Kushandiswa kwakapararira kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene kwakakonzera matambudziko mazhinji, kusanganisira kubuda kwezvipenyu zvinopikisa, kushatiswa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kukuvadza hutano hwevanhu.Naizvozvo, mishonga mitsva yetupukanana yakachengeteka kune hutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda inodiwa nekukurumidza.Muchidzidzo ichi, rhamnolipid biosurfactant yakabudiswa neEnterobacter cloacae SJ2 yakashandiswa kuongorora huturu kune mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus) uye termite (Odontotermes obesus) maruva.Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza kuti pakanga paine mwero wekufa unotsamira kudosi pakati pekurapa.Iyo LC50 (50% inouraya fungidziro) kukosha pamaawa makumi mana nemasere emujuru uye mosquito larval biosurfactants yakatemwa uchishandisa nonlinear regression curve fitting method.Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza kuti iyo 48-awa LC50 kukosha (95% yenguva yekuvimba) yelarvicidal uye antitermite chiitiko cheiyo biosurfactant yaive 26.49 mg/L (range 25.40 kusvika 27.57) uye 33.43 mg/L (renji 31.09 kusvika 35.68) zvakateerana.Zvinoenderana nekuongorora kwehistopathological, kurapwa nemabiosurfactants kwakakonzera kukuvadzwa kwakanyanya kune organelle tishu dzemakonye nemajuru.Migumisiro yechidzidzo ichi inoratidza kuti microbial biosurfactant yakagadzirwa neEnterobacter cloacae SJ2 chinhu chakanakisisa uye chinogona kushanda cheCx control.quinquefasciatus uye O. obesus.
Nyika dzinopisa dzinosangana nenhamba huru yezvirwere zvinotakurwa neumhutu1.Kukosha kwezvirwere zvinotapuriranwa neumhutu kwakapararira.Vanhu vanodarika 400 000 vanofa nemalaria gore negore, uye mamwe maguta makuru ari kusangana nezvirwere zvakaipisisa zvakaita sedengue, yellow fever, chikungunya neZika. nyaya dzakakosha3,4.Culex, Anopheles neAedes ndiwo marudzi matatu eumhutu anonyanya kuenderana nekutapurirana kwechirwere5.Kuwanda kwechirwere chedengue, chirwere chinotapurirwa neAedes aegypti mosquito, chakawedzera mumakore gumi apfuura uye chinopa hutano hunokosha hwevanhu4,7,8.Maererano neWorld Health Organisation (WHO), chikamu chinodarika makumi mana kubva muzana chevanhu pasi rose vari panjodzi yekubatwa nechirwere chedengue, uye 50-100 miriyoni yezvirwere zvitsva zvichiitika gore negore munyika dzinopfuura zana9,10,11.Dengue fever yave dambudziko guru rehutano hweveruzhinji sezvo huwandu hwayo hwawedzera pasi rose12,13,14.Anopheles gambiae, inonyanyozivikanwa seAfrican Anopheles mosquito, ndiyo inonyanya kutakura marariya muvanhu munzvimbo dzinopisa uye dzinopisa15.Utachiona hweWest Nile, St. Louis encephalitis, encephalitis yekuJapan, uye hutachiona hwemabhiza neshiri hunoparadzirwa neCulex mosquitoes, inowanzonzi common house mosquitoes.Mukuwedzera, ivo zvakare vatakuri vebhakitiriya uye zvirwere zveparasitic16.Kune marudzi anopfuura 3 000 emujuru pasi rose, uye anga aripo kwemakore anopfuura mamiriyoni 15017.Zvipembenene zvakawanda zvinogara muvhu uye zvinodya pamiti uye zvigadzirwa zvehuni zvine cellulose.Mujuru wekuIndia Odontotermes obesus chipembenene chakakosha chinokonzera kukuvadzwa kwakanyanya kwezvirimwa zvakakosha nemiti yekudyara18.Munzvimbo dzekurima, kurwiswa kwemujuru pamatanho akasiyana kunogona kukonzera kukanganisa kukuru kwehupfumi kune zvirimwa zvakasiyana, miti yemiti uye zvekuvakisa.Mujuru unogona kukonzera matambudziko ehutano hwevanhu19.
Nyaya yekupokana kubva kuhutachiona uye zvipembenene muminda yemazuva ano yemishonga neyekurima yakaoma20,21.Naizvozvo, makambani ese ari maviri anofanirwa kutsvaga maantimicrobial matsva anodhura uye akachengeteka biopesticides.Mishonga yezvipembenene yave kuwanikwa uye yaonekwa kuti ine utachiona uye inodzinga tupukanana tusina chinangwa22.Mumakore achangopfuura, kutsvagisa nezve biosurfactants kwakawedzera nekuda kwekushandisa kwavo mumaindasitiri akasiyana.Biosurfactants inobatsira zvikuru uye yakakosha mukurima, kugadzirisa ivhu, kubviswa kwepetroleum, mabhakitiriya uye kubvisa zvipembenene, uye kugadzirisa chikafu23,24.Biosurfactants kana microbial surfactants ndeye biosurfactant makemikari anogadzirwa nehutachiona hwakadai sebhakitiriya, mbiriso uye fungi munzvimbo dzemahombekombe uye nzvimbo dzakasvibiswa nemafuta25,26.Kemikari inotorwa surfactants uye biosurfactants mhando mbiri dzinowanikwa zvakananga kubva kune yakasikwa nharaunda27.Akasiyana-siyana biosurfactants anowanikwa kubva mumakungwa ekugara28,29.Naizvozvo, masayendisiti ari kutsvaga matekinoroji matsva ekugadzira biosurfactants zvichienderana nehutachiona hwepanyama30,31.Kufambira mberi mukutsvagisa kwakadai kunoratidza kukosha kweizvi zvipenyu zvinosanganiswa pakuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza32.Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Alcaligenes, Corynebacterium uye aya mabhakitiriya genera vamiririri vakanyatsodzidza23,33.
Kune akawanda marudzi emabiosurfactants ane huwandu hwakawanda hwekushandisa34.Kubatsira kwakakosha kwemakomponi aya ndeyekuti mamwe acho ane antibacterial, larvicidal uye insecticidal chiitiko.Izvi zvinoreva kuti vanogona kushandiswa mumaindasitiri ezvekurima, emakemikari, emishonga uye ekuzora35,36,37,38.Nekuda kwekuti mabiosurfactants anowanzo parara uye anobatsira kwezvakatipoteredza, anoshandiswa muzvirongwa zvakabatanidzwa zvekudzivirira zvipembenene kudzivirira zvirimwa39.Nokudaro, ruzivo rwekutanga rwakawanikwa pamusoro pekushanda kwelarvicidal uye antitermite ye microbial biosurfactants yakagadzirwa neEnterobacter cloacae SJ2.Isu takaongorora kufa uye histological shanduko payakafumurwa kune akasiyana mazinga erhamnolipid biosurfactants.Pamusoro pezvo, takaongorora iyo inonyanya kushandiswa Quantitative Structure-Activity (QSAR) komputa chirongwa Ecological Structure-Activity (ECOSAR) kuona acute toxicity ye microalgae, daphnia, uye hove.
Muchidzidzo ichi, basa reantitermite (toxicity) yezvakacheneswa biosurfactants pazvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana kubva ku30 kusvika ku50 mg / ml (pa 5 mg / ml nguva) yakaedzwa neIndia termites, O. obesus uye yechina marudzi )Ongorora.Makonye e instar Cx.Honye dzeumhutu quinquefasciatus.Biosurfactant LC50 yakatarisana nemaawa makumi mana nemasere inopesana neO. obesus neCx.C. solanacearum.Mosquito makonye akaonekwa pachishandiswa nonlinear regression curve fitting method.Zvigumisiro zvakaratidza kuti kufa kwemujuru kwakawedzera nekuwedzera biosurfactant concentration.Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza kuti biosurfactant yaive nelarvicidal chiitiko (Mufananidzo 1) uye anti-termite chiitiko (Mufananidzo 2), ine 48-awa LC50 kukosha (95% CI) ye26.49 mg/L (25.40 kusvika 27.57) uye 33.43 mg/ l (Mufananidzo 31.09 kusvika 35.68), maererano (Tafura 1).Panyaya yehupfu hwakanyanya (48 maawa), iyo biosurfactant inorondedzerwa se "inokuvadza" kune zvipenyu zvakaedzwa.Iyo biosurfactant inogadzirwa muchidzidzo ichi yakaratidza yakanakisa larvicidal chiitiko ne100% kufa mukati me24-48 maawa ekuratidzwa.
Verenga iyo LC50 kukosha kwelarvicidal chiitiko.Nonlinear regression curve fit (yakasimba mutsara) uye 95% nguva yekuvimba (nzvimbo ine shaded) yehuwandu hwekufa (%).
Verenga kukosha kweLC50 kune anti-termite chiitiko.Nonlinear regression curve fit (yakasimba mutsara) uye 95% nguva yekuvimba (nzvimbo ine shaded) yehuwandu hwekufa (%).
Pakupera kwekuedza, morphological shanduko uye anomalies zvakaonekwa pasi pe microscope.Kuchinja kwemorphological kwakaonekwa mukutonga uye mapoka ekurapa pa40x magnification.Sezvinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 3, kukanganiswa kwekukura kwakaitika mumakonye akawanda akabatwa nebiosurfactants.Mufananidzo 3a unoratidza yakajairika Cx.quinquefasciatus, Mufananidzo 3b unoratidza Cx isinganzwisisike.Zvinokonzera makonye mashanu nematode.
Mhedzisiro ye sublethal (LC50) dosi yebiosurfactants pakuvandudzwa kweCulex quinquefasciatus larvae.Chiedza chemicroscope mufananidzo (a) weyakajairika Cx pa40 × magnification.quinquefasciatus (b) Abnormal Cx.Zvinokonzera makonye mashanu nematode.
Muchidzidzo chezvino, kuongorora kwehistological yezvipembenene zvakarapwa (Fig. 4) uye materites (Fig. 5) yakaratidza kukanganisa kwakawanda, kusanganisira kuderedza munzvimbo yedumbu uye kukuvadzwa kwemasumbu, epithelial layers uye ganda.midgut.Histology yakaratidza maitiro ekudzivisa kuita kweiyo biosurfactant yakashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi.
Histopathology yeyakajairwa isina kurapwa 4th instar Cx manyoka.quinquefasciatus larvae (kutonga: (a,b)) uye kurapwa nebiosurfactant (kurapa: (c,d)).Miseve inoratidza kurapwa intestinal epithelium (epi), nuclei (n), uye tsandanyama (mu).Bhari = 50 µm.
Histopathology yezvakajairwa isina kurapwa O. obesus (kudzora: (a,b)) uye biosurfactant kurapwa (kurapa: (c,d)).Miseve inoratidza intestinal epithelium (epi) uye tsandanyama (mu), zvichiteerana.Bhari = 50 µm.
Muchidzidzo ichi, ECOSAR yakashandiswa kufanotaura nezvehuchetura hwe rhamnolipid biosurfactant zvigadzirwa kune vekutanga vanogadzira (girinhi algae), vekutanga vatengi (nhata dzemvura) uye yechipiri vatengi (hove).Ichi chirongwa chinoshandisa sophisticated quantitative structure-activity compound modhi kuti iongorore huturu hunoenderana nemaitiro emamorekuru.Iyo modhi inoshandisa dhizaini-chiitiko (SAR) software kuverenga iyo yakaoma uye yenguva refu chepfu yezvinhu kune mhuka dzemumvura.Kunyanya, Tafura 2 inopfupisa iyo inofungidzirwa inoreva inouraya concentrations (LC50) uye inoreva inoshanda kutarisisa (EC50) yemarudzi akati wandei.Kufungidzirwa huturu hwakaiswa mumatanho mana uchishandisa iyo Globally Harmonized System yeClassification uye Mazita emakemikari (Table 3).
Kudzora zvirwere zvinotapurirwa nevector, kunyanya mhando dzeumhutu neAedes mosquito.VaEgipita, ikozvino basa rakaoma 40,41,42,43,44,45,46.Kunyangwe mimwe mishonga yezvipembenene inowanikwa nemakemikari, senge pyrethroids uye organophosphates, ichibatsira, inoisa njodzi huru kuhutano hwevanhu, kusanganisira chirwere cheshuga, kusagadzikana kwekubereka, kusagadzikana kwetsinga, kenza, uye zvirwere zvekufema.Uyezve, nekufamba kwenguva, zvipembenene izvi zvinogona kupikisa kwavari13,43,48.Saka, zvinobudirira uye zvakatipoteredza kudzora zvipenyu matanho anozova nzira yakakurumbira yekudzora mosquito49,50.Benelli51 vakakurudzira kuti kukurumidza kudzora mosquito vectors kwaizoshanda zvakanyanya mumaguta, asi havana kukurudzira kushandiswa kwemishonga yekuuraya mhunga kumaruwa52.Tom et al 53 vakakurudzirawo kuti kudzora umhutu pamatanho avo asati akura kwaizova nzira yakachengeteka uye iri nyore nokuti ivo vanonyanya kufunga nezvekutonga vamiririri 54.
Kugadzirwa kweBiosurfactant nechisimba chakasimba (Enterobacter cloacae SJ2) yakaratidza kushanda kwakafanana uye kunovimbisa.Ongororo yedu yapfuura yakashuma kuti Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 inogadzirisa kugadzirwa kwebiosurfactant uchishandisa physicochemical parameters26.Zvichienderana neongororo yavo, mamiriro akakwana ekugadzirwa kwebiosurfactant neanogona E. cloacae isolate akaiswa kwemaawa makumi matatu nematanhatu, kubvongodzwa pa150 rpm, pH 7.5, 37 °C, salinity 1 ppt, 2% glucose secarbon source, 1% mbiriso. .iyo yakatorwa yakashandiswa se nitrogen sosi kuwana 2.61 g/L biosurfactant.Pamusoro pezvo, iwo mabiosurfactants akaratidzirwa achishandisa TLC, FTIR uye MALDI-TOF-MS.Izvi zvakasimbisa kuti rhamnolipid ndeye biosurfactant.Glycolipid biosurfactants ndiyo kirasi yakadzidzwa zvakanyanya yemamwe marudzi emabiosurfactants55.Iwo anosanganisira carbohydrate uye lipid zvikamu, kunyanya fatty acid cheni.Pakati peglycolipids, vamiririri vakuru ndivo rhamnolipid uye sophorolipid56.Rhamnolipids ine zvikamu zviviri zverhamnose zvakabatanidzwa kune mono- kana di-β-hydroxydecanoic acid 57.Kushandiswa kwerhamnolipids mumishonga yezvokurapa uye mishonga yemishonga yakanyatsogadziriswa 58, kunze kwekushandiswa kwavo kwemazuva ano semishonga yezvipembenene 59.
Kubatana kweiyo biosurfactant neiyo hydrophobic nharaunda yekufema siphon inobvumira mvura kuti ipfuure nepakati payo stomatal cavity, nekudaro ichiwedzera kusangana kwemakonye nenzvimbo yemvura.Kuvapo kwebiosurfactants kunokanganisawo trachea, iyo yakareba iyo iri pedyo nepamusoro, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kuti mapere aende kumusoro uye kufema.Somugumisiro, kushushikana kwepamusoro pemvura kunoderera.Sezvo zvipembenene zvisingakwanisi kusungira pamusoro pemvura, zvinowira pasi petangi, zvichivhiringidza hydrostatic pressure, zvichiita kuti simba riwedzere kushandiswa uye kufa nekunyura38,60.Mibairo yakafanana yakawanikwa naGhribi61, apo biosurfactant yakagadzirwa naBacillus subtilis yakaratidza kuita kwelarvicidal kurwisa Ephestia kuehniella.Saizvozvo, iyo larvicidal basa reCx.Das naMukherjee23 vakaongororawo mhedzisiro yecyclic lipopeptides pane quinquefasciatus larvae.
Mhedzisiro yechidzidzo ichi inobata basa relarvicidal rerhamnolipid biosurfactants kurwisa Cx.Kuuraya quinquefasciatus mosquito inopindirana nemhedzisiro yakamboburitswa.Semuenzaniso, surfactin-based biosurfactants inogadzirwa nemabhakitiriya akasiyana eiyo genus Bacillus anoshandiswa.uye Pseudomonas spp.Mimwe mishumo yepakutanga64,65,66 yakashuma chiitiko chekuuraya-makonye e lipopeptide biosurfactants kubva kuBacillus subtilis23.Deepali et al.63 yakawana kuti rhamnolipid biosurfactant yakaparadzaniswa kubva kuStenotropomonas maltophilia yakanga ine simba rervicidal chiitiko pakusangana kwe10 mg/L.Silva et al.67 yakashuma kuita kwelarvicidal yerhamnolipid biosurfactant inopesana neAe pakusangana kwe1 g/L.Aedes egypti.Kanakdande et al.68 yakashuma kuti lipopeptide biosurfactants inogadzirwa neBacillus subtilis yakakonzera kufa kwese muCulex larvae uye mujuru ine lipophilic chikamu cheEucalyptus.Saizvozvowo, Masendra et al.69 yakashuma svosve yevashandi (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) kufa kwe61.7% mu lipophilic n -hexane uye EtOAc zvikamu zveE. crude extract.
Parthipan et al 70 vakashuma kushandiswa kwezvipembenene zve lipopeptide biosurfactants inogadzirwa neBacillus subtilis A1 uye Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 kurwisa Anopheles Stephensi, vheji yemalaria parasite Plasmodium.Vakaona kuti zvipembenene nezvipukanana zvairarama kwenguva yakareba, zvaiva nekanguva kapfupi, zvakanga zvisina mbereko, uye zvaiva neupenyu hupfupi pazvakarapwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvebiosurfactants.Iwo akacherechedzwa LC50 tsika dzeB. subtilis biosurfactant A1 dzaive 3.58, 4.92, 5.37, 7.10 uye 7.99 mg/L kune dzakasiyana siyana dzemakonye (kureva makonye I, II, III, IV uye nhanho pupae) zvichiteerana.Mukuenzanisa, biosurfactants yezvikamu zvelarval I-IV uye pupal nhanho dzePseudomonas stutzeri NA3 dzaive 2.61, 3.68, 4.48, 5.55 uye 6.99 mg/L, zvichiteerana.Iyo yakanonoka phenology yezvipembenene zvinosara uye pupae inofungidzirwa kuti inokonzerwa nekukanganiswa kukuru kwepanyama uye metabolic kunokonzerwa nemishonga yezvipembenene71.
Wickerhamomyces anomalus strain CCMA 0358 inogadzira biosurfactant ine 100% larvicidal chiitiko kurwisa mosquito dzeAedes.egypti 24-awa yepakati 38 yakanga yakakwirira kudarika yakashumwa naSilva et al.A biosurfactant inogadzirwa kubva kuPseudomonas aeruginosa uchishandisa mafuta ezuva rezuva se carbon source yakaratidza kuuraya 100% yemakonye mukati meawa 48 67.Abinaya et al.72 naPradhan et al.73 vakaratidzawo zvinouraya kana zvipembenene zvinokonzerwa nemishonga inogadzirwa nevakawanda vakazviparadzanisa vejenasi Bacillus.Chidzidzo chakamboburitswa naSenthil-Nathan et al.vakawana kuti 100% yemakonye eumhutu akaiswa mumadhamu ezvirimwa angangofa.74.
Kuongorora mhedzisiro yezvipembenene zvezvipembenene pabhayoloji yezvipembenene zvakakosha pazvirongwa zvakabatanidzwa zvekuchengetedza tupukanana nekuti madhasi asina kuuraya tupukanana haaurayi tumbuyu asi anogona kuderedza huwandu hwezvipembenene muzvizvarwa zvinotevera nekukanganisa maitiro ehupenyu10.Siqueira et al 75 vakacherechedza basa rakakwana relarvicidal (100% kufa) kwerhamnolipid biosurfactant (300 mg / ml) painoedzwa pazvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana kubva ku50 kusvika ku300 mg / ml.Larval nhanho yeAedes aegypti strains.Vakaongorora mhedzisiro yenguva kusvika pakufa uye kudzika kwakadzika pakurarama kwemakonye uye kuita kwekushambira.Mukuwedzera, vakaona kuderera kwekushambira mushure memaawa 24-48 ekuratidzwa kune sublethal concentrations ye biosurfactant (semuenzaniso, 50 mg / mL uye 100 mg / mL).Chepfu dzine mabasa anovimbisa anouraya anofungidzirwa kuti anoshanda zvakanyanya mukukonzera kukuvadza kwakawanda kune tupukanana76.
Histological kuongorora kwemigumisiro yedu inoratidza kuti biosurfactants inogadzirwa neEnterobacter cloacae SJ2 inoshandura zvakanyanya matukisi ehutu (Cx. quinquefasciatus) uye termite (O. obesus) mhute.Kufanana kwakafanana kwakakonzerwa nekugadzirira kwemafuta ebasil muAn.gambiaes.s uye An.arabica yakatsanangurwa naOchola77.Kamaraj et al.78 vakatsanangurawo zvakafanana morphological abnormalities muAn.Mhungu dzaStephanie dzakaratidzwa kune nanoparticles dzegoridhe.Vasantha-Srinivasan et al.79 zvakare vakashuma kuti chikwama chemufudzi anokosha mafuta akakuvadza zvakanyanya kamuri uye epithelial layers yeAedes albopictus.Aedes egypti.Raghavendran et al vakashuma kuti zvipembenene zveumhutu zvakabatwa ne 500 mg / ml mycelial extract yemunharaunda yePenicillium fungus.Ae ratidza kukuvadzwa kwakanyanya kwe histological.Egipita uye Cx.Kufa kwehuwandu 80. Kare, Abinaya et al.Yechina instar nyuchi dzeAn dzakadzidzwa.Stephensi uye Ae.aegypti akawana akawanda histological shanduko muAedes aegypti yakabatwa neB. licheniformis exopolysaccharides, kusanganisira gastric cecum, muscle atrophy, kukuvadzwa uye kusarongeka kwetsinga tambo ganglia72.Sekureva kwaRaghavendran et al., mushure mekurapwa neP. daleae mycelial extract, maseru emidgut eumhutu akaedzwa (4th instar larvae) airatidza kuzvimba kwemukumbo lumen, kuderera kwemukati memukati, uye nyukireya degeneration81.Izvo zvakafanana zvehistological shanduko dzakaonekwa mumakonye eumhutu akabatwa nemashizha echinacea, zvichiratidza kukwanisa kwezvipembenene zvemishonga yakarapwa50.
Kushandiswa kweECOSAR software kwakagamuchira kuzivikanwa kwenyika82.Ongororo yazvino inoratidza kuti huturu hweECOSAR biosurfactants kune microalgae (C. vulgaris), hove nenhata dzemvura (D. magna) inowira mukati mechikamu che "chepfu" chinotsanangurwa neUnited Nations83.Iyo ECOSAR ecotoxicity modhi inoshandisa SAR neQSAR kufanotaura huturu hwehupfu uye hwenguva refu hwezvinhu uye inowanzo shandiswa kufanotaura huturu hwezvinosvibisa organic82,84.
Paraformaldehyde, sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) nemamwe makemikari ose akashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi akatengwa kubva kuHiMedia Laboratories, India.
Kugadzirwa kweBiosurfactant kwakaitwa mu500 mL Erlenmeyer flasks ine 200 mL ye sterile Bushnell Haas yepakati yakawedzerwa ne1% crude oil seyo yega kabhoni sosi.A preculture yeEnterobacter cloacae SJ2 (1.4 × 104 CFU / ml) yakavharwa uye yakagadzirwa pane orbital shaker pa 37 ° C, 200 rpm kwemazuva manomwe.Mushure meiyo incubation nguva, iyo biosurfactant yakaburitswa necentrifuging iyo tsika yepakati pa 3400 × g kwemaminetsi makumi maviri pa4 ° C uye yakaguma supernatant yakashandiswa pakuongorora.Maitiro ekugadzirisa uye hunhu hwebiosurfactants zvakatorwa kubva pachidzidzo chedu chekutanga26.
Culex quinquefasciatus larvae akawanikwa kubva kuCentre for Advanced Study muMarine Biology (CAS), Palanchipetai, Tamil Nadu (India).Magonye akarererwa mumidziyo yepurasitiki yakazadzwa nemvura yakasvibiswa pa27 ± 2 ° C uye photoperiod ye12:12 (chiedza: rima).Honye dzeumhutu dzakadyiswa 10% glucose solution.
Culex quinquefasciatus larvae yakawanikwa mumatangi akavhurika uye asina kudzivirirwa septic matangi.Shandisa mwero dhizaini nhungamiro kuona uye tsika gonye murabhoritari85.Larvicidal miedzo yakaitwa maererano nekurudziro yeWorld Health Organisation 86.SH.Yechina instar larvae yequinquefasciatus yakaunganidzwa mumachubhu akavharwa mumapoka e25 ml uye 50 ml ane gap remhepo rezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvekugona kwavo.Biosurfactant (0-50 mg/ml) yakawedzerwa kune imwe neimwe chubhu uye yakachengetwa pa25 ° C.The control chubhu inoshandiswa chete distilled mvura (50 ml).Makonye akafa aionekwa seaya asina kuratidza zviratidzo zvekutuhwina panguva yekusakura (12-48 maawa) 87.Verenga huwandu hwekufa kwerukova uchishandisa equation.(1)88.
Mhuri yeOdontotermitidae inosanganisira mujuru wekuIndia Odontotermes obesus, unowanikwa mumatanda ari kuora paKampasi Yekurima (Annamalai University, India).Edza iyi biosurfactant (0–50 mg/ml) uchishandisa nzira dzakajairika kuona kana ichikuvadza.Mushure mekuoma mu laminar kuyerera kwemhepo kwemaminetsi makumi matatu, mutsara wega wega weWhatman bepa wakaputirwa nebiosurfactant pakusangana kwe30, 40, kana 50 mg/ml.Pre-yakavharidzirwa uye isina kuvharwa mapepa akaedzwa uye akaenzaniswa pakati pePetri dish.Imwe neimwe petri dish ine inosvika makumi matatu inoshanda mujuru O. obesus.Kudzora uye kuedza majuru akapiwa mapepa akanyorova sechikafu.Mahwendefa ose aichengetwa ari mukamuri tembiricha mukati menguva yose yokukuchidzira.Termites akafa mushure me12, 24, 36 uye 48 maawa89,90.Equation 1 yakabva yashandiswa kufungidzira chikamu chekufa kwemujuru pane zvakasiyana biosurfactant concentrations.(2).
Mienzaniso yacho yakachengetwa paaizi uye yakarongedzwa mumamicrotubes ane 100 ml ye0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) uye yakatumirwa kuCentral Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory (CAPL) yeRajiv Gandhi Center for Aquaculture (RGCA).Histology Laboratory, Sirkali, Mayiladuthurai.Dunhu, Tamil Nadu, India kuti uwedzere kuongororwa.Samples dzakakurumidza kugadziriswa mu4% paraformaldehyde pa37 ° C kwemaawa makumi mana nemasere.
Mushure mechikamu chekugadzirisa, zvinhu zvakagezwa katatu ne 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), zvishoma nezvishoma yakapera mvura mu ethanol uye yakanyudzwa mu LEICA resin kwemazuva manomwe.Chinhu chacho chinozoiswa muforoma yepurasitiki yakazadzwa neresin nepolymerizer, yozoiswa muovheni inopisa kusvika 37°C kusvikira bhuroko rine chinhu ichi ranyatsoita polymerized.
Mushure me polymerization, mabhuroki akachekwa pachishandiswa LEICA RM2235 microtome (Rankin Biomedical Corporation 10,399 Enterprise Dr. Davisburg, MI 48,350, USA) kusvika pakukora 3 mm.Zvikamu zvakaiswa mumasiraidhi, aine zvikamu zvitanhatu pa siraidhi.Masiraidhi akaomeswa pakushambidzika kwekamuri, ndokusvibiswa ne hematoxylin kwemaminitsi manomwe uye akashambidzwa nemvura inoyerera ye4 min.Mukuwedzera, shandisa iyo eosin solution paganda kwemaminitsi mashanu uye sukurudza nemvura inoyerera kwemaminitsi mashanu.
Muchetura wakaoma wakafanotaurwa pachishandiswa zvipenyu zvemumvura kubva kumatanho akasiyana ekupisa: hove dzemaawa makumi mapfumbamwe nematanhatu LC50, 48-awa D. magna LC50, uye 96-awa yegirinhi algae EC50.Hupfu hwerhamnolipid biosurfactants kuhove uye green algae hwakaongororwa pachishandiswa ECOSAR software vhezheni 2.2 yeWindows yakagadziridzwa neUS Environmental Protection Agency.(Inowanikwa online pa https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/ecological-struct-activity-relationships-ecosar-predictive-model).
Yese bvunzo dzelarvicidal uye antitermite chiitiko chakaitwa katatu.Nonlinear regression (log of dose response variables) yerarval uye termite kufa data yakaitwa kuverenga median lethal concentration (LC50) ine 95% nguva yekuvimba, uye concentration response curves yakagadzirwa uchishandisa Prism® (version 8.0, GraphPad Software) Inc. USA) 84, 91.
Chidzidzo chemazuva ano chinoratidza kukwanisa kwe microbial biosurfactants yakagadzirwa neEnterobacter cloacae SJ2 se mosquito larvicidal uye antitermite agents, uye basa iri richabatsira pakunzwisisa zviri nani nzira dzekuita larvicidal uye antitermite.Histological zvidzidzo zvemakonye akabatwa nebiosurfactants zvakaratidza kukuvadzwa kwegumbo rekudya, midgut, cerebral cortex uye hyperplasia ye intestinal epithelial cells.Results: Toxicological evaluation ye antitermite uye larvicidal basa re rhamnolipid biosurfactant yakabudiswa neEnterobacter cloacae SJ2 yakaratidza kuti iyi yega inogona kuve biopesticide yekutonga kwevector-borne-borne disease of mosquitos (Cx quinquefasciatus) uye termites (O. obesus).Pane kudikanwa kwekunzwisisa huri pasi pehuturu hwezvakatipoteredza hwe biosurfactants uye zvinogona kuitika kwezvakatipoteredza.Ichi chidzidzo chinopa hwaro hwesainzi hwekuona njodzi yezvakatipoteredza yebiosurfactants.
Nguva yekutumira: Kubvumbi-09-2024