Indoor insecticide spraying (IRS) inzira yakakosha yekuderedza kutapurirwa kweTrypanosoma cruzi nevector, izvo zvinokonzera chirwere cheChagas munzvimbo zhinji dzeSouth America.Nekudaro, kubudirira kweIRS mudunhu reGrand Chaco, iyo inofukidza Bolivia, Argentina neParaguay, haigone kukwikwidza kune dzimwe nyika dzeSouthern Cone.
Ichi chidzidzo chakaongorora maitiro eIRS uye kutonga kwemhando yemishonga yezvipembenene munharaunda yakajairika muChaco, Bolivia.
Iyo inoshanda musanganiswa alpha-cypermethrin (ai) yakatorwa papepa resefa rakaiswa pamadziro emushonga wesprayer uye yakayerwa muakagadzirirwa matangi ekupfapfaidza mhinduro uchishandisa yakagadziridzwa Insecticide Quantitative Kit (IQK™) yakatenderwa yehuwandu hweHPLC nzira.Data yakaongororwa pachishandiswa yakashata binomial yakasanganiswa-maitiro regression modhi yekuongorora hukama pakati pemushonga wezvipembenene unoshandiswa kusefa bepa uye kupfapfaidza madziro kureba, kufukidzwa kwepfapfaidzo (spray surface / pray time [m2/min]), uye yakacherechedzwa/inotarisirwa pfapfaidzo.rate ratio.Misiyano pakati pevanopa hutano 'nevaridzi vedzimba' kutevedzera IRS vacant imba zvinodiwa wakaongororwawo.Muyero wekugadzirisa wealpha-cypermethrin mushure mekusanganiswa mumatangi epfapfaidzo akagadzirwa akaverengerwa murabhoritari.
Kusiyana kwakakura kwakaonekwa mualpha-cypermethrin AI concentrations, iine 10.4% chete (50/480) yemafirita uye 8.8% (5/57) yedzimba inowana chinangwa che50 mg ± 20% AI/m2.Iwo maconcentrations anoratidzwa anozvimiririra pane kusungirirwa kunowanikwa mune zvakanangana zvigadziriso zvekupfapfaidza.Mushure mekusanganisa alpha-cypermethrin ai mune yakagadziridzwa pamusoro mhinduro yetangi yekupfapfaidza yakakurumidza kugadziriswa, izvo zvakakonzera kurasikirwa kwemutsara kwealpha-cypermethrin ai paminiti uye kurasikirwa kwe49% mushure memaminitsi gumi nemashanu.Chikamu che7.5% (6/80) chete chedzimba ndicho chakarapwa pachirongwa chakakurudzirwa neWHO chekupfapfaidza che19 m2/min (±10%), ukuwo 77.5% (62/80) yedzimba dzakarapwa zviri pasi pane zvaitarisirwa.Avhareji yekusangana kwezvinhu zvinoshanda zvakaunzwa kumba kwaisanyanyoenderana nekuona kufukidzwa kwepfapfaidzo.Kuteerera kwemhuri hakuna kukanganisa zvakanyanya kufukidzwa kwepfapfaidzo kana kuwanda kweiyo cypermethrin yakaunzwa kudzimba.
Suboptimal IRS kuendesa kunogona kunge kuri nekuda kwechikamu chechimiro chemishonga yezvipembenene uye kukosha kwekuongorora nzira dzekuendesa mishonga yezvipembenene, kusanganisira kudzidziswa kwezvikwata zveIRS uye dzidzo yeveruzhinji kukurudzira kutevedzera.IQK™ chinhu chakakosha mumunda-chinoshamwaridzana chishandiso chinovandudza mhando yeIRS uye kufambisa kudzidziswa kwevanopa hutano uye kuita sarudzo kune maneja muChagas vector control.
Chagas chirwere chinokonzerwa nehutachiona hweTrypanosoma cruzi (kinetoplastid: Trypanosomatidae), iyo inokonzera zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana muvanhu nedzimwe mhuka.Muvanhu, acute symptomatic infection inoitika mavhiki kusvika kumwedzi mushure mekutapukirwa uye inoratidzwa nefivha, malaise, uye hepatosplenomegaly.Inofungidzirwa kuti 20-30% yezvirwere zvinofambira mberi kusvika kune chimiro chisingaperi, kazhinji kacho cardiomyopathy, iyo inoratidzwa nekukanganiswa kwemaitiro ekugadzirisa, cardiac arrhythmias, kusara kwe ventricular dysfunction, uye pakupedzisira congestive heart failure uye, zvishoma, chirwere chemudumbu.Aya mamiriro anogona kuramba aripo kwemakumi emakore uye akaoma kurapa [1].Hakuna mushonga.
Mutoro wepasi rose wechirwere cheChagas muna 2017 waifungidzirwa kune vanhu vane mamirioni 6.2, zvichikonzera kufa kwe7900 uye 232,000 yekuremara-yakagadziriswa makore ehupenyu (DALYs) yeese mazera [2,3,4].Triatominus cruzi inoparidzirwa muCentral neSouth America yose, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekumaodzanyemba kweNorth America, neTriatominus cruzi (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), inoverengera 30,000 (77%) yehuwandu hwezviitiko zvitsva muLatin America muna 2010 [5].Dzimwe nzira dzekutapurira utachiona munzvimbo dzisiri dzakapararira dzakaita seEurope neUnited States dzinosanganisira kutapuriranwa nekuzvarwa uye kuwedzerwa ropa rine utachiona.Semuyenzaniso, kuSpain, kune 67,500 zviitiko zvehutachiona pakati pevakabva kuLatin America [6], zvichiita kuti gore negore hutano hwehutano hudhura US $ 9.3 mamiriyoni [7].Pakati pa2004 na2007, 3.4% yevakadzi vane pamuviri vekuLatin America vakabva kune dzimwe nyika vakaongororwa pachipatara cheBarcelona vakanga vari seropositive yeTrypanosoma cruzi [8].Naizvozvo, kuedza kudzora kutapurirana kwevector munyika dzine dambudziko kwakakosha kudzikisa mutoro wechirwere munyika dzisina triatomine vector [9].Nzira dzemazuva ano dzekudzora dzinosanganisira kupfapfaidza kwemukati (IRS) kuderedza vector vanhu mukati uye kumativi edzimba, kuongororwa kwemadzimai kuti vaone uye kubvisa kuberekwa kwekuberekwa, kuongororwa kweropa uye mabhangi ekuisa nhengo, uye mapurogiramu ekudzidzisa [5,10,11,12].
MuSouthern Cone yeSouth America, iyo huru vector ndiyo pathogenic triatomine bug.Mhuka iyi inonyanya kuguma uye inopera uye inobereka zvakanyanya mudzimba uye mumashedhi emhuka.Muzvivakwa zvisina kuvakwa zvakanaka, kutsemuka kwemadziro uye sirin'i kunotakura tsikidzi dze triatomine, uye kuputika mudzimba kwakanyanya zvakanyanya [13, 14].Iyo Southern Cone Initiative (INCOSUR) inosimudzira yakarongeka kuedza kwepasi rose kurwisa hutachiona hwemumba muTri.Shandisa IRS kuona mabhakitiriya epathogenic uye mamwe masayiti-chaiwo vamiririri [15, 16].Izvi zvakakonzera kudzikiswa kukuru kwechirwere cheChagas uye kusimbiswa kwakatevera neWorld Health Organisation kuti kutapurirana kwevector kwakabviswa mune dzimwe nyika (Uruguay, Chile, zvikamu zveArgentina neBrazil) [10, 15].
Zvisinei nekubudirira kweINCOSUR, vheji yeTrypanosoma cruzi inorambira munzvimbo yeGran Chaco yeU.SA, sango rakaoma mumwaka rinotora 1.3 miriyoni mativi emakiromita kuyambuka miganhu yeBolivia, Argentina neParaguay [10].Vagari vemudunhu iri vari pakati pemapoka akasarirwa zvakanyanya uye vanorarama muhurombo hwakanyanya uye vasina kuwana rubatsiro rwehutano [17].Chiitiko chetachiona cheT. cruzi uye kutapurirwa kwevector munharaunda idzi chiri pakati pepamusoro-soro munyika yose [5,18,19,20] ine 26-72% yedzimba dzine trypanosomatids.infestans [13, 21] uye 40-56% Tri.Pathogenic mabhakitiriya anokanganisa Trypanosoma cruzi [22, 23].Ruzhinji (> 93%) rwezviitiko zvose zvechirwere cheChagas chinokonzerwa nevector-borne munharaunda yeSouth Cone inowanikwa muBolivia [5].
IRS parizvino ndiyo yega nzira inogamuchirwa nevakawanda yekudzikisa triacine muvanhu.infestans inzira yakamboratidzwa kare yekudzikisa mutoro wezvirwere zvakawanda zvinotakura vanhu [24, 25].Chikamu chedzimba mumusha weTri.infestans (infection index) chiratidzo chakakosha chinoshandiswa nevakuru vehutano kuita sarudzo pamusoro pekutumira IRS uye, zvakakosha, kururamisa kurapwa kwevana vane hutachiona husingagumi pasina njodzi yekutapukirwazve [16,26,27,28,29].Kubudirira kwe IRS uye kuenderera mberi kwekutapurirana kwevector munharaunda yeChaco kunokonzerwa nezvinhu zvakawanda: hurombo husina kunaka hwekuvaka chivakwa [19, 21], suboptimal IRS kushandiswa uye infestation monitoring nzira [30], kusava nechokwadi kwevanhu maererano ne IRS zvinodiwa 31], pfupi yakasara basa rekugadzira mishonga yezvipembenene [32, 33] uye Tri.infestans yakaderedza kushorwa uye / kana kunzwa kune zvipembenene [22, 34].
Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides inowanzoshandiswa muIRS nekuda kwehutsinye hwadzo kune vanhu vanotapukira ve triatomine bugs.Pakudzika kwakadzika, pyrethroid insecticides yakashandiswawo sezvinovhiringidza kubvisa mavheji kunze kwemadziro akatsemuka nekuda kwekutarisa [35].Tsvakurudzo pamusoro pekutonga kwehutano hwemaitiro e IRS ishoma, asi kune imwe nzvimbo yakaratidza kuti kune kusiyana kwakasiyana-siyana kwehuwandu hwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene (AIs) inounzwa mudzimba, ine mazinga anowanzo kuwira pasi pechinangwa chekugadzirisa chinangwa [33,36, 37, 38].Chimwe chikonzero chekushaikwa kwekutsvagisa kwemhando yepamusoro ndechekuti yepamusoro-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), iyo goridhe mwero wekuyera kuwanda kwezvinhu zvinoshanda mumishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, yakaoma nehunyanzvi, inodhura, uye kazhinji haina kukodzera mamiriro akapararira munharaunda.Kufambira mberi kwazvino mukuyedzwa kwerabhoritari zvino kunopa dzimwe nzira uye dzisingadhure nzira dzekuongorora kuendesa mishonga yezvipembenene uye maitiro eIRS [39, 40].
Ichi chidzidzo chakagadzirirwa kuyera shanduko muhuwandu hwemishonga yezvipembenene panguva yenguva dzose IRS mishandirapamwe yakanangana neTri.Phytophthora infestans yembatatisi munharaunda yeChaco, Bolivia.Zvisungo zvemishonga yezvipembenene zvinoshanda zvakayerwa mumagadzirirwo akagadzirwa mumatangi ekupfapfaidza uye mumapepa emasefa akaunganidzwa mumakamuri ekupfapfaidza.Zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa kuendeswa kwemishonga kudzimba zvakaongororwawo.Kuti izvi zviitike, takashandisa kemikari colorimetric assay kuyera huwandu hwemapyrethroids mune aya masampuli.
Chidzidzo chacho chakaitwa muItanambicua, kanzuru yeCamili, dhipatimendi reSanta Cruz, Bolivia (20°1′5.94″ S; 63°30′41″ W) (Fig. 1).Nzvimbo iyi chikamu chedunhu reGran Chaco muU.SA uye inoratidzwa nemwaka wakaoma masango ane tembiricha ye0–49 °C uye kunaya kwe500–1000 mm/gore [41].Itanambicua ndeimwe yenharaunda gumi nepfumbamwe dzemuGuaraní muguta, umo vagari vangangosvika chiuru nemazana maviri vanogara mudzimba mazana maviri nemakumi maviri dzakavakwa kubva pazvidhinha zvezuva (adobe), fenzi dzechinyakare uye matabique (anozivikanwa munharaunda setabique), huni, kana musanganiswa wezvinhu izvi.Zvimwe zvivakwa nezvivakwa zviri pedyo nemba yacho zvinosanganisira mashedhi emhuka, matura, makicheni uye zvimbuzi, zvakavakwa kubva kune zvimwe chetezvo.Hupfumi hwenzvimbo ino hwakavakirwa pakurima kwekurimisa, kunyanya chibage nenzungu, pamwe nehuku diki, nguruve, mbudzi, madhadha nehove, paine zvimwe zvirimwa zvemumba zvinotengeswa mumusika wedhorobha weKamili (anenge makiromita gumi nemaviri kubva).Dhorobha reKamili rinopawo huwandu hwemikana yebasa kune vagari, kunyanya muzvikamu zvekuvaka nemabasa epamba.
Muchidzidzo chemazuva ano, chirwere chetachiona cheT cruzi pakati pevana veItanambiqua (makore 2-15) chaiva 20% [20].Izvi zvakafanana nekupararira kwehutachiona pakati pevana vanotaurwa munharaunda yakavakidzana yeGuarani, iyo yakaonawo kuwedzera kwehuwandu nezera, neruzhinji rwevagari vemakore anopfuura makumi matatu ekuzvarwa [19].Vector kutapurirana kunoonekwa senzira huru yehutachiona munharaunda idzi, neTri iri iyo huru vector.Infestans inopinda mudzimba uye zvivakwa [21, 22].
Chiremera chichangobva kusarudzwa chehutano hwemanisiparati hachina kukwanisa kupa mishumo yezviitiko zveIRS muItanambicua chidzidzo ichi chisati chaitwa, zvisinei mishumo kubva kunharaunda dziri pedyo inoratidza pachena kuti mashandiro eIRS mumanisiparati ange achipokana kubva 2000 uye kumwaya kwe20% beta cypermethrin;yakaitwa muna 2003, ichiteverwa nekupfapfaidza kwakanyanya kwedzimba dzinenge dzazara kubva muna 2005 kusvika 2009 [22] nekupfapfaidza kwakarongeka kubva muna 2009 kusvika 2011 [19].
Munharaunda iyi, IRS yakaitwa nenyanzvi nhatu dzehutano dzakadzidziswa munharaunda dzichishandisa 20% kugadzirwa kwealpha-cypermethrin suspension concentrate [SC] (Alphamost®, Hockley International Ltd., Manchester, UK).Mushonga wezvipembenene wakagadzirwa nechinangwa chekuendesa 50 mg ai / m2 maererano nezvinodiwa zveChagas Disease Control Program yeSanta Cruz Administrative Department (Servicio Departamental de Salud-SEDES).Mishonga yezvipembenene yakaiswa pachishandiswa mushonga wekupfapfaidza bhegi reGuarany® (Guarany Indústria e Comércio Ltda, Itu, São Paulo, Brazil) ine simba rinoita 8.5 l (tank code: 0441.20), yakashongedzwa neflat-spray nozzle uye mwero wezita wekuyerera we 757 ml/min, ichigadzira rukova rwekona ye80 ° pachiyero checylinder pressure ye280 kPa.Vashandi vehutsanana vakasanganisawo magaba aerosol nedzimba dzakapfapfaidzwa.Vashandi vacho vakanga vambodzidziswa nedhipatimendi rezvoutano remuguta romunharaunda kugadzirira uye kuendesa mishonga yezvipembenene, pamwe chete nokupfapfaidza mishonga mukati nokunze kwedzimba.Vanokurudzirwa zvakare kuti vade kuti vagari vemo vabvise zvinhu zvese mumba, kusanganisira fenicha (kunze kwemafuremu emibhedha), angangoita maawa makumi maviri nemana IRS isati yatora danho rekubvumira kupinda mukati memba yekufirita.Kutevedzera zvinodiwa ichi kunoyerwa sezvinotsanangurwa pazasi.Vagari vanorayirwawo kuti vamirire kusvika madziro akapendwa aoma vasati vapindazve mumba, sekukurudzirwa [42].
Kuti aenzanise kuwanda kwe lambda-cypermethrin AI yakaunzwa mudzimba, vatsvakurudzi vakaisa pepa refaira (Whatman No. 1; 55 mm diameter) pamadziro edzimba dze57 pamberi pe IRS.Dzimba dzese dzaigamuchira IRS panguva iyoyo dzaibatanidzwa (dzimba dze25/25 munaNovember 2016 uye 32/32 dzimba muna Ndira-Kukadzi 2017).Izvi zvinosanganisira 52 adobe dzimba uye 5 tabik dzimba.Zvimedu zvisere kusvika kumapfumbamwe zvemapepa esefa zvakaiswa muimba imwe neimwe, zvakakamurwa kuita madziro matatu marefu (0.2, 1.2 uye 2 m kubva pasi), nerimwe remadziro matatu akasarudzwa zvakatarisana newachi, kutangira pamusuo mukuru.Izvi zvakapa kudzokorora katatu paurefu hwemadziro ega ega, sekurudziro yekutarisa kuendesa mushonga wezvipembenene [43].Pakarepo mushure mekushandisa mushonga wezvipembenene, vaongorori vakaunganidza bepa resefa ndokuriomesa kure nechiedza chezuva.Kana yaoma, bepa resefa raiputirwa nematepi akajeka kudzivirira uye kubata mushonga wezvipembenene panzvimbo yakavharwa, ndokuputirwa nealuminium foil uye yakachengetwa pa7 ° C kusvika kuyedzwa.Pamapepa esefa mazana mashanu nenhatu akaunganidzwa, mazana mana nemakumi masere kubva padzimba makumi mashanu nenomwe aivepo kuti aedzwe, kureva mapepa masere kusvika mapfumbamwe pamusha.Iwo masampula ebvunzo aisanganisira 437 sefa mapepa kubva ku52 adobe dzimba uye makumi mana nematatu esefa mapepa kubva ku5 tabik dzimba.Muenzaniso unoenderana nekuwanda kwemhando dzedzimba munharaunda (76.2% [138/181] adobe uye 11.6% [21/181] tabika) yakanyorwa muongororo yeimba neimba yechidzidzo ichi.Sefa pepa rekuongorora uchishandisa Insecticide Quantification Kit (IQK™) uye kusimbiswa kwayo uchishandisa HPLC zvinotsanangurwa muKuwedzera Faira 1. Mushonga wekuuraya zvipembenene wakanangana ne50 mg ai/m2, unobvumira kushivirira kwe± 20% (kureva 40–60 mg ai. /m2).
Huwandu hwehuwandu hweAI hwakatemerwa mumagaba makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe akagadzirwa nevashandi vekurapa.Isu takatora 1-4 matangi akagadzirirwa pazuva, ane avhareji ye1.5 (range: 1-4) matangi akagadzirirwa pazuva pamusoro pemazuva gumi nemasere.Sampling sequence yakatevera sampling sequence inoshandiswa nevashandi vehutano munaNovember 2016 naJanuary 2017. Kufambira mberi kwezuva nezuva kubva;Ndira Kukadzi.Pakarepo mushure mekunyatsosanganiswa kwekuumbwa, 2 ml yemhinduro yakaunganidzwa kubva pamusoro pezviri mukati.Iyo 2 mL sample yakazosanganiswa murabhoritari nekuvhota kwemaminetsi mashanu pasati paunganidzwa maviri 5.2 μL masamples akaongororwa achishandisa IQK™ sekutsanangurwa kwazvino (ona Kuwedzera faira 1).
Deposition rates yezvipembenene zvinoshanda zvakayerwa mumatangi mana ekupfapfaidza akanyatsosarudzwa kuti amiririre yekutanga (zero) inoshanda musanganiswa wepakati mukati mepamusoro, pasi, uye nhangemutange.Mushure mekusanganisa kwemaminetsi gumi nemashanu akateedzana, bvisa matatu 5.2 µL masampuli kubva pamusoro peiyo 2 mL vortex sampu paminiti imwe.Chinangwa chekugadzirisa kugadzirisa mutangi ndeye 1.2 mg ai / ml ± 20% (kureva 0.96-1.44 mg ai / ml), iyo yakaenzana nekuwana chinangwa chekugadzirisa chinoendeswa kune pepa resefa, sezvinotsanangurwa pamusoro apa.
Kuti tinzwisise hukama pakati pezviitwa zvekupfapfaidza zvipembenene uye kuendesa mishonga yezvipembenene, muongorori (RG) akaperekedza vashandi vaviri vehutano veIRS panguva yenguva yekutumira IRS kudzimba makumi masere nenomwe (dzimba makumi mashanu nenomwe dzakatorwa pamusoro uye makumi matatu edzimba makumi mana nenhatu dzakapfapfaidzwa nemishonga yezvipembenene).Kurume 2016).Gumi nenhatu padzimba idzi makumi mana nenhatu dzakabviswa pakuongorora: varidzi vatanhatu vakaramba, uye dzimba nomwe dzakangobatwa zvishoma.Nzvimbo yese yaizopfapfaidzwa (square metres) mukati nekunze kwemba yakayerwa zvakadzama, uye nguva yese yakashandiswa nevashandi vehutano vachipfapfaidza (maminetsi) yakanyorwa muchivande.Idzi data rekupinza rinoshandiswa kuverenga mwero wekupfapfaidza, unotsanangurwa senzvimbo yakapfapfaidzwa paminiti (m2/min).Kubva pane idzi data, iyo inocherechedzwa/inotarisirwa kupfapfaidza reshiyo inogona zvakare kuverengerwa seyero ine hukama, neyakakurudzirwa inotarisirwa kupfapfaidza mwero uri 19 m2/min ± 10% yezvakatsanangurwa zvemidziyo yekupfapfaidza [44].Pachiyero chakacherechedzwa / chinotarisirwa, huwandu hwekushivirira ndeye 1 ± 10% (0.8-1.2).
Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, dzimba 57 dzakanga dzakaiswa sefa mapepa pamadziro adzo.Kuona kana kuvepo kwepepa resefa kwakakanganisa mitengo yepfapfaidzo yevashandi vehutsanana, mitengo yekupfapfaidza mudzimba idzi makumi mashanu nenomwe yakaenzaniswa nemitengo yekupfapfaidza mudzimba makumi matatu dzakarapwa muna Kurume 2016 pasina kusefa bepa rakaiswa.Mishonga yezvipembenene yakayerwa chete mudzimba dzine sefa bepa.
Vagari vedzimba makumi mashanu neshanu vakanyorerwa kuti vatevedzere zvaidiwa kare IRS yekuchenesa imba, kusanganisira dzimba makumi matatu dzakapfapfaidzwa munaKurume 2016 uye dzimba makumi maviri neshanu dzakapfapfaidzwa muna Mbudzi 2016. 0–2 (0 = zvese kana zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoramba zviri mumba; = zvinhu zvakawanda zvakabviswa; 2 = imba yakabviswa zvachose).Mhedzisiro yekuteerera kwemuridzi pamitengo yekupfapfaidza uye kuwanda kwezvipembenene zvemoxa zvakadzidzwa.
Statistical simba rakaverengerwa kuti rione kutsauka kwakakosha kubva pakutarisirwa kwealpha-cypermethrin yakashandiswa kusefa bepa, uye kuona mutsauko wakakura mukuwanda kwezvipembenene uye mitengo yepfapfaidzo pakati pemapoka edzimba akabatana.Minimum statistical power (α = 0.05) yakaverengerwa hushoma nhamba yedzimba dzakatorwa samples kune chero boka remapoka (kureva, saizi yakagadziriswa saizi) yakatemwa pakutanga.Muchidimbu, kuenzanisa kwehuwandu hwemishonga yezvipembenene mune imwe sample pane gumi nenomwe zvakasarudzwa zvivakwa (zvinotsanangurwa sevaridzi vasingateveri) yaive ne98.5% simba rekuona kutsauka kwe20% kubva kune inotarisirwa kunoreva chinangwa che50 mg ai/m2, uko musiyano (SD = 10) yakanyanyisa kutariswa zvichibva pane zvakaburitswa kumwe kunhu [37, 38].Kuenzanisa kwekuisa zvipembenene mumakani aerosol akasarudzwa kumba kuti aenzane nekubudirira (n = 21)> 90%.
Kuenzanisa kwemasampuli maviri ezvipembenene zvinorehwa nemishonga mu n = 10 uye n = 12 dzimba kana kuti zvinoreva spray rates mu n = 12 uye n = 23 dzimba dzakapa masimba ehuwandu hwe66.2% uye 86.2% yekuona.Zvinotarisirwa kukosha kwe20% mutsauko ndeye 50 mg ai/m2 uye 19 m2/min, zvichiteerana.Kuchengetedza, kwaifungidzirwa kuti paizova nekusiyana kukuru muboka rega rega rekupfapfaidza (SD = 3.5) uye kuisa mishonga yezvipembenene (SD = 10).Statistical simba yaive> 90% yekuenzanisa yakaenzana yespray rates pakati pedzimba dzine sefa bepa (n = 57) uye dzimba dzisina sefa bepa (n = 30).Masvomhu ese emagetsi akaitwa pachishandiswa chirongwa cheSAMPSI muSTATA v15.0 software [45]).
Sefa mapepa akaunganidzwa kubva mumba akaongororwa nekukodzera data kune multivariate negative binomial mix-effects model (MENBREG purogiramu mu STATA v.15.0) nenzvimbo yemasvingo mukati meimba (matatu matatu) sechinhu chisina kujairika.Beta radiation concentration.-cypermethrin io Mienzaniso yakashandiswa kuedza kuchinja kwakabatana nebulizer rusvingo urefu (matanho matatu), nebulization rate (m2 / min), IRS filing date, uye hutano hwehutano hwehutano (matanho maviri).Iyo generalized linear modhi (GLM) yakashandiswa kuyedza hukama pakati peavhareji yealpha-cypermethrin papepa resefa rinounzwa kumba yega yega uye kusungirirwa mumhinduro inoenderana mutangi yekupfapfaidza.Sedimentation yepesticide concentration muspray tank solution nekufamba kwenguva yakaongororwa nenzira yakafanana nekubatanidza kukosha kwekutanga (nguva zero) semuenzaniso wekubvisa, kuyedza nguva yekudyidzana yetangi ID × nguva (mazuva).Outlier data points x dzinoonekwa nekushandisa mureza weTukey muganhu mutemo, uko x
Kurongeka kweiyo ai IQK ™ makemikari quantification yealpha-cypermethrin concentration yakasimbiswa nekuenzanisa kukosha kwe27 filter paper samples kubva kudzimba nhatu dzehuku dzakaedzwa neIQK ™ uye HPLC (goridhe standard), uye mhedzisiro yakaratidza kuwirirana kwakasimba ( r = 0.93; p <0.001) (Mufananidzo 2).
Kuwirirana kwealpha-cypermethrin kutariswa mumasefa mapepa masampuli akaunganidzwa kubva kune post-IRS huku dzimba dzehuku, dzakaverengerwa neHPLC uye IQK ™ (n = 27 sefa mapepa kubva kudzimba nhatu dzehuku)
IQK ™ yakaedzwa pamapepa makumi mana nemakumi masere emasefa akaunganidzwa kubva kudzimba makumi mashanu nenomwe.Papepa refirita, zvinyorwa zve alpha-cypermethrin zvakabva ku0.19 kusvika ku105.0 mg ai/m2 (median 17.6, IQR: 11.06-29.78).Pakati peizvi, 10.4% chete (50 / 480) yakanga iri mukati mehuwandu hwehuwandu hwe40-60 mg ai / m2 (Fig. 3).Ruzhinji rwemasampuli (84.0% (403/480)) aiva ne <40 mg ai/m2 uye 5.6% (27/480) aiva> 60 mg ai/m2.Musiyano muhuwandu hunofungidzirwa hwepakati pamusha we8-9 test filters yakaunganidzwa pamusha yaive yakarongeka yehukuru, ine zvinoreva 19.6 mg ai / m2 (IQR: 11.76-28.32, mutsara: 0. 60-67.45).Chete 8.8% (5/57) yenzvimbo dzakagamuchira huwandu hunotarisirwa hwemishonga yezvipembenene;89.5% (51 / 57) yakanga iri pasi pemiganhu yechinangwa chekutsvaga, uye 1.8% (1 / 57) yakanga iri pamusoro pemiganhu yechinangwa (Fig. 4).
Frequency kugoverwa kwealpha-cypermethrin concentrations pamafirita akaunganidzwa kubva kudzimba dzakarapwa IRS (n = 57 dzimba).Mutsara wakamira unomiririra chinangwa chekuisa cypermethrin ai (50 mg ± 20% ai / m2).
Median concentration ye beta-cypermethrin av pa8-9 sefa mapepa pamusha, inounganidzwa kubva kuIRS-yakagadziriswa dzimba (n = 57 dzimba).Mutsara wakatwasuka unomiririra kutariswa kwechinangwa che alpha-cypermethrin ai (50 mg ± 20% ai/m2).Error bars inomiririra yepasi nepamusoro pemiganho yepakati pepakati.
Median concentrations yakaunzwa kumasefa ane madziro akareba e0.2, 1.2 uye 2.0 m aive 17.7 mg ai/m2 (IQR: 10.70–34.26), 17.3 mg a .i./m2 (IQR: 11.43–26.91) uye 17.6 mg .zvakateerana (IQR: 10.85–31.37) (inoratidzwa muKuwedzera faira 2).Kudzora zuva reIRS, iyo yakasanganiswa mhedzisiro modhi haina kuratidza mutsauko wakakura mukumisikidza pakati pemadziro marefu (z <1.83, p> 0.067) kana shanduko yakakosha nezuva rekupfapfaidza (z = 1.84 p = 0.070).Iyo yepakati yepakati yakaunzwa kune 5 adobe dzimba yakanga isina kusiyana neiyo yepakati yakaunzwa ku52 adobe dzimba (z = 0.13; p = 0.89).
Kuiswa kweAI mu29 yakazvimiririra yakagadzirwa Guarany® aerosol cans yakatorwa pamberi peIRS application inosiyana ne12.1, kubva 0.16 mg AI/mL kusvika 1.9 mg AI/mL pagaba (Figure 5).Chete 6.9% (2/29) yemagaba eaerosol aive neAI kutariswa mukati meiyo tarisiro yedoro renji ye0.96-1.44 mg AI/ml, uye 3.5% (1/29) yemagaba eaerosol aive neAI concentrations>1.44 MG AI/ml..
Avhareji yehuwandu hwealpha-cypermethrin ai yakayerwa mu 29 spray formulations.Mutsara wakatwasuka unomiririra yakakurudzirwa AI concentration yeaerosol cans (0.96-1.44 mg/ml) kuti iwane chinangwa cheAI chekuisa huwandu hwe40-60 mg / m2 muimba yehuku.
Pamagaba makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe eaerosol akaongororwa, makumi maviri nerimwe aienderana nedzimba makumi maviri neimwe.Mushonga wepakati weai wakaunzwa kuimba wakanga usingabatanidzi nekugadzirisa mumatangi ega espray anoshandiswa kurapa imba (z = -0.94, p = 0.345), iyo yakaratidzwa mukuwirirana kwakaderera (rSp2 = -0.02) ( Fig. .6).)
Kuwirirana pakati pe beta-cypermethrin AI kusungwa pa8-9 sefa mapepa akaunganidzwa kubva kuIRS-yakarapwa dzimba uye AI kusungwa mumusha-yakagadzirirwa spray mhinduro dzinoshandiswa kurapa imba yega yega (n = 21)
Kuwanda kweAI mukugadzirisa kwepamusoro kwezviputi zvina zvakaunganidzwa pakarepo mushure mekudengenyeka (nguva 0) yakasiyana ne 3.3 (0.68-2.22 mg AI / ml) (Fig. 7).Kune rimwe tangi, kukosha kuri mukati meiyo inotangwa, kune imwe tangi iyo yakakosha iri pamusoro pechinangwa, kune mamwe maviri matangi maitiro ari pazasi pechinangwa;Pesticide concentrations yakabva yaderera zvakanyanya mumadziva ose mana panguva inotevera 15-min yekutevera sampling (b = -0.018 kusvika -0.084; z > 5.58; p <0.001).Tichifunga nezvemunhu tangi yekutanga kukosha, iyo Tangi ID x Nguva (maminetsi) yekudyidzana nguva yakanga isina kukosha (z = -1.52; p = 0.127).Mumadziva mana, avhareji yekurasikirwa kwemg ai / ml yezvipembenene yaiva 3.3% paminiti (95% CL 5.25, 1.71), inosvika 49.0% (95% CL 25.69, 78.68) mushure memaminitsi gumi nemashanu (Fig. 7).
Mushure mekunyatsosanganisa zvigadziriso mumatangi, mwero wekunaya kwe alpha-cypermethrin ai wakayerwa.mumatangi mana ekupfapfaidza paminiti 1 nguva dzemaminetsi gumi nemashanu.Mutsara unomiririra yakanyatsokodzera kune data inoratidzwa kune yega yega reservoir.Kucherechedzwa (mapoinzi) anomiririra epakati pezvikamu zvitatu.
Ivhareji yemadziro eimba imwe neimwe yeanogona kurapwa IRS yaiva 128 m2 (IQR: 99.0-210.0, range: 49.1-480.0) uye nguva yakawanda yakashandiswa nevashandi vehutano yaiva maminitsi gumi nemaviri (IQR: 8. 2-17.5, mutsara: 1.5) –36.6).) imba yega yega yakapfapfaidzwa (n = 87).Kufukidzwa kwespray kunoonekwa mudzimba idzi dzehuku kubva pa3.0 kusvika ku72.7 m2/min (median: 11.1; IQR: 7.90–18.00) (Mufananidzo 8).Kunze kwakaiswa kunze uye mitengo yepfapfaidzo yakafananidzwa neiyo WHO yakakurudzirwa kupfapfaidza mwero we19 m2/min ± 10% (17.1–20.9 m2/min).Chete 7.5% (6/80) yedzimba dzaive murudzi urwu;77.5% (62/80) yakanga iri muzasi uye 15.0% (12/80) yakanga iri munzvimbo yepamusoro.Hapana hukama hwakawanikwa pakati peavhareji yekusangana kweAI yakaunzwa kudzimba uye yakacherechedzwa kufukidzwa kwepfapfaidzo (z = -1.59, p = 0.111, n = 52 dzimba).
Kucherechedzwa kupfapfaidza mwero (min/m2) mudzimba dzehuku dzinobatwa ne IRS (n = 87).Mutsara wereferensi unomiririra chiyero chinotarisirwa chekupfapfaidza chiyero che 19 m2/min (± 10%) inokurudzirwa neakapfapfaidza emidziyo yemidziyo.
80% yedzimba makumi masere dzaive neyakacherechedzwa/inotarisirwa kufukidzwa kwemwaya kunze kwechikamu che1 ± 10% chekushivirira, ne71.3% (57/80) yedzimba dzakadzikira, 11.3% (9/80) dzichikwira, uye dzimba gumi nenhanhatu dzakawira mukati. kushivirira kwakasiyana mukati mehuwandu.Iyo frequency kugovera kweinocherechedzwa / inotarisirwa reshiyo kukosha inoratidzwa mune Yekuwedzera faira 3.
Paive nemusiyano wakakura mukurevesa nebulization mwero pakati pevashandi vaviri vehutano avo vaigara vachiita IRS: 9.7 m2/min (IQR: 6.58-14.85, n = 68) maringe ne15.5 m2/min (IQR: 13.07-21.17, n = 12) ).
Tisingabatanidzi mamiriro ezvinhu asina kunaka, mushandi wehutano mumwe chete ndiye akapfapfaidza dzimba makumi mashanu nemana pakaiswa pepa resefa.Chiyero chepakati chekupfapfaidza mudzimba idzi chaive 9.23 m2/min (IQR: 6.57–13.80) zvichienzaniswa ne15.4 m2/min (IQR: 10.40–18.67) mudzimba 26 dzisina sefa pepa (z = -2.38, p = 0.017).)
Kutevedzera vemhuri nezvinodiwa zvekusiya misha yavo kuti vaendese IRS kwakasiyana: 30.9% (17/55) havana kusiya misha yavo zvishoma uye 27.3% (15/55) havana kusiya misha yavo zvachose;vakaparadza dzimba dzavo.
Yakacherechedzwa mazinga epfapfaidzo mudzimba dzisina chinhu (17.5 m2/min, IQR: 11.00–22.50) dzaive dzakakwirira kudarika mudzimba dzisina chinhu (14.8 m2/min, IQR: 10.29–18 .00) uye dzimba dzisina chinhu (11.7 m2) )/ min, IQR: 7.86–15.36), asi musiyano wakanga usina kukosha (z> -1.58; p> 0.114, n = 48) (inoratidzwa muKuwedzera faira 5A).Migumisiro yakafanana yakawanikwa pakufunga nezvekuchinja kwakabatana nekuvapo kana kusavapo kwepepa rekusefa, iyo haina kuwanikwa kuva yakakosha covariate mumuenzaniso.
Mumapoka matatu aya, nguva yakakwana yaidiwa kupfapfaidza dzimba haina kusiyana pakati pedzimba (z < -1.90, p > 0.057), nepo nzvimbo yepakati yakasiyana: dzimba dzisina chinhu (104 m2 [IQR: 60.0–169, 0) m2)]) idiki pane dzimba dzisina chinhu (224 m2 [IQR: 174.0–284.0 m2]) uye dzimba dzisina chinhu (132 m2 [IQR: 108.0–384.0 m2]) (z > 2 .17; p < 0.031, n = 48).Dzimba dzisina vanhu zvachose dzinenge hafu yehukuru (nzvimbo) yedzimba dzisina munhu kana hafu-isina.
Pahuwandu hudiki hwedzimba (n = 25) ine zvese zvekuteedzera uye chemishonga AI data, pakanga pasina misiyano mukuremerwa kweAI yakaunzwa kudzimba pakati pezvikamu izvi zvekuteerera (z <0.93, p > 0.351) , sekutsanangurwa kwaKuwedzera Faira. 5B.Mibairo yakafanana yakawanikwa paidzora kuvepo / kusavapo kwepepa refirita uye yakacherechedzwa kufukidzwa kwekupfapfaidza (n = 22).
Ichi chidzidzo chinoongorora maitiro nemaitiro eIRS munharaunda yekumaruwa munharaunda yeGran Chaco yeBolivia, nzvimbo ine nhoroondo refu yekutapurirana kwevector [20].Iko kusanganiswa kwealpha-cypermethrin ai inopihwa panguva yenguva IRS yakasiyana zvakanyanya pakati pedzimba, pakati pemasefa ega ega mukati memba, uye pakati pega yega matangi ekupfapfaidza akagadzirirwa kuwana imwechete yakaunzwa kuunganidzwa kwe50 mg ai/m2.Chete 8.8% yedzimba (10.4% yemafirita) yaive yakanyura mukati meiyo 40-60 mg ai/m2, ine ruzhinji (89.5% uye 84% zvichiteerana) iine misumbu iri pasi peiyo yakaderera inobvumirwa muganhu.
Chimwe chinogona kukonzera kusakwana kwekuendeswa kwealpha-cypermethrin mumba kusarongeka kwemishonga yezvipembenene uye kusawirirana kwemazinga ekumisa akagadzirirwa mumatangi ekupfapfaidza [38, 46].Muchidzidzo chezvino, zvakaonekwa nevatsvakurudzi zvevashandi vehutano zvakasimbisa kuti vakatevera mabikirwo ekugadzirira mishonga yezvipembenene uye vakadzidziswa neSEDES kuti vasimbise mhinduro mushure mekunyungudutswa mutangi rekupfapfaidza.Nekudaro, kuongororwa kwemukati medhamu kwakaratidza kuti AI kusungwa kwakasiyana nechikamu che12, ine chete 6.9% (2/29) yebvunzo reservoir mhinduro dziri mukati meiyo yaivavarirwa huwandu;Kuti uwedzere kuferefeta, mhinduro dziri pamusoro petangi re sprayer dzakaverengerwa mumamiriro erabhoritari.Izvi zvinoratidza kuderera kwemutsara mu alpha-cypermethrin ai ye 3.3% paminiti mushure mekusanganiswa uye kurasikirwa kwekuwedzera kwe 49% mushure memaminitsi gumi nemashanu (95% CL 25.7, 78.7).High sedimentation rates nekuda kwekubatanidzwa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakaumbwa pakuderedzwa kwehupfu hwakanyorova (WP) maumbirwo haashamisi (semuenzaniso, DDT [37, 47]), uye chidzidzo chezvino chinowedzera kuratidza izvi kune SA pyrethroid formulations.Suspension concentrates inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muIRS uye, senge zvese zvinouraya zvipembenene, kugadzikana kwavo kwemuviri kunoenderana nezvakawanda zvinhu, kunyanya saizi yechikamu chechinhu chinoshanda uye zvimwe zvinongedzo.Sedimentation inogonawo kukanganiswa nekuoma kwese kwemvura inoshandiswa kugadzira slurry, chinhu chinonetsa kudzora mumunda.Semuyenzaniso, munzvimbo ino yefundo, mvura inongowanikwa kunzizi dzemunharaunda dzinoratidza kusiyana kwemwaka mukuyerera uye zvidimbu zvevhu zvakaturikwa.Nzira dzekutarisa kugadzikana kwemuviri kweSA zvinyorwa zviri pasi pekutsvagisa [48].Nekudaro, zvinodhaka zve subcutaneous zvakashandiswa zvinobudirira kuderedza hutachiona hwemhuri muTri.pathogenic mabhakitiriya mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeLatin America [49].
Kusakwana kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene zvakare yakashumwa mune mamwe mapurogiramu ekudzora mavheti.Semuenzaniso, muchirongwa che visceral leishmaniasis control muIndia, 29% chete yemapoka e51 esprayers akatariswa nemazvo akagadzirirwa uye akasanganiswa eDDT mhinduro, uye hapana akazadza matangi ekupfapfaidza sezvakakurudzirwa [50].Ongororo yemisha yeBangladesh yakaratidza maitiro akafanana: chete 42-43% yezvikwata zveIRS zvakagadzira mishonga yezvipembenene uye yakazadza canisters maererano neprotocol, nepo mune imwe dunhu nhamba yacho yaingova 7.7% [46].
Iko kucherechedzwa shanduko mukusangana kweAI kunounzwa mumba hakunawo kusarudzika.MuIndia, 7.3% chete (41 ye560) yemisha yakarapwa yakagamuchira chinangwa cheDDT, nemisiyano mukati uye pakati pedzimba yakakura zvakaenzana [37].MuNepal, pepa refirita rakatora avhareji ye1.74 mg ai/m2 (range: 0.0-17.5 mg/m2), inongori 7% chete yechinangwa chekutarisa (25 mg ai/m2) [38].HPLC kuongororwa kwepepa refirita kwakaratidza kusiyana kwakakura mu deltamethrin ai concentrations pamadziro edzimba muChaco, Paraguay: kubva ku12.8-51.2 mg ai / m2 kusvika 4.6-61.0 mg ai / m2 pamatenga [33].MuTupiza, Bolivia, Chagas Control Programme yakashuma kuendeswa kwedeltamethrin kumisha mishanu pazvikamu zve 0.0-59.6 mg / m2, yakaenzaniswa neHPLC [36].
Nguva yekutumira: Kubvumbi-16-2024