba, pakati pemafirita ega ega mumba, uye pakati pematangi ekupfapfaidza ega ega akagadzirirwa kuwana huwandu hwakafanana hwe50 mg ai/m2. 8.8% chete yedzimba (10.4% yemafirita) yaive nehuwandu huri mukati mehuwandu hwakatarwa hwe40–60 mg ai/m2, uye ruzhinji (89.5% ne84% zvichiteerana) rwuine huwandu huri pasi pemuganhu wakaderera unobvumidzwa.
Chimwe chinhu chinogona kukonzera kuti alpha-cypermethrin isapinzwe zvakanaka mumba inyaya yekusanganiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene nemazvo uye kusawirirana kwemazinga emushonga unouraya zvipembenene akagadzirwa mumatangi ekupfapfaidza [38, 46]. Muchidzidzo chazvino, zvakaonekwa nevaongorori vezvehutano zvakasimbisa kuti vakatevera nzira dzekugadzira mishonga inouraya zvipembenene uye vakadzidziswa neSEDES kumutsa mushonga uyu nesimba mushure mekusanganiswa mutangi rekupfapfaidza. Zvisinei, ongororo yezviri mutangi yakaratidza kuti huwandu hweAI hwakasiyana ne12, ne6.9% chete (2/29) yemhinduro dzetangi rekupfapfaidza dziri mukati menzvimbo yakatarwa; Kuti zviongororwe zvakanyanya, mhinduro dziri pamusoro petangi rekupfapfaidza dzakayerwa mumamiriro erabhoritari. Izvi zvinoratidza kudzikira kwakarongeka kwealpha-cypermethrin ai ye3.3% paminiti mushure mekusanganiswa uye kurasikirwa kwakawanda kweai ye49% mushure memaminitsi gumi nemashanu (95% CL 25.7, 78.7). Kuwanda kwe sedimentation nekuda kwekuunganidzwa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inogadzirwa mushure mekusanganiswa kwe wettable powder (WP) formulations hazviwanzoitika (semuenzaniso, DDT [37, 47]), uye chidzidzo chiripo chinoratidza izvi kune SA pyrethroid formulations. Suspension concentrates inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muIRS uye, sezvimwe zvipembenene zvese, kugadzikana kwavo kwemuviri kunoenderana nezvinhu zvakawanda, kunyanya saizi ye particle yechinhu chinoshanda nezvimwe zvinoshandiswa. Sedimentation inogonawo kukanganiswa nekuomarara kwemvura inoshandiswa kugadzira slurry, chinhu chinonetsa kudzora mumunda. Semuenzaniso, munzvimbo ino yekudzidza, mvura inowanikwa chete munzizi dzemunharaunda dzinoratidza kusiyana kwemwaka mukuyerera uye sliced soil particles. Nzira dzekutarisa kugadzikana kwemuviri kweSA compositions dziri kutsvakurudzwa [48]. Zvisinei, mishonga iri pasi pevhu yakashandiswa zvinobudirira kuderedza hutachiona hwemhuri muTri. pathogenic bacteria mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeLatin America [49].
Kusakwana kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene kwakataurwawo mune mamwe mapurogiramu ekudzivirira vector. Semuenzaniso, muchirongwa chekudzivirira visceral leishmaniasis muIndia, 29% chete yemapoka makumi mashanu nerimwe ekupfapfaidza akaongorora mhinduro dzeDDT dzakagadzirwa uye dzakasanganiswa nemazvo, uye hapana akazadza matangi ekupfapfaidza sezvakakurudzirwa [50]. Kuongororwa kwemisha muBangladesh kwakaratidza maitiro akafanana: 42–43% chete yemapoka eIRS divisional akagadzira mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene nemagaba akazadzwa zvichienderana neprotocol, nepo mune imwe sub-district nhamba yacho yaive 7.7% chete [46].
Kuchinja kwakaonekwa muhuwandu hweAI hunounzwa mumba hakusi kwakasiyanawo. MuIndia, 7.3% chete (41 pa560) yedzimba dzakarapwa dzakawana huwandu hwakatarwa hweDDT, nemusiyano mukati nepakati pedzimba wakaenzana [37]. MuNepal, bepa rekusefa rakatora avhareji ye1.74 mg ai/m2 (huwandu: 0.0–17.5 mg/m2), inova 7% chete yehuwandu hwakatarwa (25 mg ai/m2) [38]. Kuongororwa kweHPLC kwebepa rekusefa kwakaratidza mutsauko mukuru muhuwandu hwedeltamethrin ai pamadziro edzimba muChaco, Paraguay: kubva pa12.8–51.2 mg ai/m2 kusvika 4.6–61.0 mg ai/m2 pamatenga [33]. MuTupiza, Bolivia, Chagas Control Program yakashuma kuendeswa kwedeltamethrin kudzimba shanu pahuwandu hwe0.0–59.6 mg/m2, yakayerwa neHPLC [36].
Nguva yekutumira: Kubvumbi-16-2024