Kushandiswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakagadzirwa kwakakonzera matambudziko akawanda, kusanganisira kubuda kwezvipenyu zvisingatsungiririki, kuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kukuvadza hutano hwevanhu. Nokudaro, utachiona hutsvamishonga yezvipembeneneZvakachengeteka kuhutano hwevanhu nenharaunda zvinodiwa nekukurumidza. Muchidzidzo ichi, rhamnolipid biosurfactant yakagadzirwa neEnterobacter cloacae SJ2 yakashandiswa kuongorora chepfu kuumhutu (Culex quinquefasciatus) uye termite (Odontotermes obesus). Zvakawanikwa zvakaratidza kuti paive nehuwandu hwerufu hunoenderana nedosi pakati pekurapwa. Kukosha kweLC50 (50% inouraya concentration) pamaawa makumi mana nemasere e termite uye mosquito larval biosurfactants kwakaongororwa uchishandisa nzira isina kurongeka ye regression curve fitting. Zvakawanikwa zvakaratidza kuti 48-hour LC50 values (95% confidence interval) ye larvicidal uye antitermite activity ye biosurfactant yaive 26.49 mg/L (kubva pa25.40 kusvika 27.57) uye 33.43 mg/L (kubva pa31.09 kusvika 35.68) zvichiteerana. Zvichienderana nekuongororwa kwehistopathological, kurapwa ne biosurfactants kwakakonzera kukuvara kwakanyanya kunhengo dzemuviri dzemakonzo nemajuru. Zvakabuda muchidzidzo ichi zvinoratidza kuti microbial biosurfactant inogadzirwa neEnterobacter cloacae SJ2 chishandiso chakanaka uye chinogona kushanda zvakanaka chekutonga Cx. quinquefasciatus naO. obesus.
Nyika dzinopisa dzinosangana nehuwandu hwakawanda hwezvirwere zvinotapurirwa nehumhutu1. Kukosha kwezvirwere zvinotapurirwa nehumhutu kwakapararira. Vanhu vanopfuura 400,000 vanofa nemarariya gore rega rega, uye mamwe maguta makuru ari kusangana nezvirwere zvakakomba zvakaita sedengue, yellow fever, chikungunya neZika.2 Zvirwere zvinotapurirwa nevector zvine chekuita nehutachiona humwe chete pazvitanhatu pasi rose, uye umhutu hunokonzera nyaya dzakanyanya3,4. Culex, Anopheles neAedes ndiwo marudzi matatu emhutu anowanzobatanidzwa nekupararira kwezvirwere5. Kuwanda kwedengue fever, hutachiona hunotapurirwa nehumhutu hweAedes aegypti, kwakawedzera mumakore gumi apfuura uye kune njodzi huru kuhutano hwevanhu4,7,8. Sekureva kweWorld Health Organization (WHO), vanhu vanopfuura 40% vepasi rose vari panjodzi yedengue fever, nemamiriyoni 50–100 ezvirwere zvitsva zvichiitika gore rega rega munyika dzinopfuura 1009,10,11. Dengue fever yave dambudziko guru rehutano hwevanhu sezvo kuwanda kwayo kwawedzera pasi rose12,13,14. Anopheles gambiae, inozivikanwa zvikuru semusquito weAfrican Anopheles, ndiyo inonyanya kukonzera malaria kuvanhu munzvimbo dzinopisa uye dziri pasi pemvura. 15. Utachiona hweWest Nile, St. Louis encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, uye hutachiona hwemabhiza neshiri hunotapuriranwa neumhutu hweCulex, hunowanzonzi umhutu hwemumba. Pamusoro pezvo, hunotakurawo zvirwere zvebhakitiriya nezvipembenene16. Kune marudzi anopfuura 3,000 emagwenzi pasi rose, uye avepo kwemakore anopfuura mamiriyoni 150. Zvipembenene zvakawanda zvinogara muvhu uye zvinodya zvigadzirwa zvehuni nematanda zvine cellulose. Musquito weIndia Odontotermes obesus igwenzi rinokosha rinokonzera kukuvara kukuru kuzvirimwa zvakakosha nemiti yekudyara. 18. Munzvimbo dzekurima, zvipembenene zvemagwenzi pamatanho akasiyana zvinogona kukonzera kukuvara kukuru kwehupfumi kuzvirimwa zvakasiyana-siyana, marudzi emiti nezvinhu zvekuvaka. Magwenzi anogonawo kukonzera matambudziko ehutano hwevanhu19.
Nyaya yekudzivirira utachiona nezvipembenene muminda yemishonga nekurima yanhasi yakaoma20,21. Saka, makambani ese ari maviri anofanira kutsvaga mishonga mitsva inorwisa utachiona isingadhuri uye mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakachengeteka. Mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakagadzirwa ikozvino yave kuwanikwa uye yakaratidzwa kuti inotapukira uye inodzinga zvipembenene zvinobatsira zvisingatarisirwi22. Mumakore achangopfuura, tsvakiridzo pamusoro pemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakawedzera nekuda kwekushandiswa kwayo mumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana. Mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inobatsira zvikuru uye inokosha mukurima, kugadzirisa ivhu, kubvisa peturu, mabhakitiriya nezvipembenene, uye kugadzira chikafu23,24. Mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene kana mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene makemikari anogadzirwa nemakemikari akadai semabhakitiriya, mbiriso nefungi munzvimbo dzemahombekombe nenzvimbo dzakasvibiswa nemafuta25,26. Mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene nemakemikari inotorwa kubva kumakemikari imhando mbiri dzinowanikwa zvakananga kubva munzvimbo dzechisikigo27. Mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakasiyana-siyana inowanikwa kubva kunzvimbo dzegungwa28,29. Nokudaro, masayendisiti ari kutsvaga matekinoroji matsva ekugadzira mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene zvichibva pabhakitiriya yechisikigo30,31. Kufambira mberi mukutsvaga kwakadaro kunoratidza kukosha kwemakemikari aya ehupenyu pakuchengetedza nharaunda32. Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Alcaligenes, Corynebacterium uye marudzi aya ebhakitiriya vamiririri vakanyatso dzidziswa23,33.
Kune mhando dzakawanda dzezvinhu zvinogadzira mabhakitiriya zvine mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana34. Chinhu chakakosha chemakemikari aya ndechekuti mamwe acho ane basa rekurwisa mabhakitiriya, kuuraya mabhakitiriya uye kuuraya zvipembenene. Izvi zvinoreva kuti anogona kushandiswa mumaindasitiri ekurima, emakemikari, emishonga uye ezvekushongedza35,36,37,38. Nekuti zvinhu zvinogadzira mabhakitiriya zvinowanzoora uye zvinobatsira nharaunda, zvinoshandiswa muzvirongwa zvekuchengetedza zvipembenene zvakabatanidzwa kuchengetedza zvirimwa39. Saka, ruzivo rwekutanga rwakawanikwa nezvebasa rekuuraya mabhakitiriya uye rekudzivirira zvipembenene zvezvinhu zvinogadzira mabhakitiriya zvinogadzirwa neEnterobacter cloacae SJ2. Takaongorora kufa uye shanduko dzehistological kana tichisangana nehuwandu hwakasiyana hwezvinhu zvinogadzira mabhakitiriya zverhamnolipid. Pamusoro pezvo, takaongorora chirongwa chekombuta cheQuantitative Structure-Activity (QSAR) chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya Ecological Structure-Activity (ECOSAR) kuti tione chepfu yakanyanya ye microalgae, daphnia, nehove.
Muchidzidzo ichi, kushanda kwemishonga inorwisa zvipembenene (chepfu) yemishonga inocheneswa (chepfu) pahuwandu hwakasiyana-siyana hunotangira pa30 kusvika 50 mg/ml (panguva ye5 mg/ml) kwakaedzwa pamishonga inorwisa zvipembenene zveIndia, O. obesus nerudzi rwechina )Ongorora. Makonye e instar Cx. Makonye eumhutu quinquefasciatus. Kuwanda kwemakemikari emuhutu LC50 mumaawa makumi mana nemasere pakurwisa O. obesus neCx. C. solanacearum. Makonye eumhutu akaonekwa achishandisa nzira yekubatanidza nonlinear regression curve. Zvakabuda zvakaratidza kuti kufa kwezvipembenene kwakawedzera nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemakemikari emuhutu. Zvakabuda zvakaratidza kuti biosurfactant yaive nehutachiona hwemakonye (Mufananidzo 1) uye hunodzivirira zvipembenene (Mufananidzo 2), ine huwandu hweLC50 hwemaawa makumi mana nemasere (95% CI) hwe26.49 mg/L (25.40 kusvika 27.57) uye 33.43 mg/l (Mufananidzo 31.09 kusvika 35.68), zvichiteerana (Tafura 1). Kana tichitaura nezvehupfu hwakanyanya (maawa makumi mana nemasere), biosurfactant inoiswa muchikamu che "chinokuvadza" kuzvisikwa zvakaedzwa. Biosurfactant yakagadzirwa muchidzidzo ichi yakaratidza hutachiona hwakanaka hwemakonye nekufa kwe100% mukati memaawa makumi maviri nemana kusvika makumi mana nemasere mushure mekusangana nehutachiona.
Verenga kukosha kweLC50 pakurwisa larvicidal activity. Nonlinear regression curve fitting (solid line) uye 95% confidence interval (nzvimbo ine mumvuri) kuti uone kufa (%).
Verenga kukosha kweLC50 yekurwisa zvipembenene. Kugadzirisa curve isina kurongeka (mutsara wakasimba) uye 95% yekuvimba kwenguva pfupi (nzvimbo ine mumvuri) yekufa kwevanhu (%).
Pakupera kwechiedzo, shanduko dzechimiro uye zvisina kujairika zvakaonekwa pasi pemaikorosikopu. Shanduko dzechimiro dzakaonekwa mumapoka ekutonga nekurapwa pakukura kwe40x. Sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 3, kukanganisa kukura kwakaitika mumapoka mazhinji ehonye dzakarapwa ne biosurfactants. Mufananidzo 3a unoratidza Cx. quinquefasciatus yakajairika, Mufananidzo 3b unoratidza Cx isina kujairika. Inokonzera honye shanu dzema nematode.
Mhedzisiro yemishonga inouraya (LC50) ye biosurfactants pakukura kweCulex quinquefasciatus larvae. Mufananidzo we microscopy wakareruka (a) we normal Cx pa 40× magnification. quinquefasciatus (b) Abnormal Cx. Inokonzera five nematode larvae.
Muchidzidzo chino, kuongororwa kwehistological kwehonye dzakarapwa (Mufananidzo 4) uye termites (Mufananidzo 5) kwakaratidza kusarongeka kwakawanda, kusanganisira kudzikira kwedumbu uye kukuvara kwetsandanyama, epithelial layers uye ganda. midgut. Histology yakaratidza mashandiro ekudzivirira mashandiro ebiosurfactant yakashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi.
Histopathology yemasero eCx asina kurapwa akajairika e4th instar. quinquefasciatus larvae (control: (a,b)) uye akarapwa nebiosurfactant (treatment: (c,d)). Miseve inoratidza epithelium yemudumbu yakarapwa (epi), nuclei (n), uye tsandanyama (mu). Bar = 50 µm.
Histopathology yeO. obesus isina kurapwa zvakanaka (control: (a,b)) uye biosurfactant yakarapwa (treatment: (c,d)). Miseve inoratidza epithelium yemudumbu (epi) uye tsandanyama (mu), zvichiteerana. Bar = 50 µm.
Muchidzidzo ichi, ECOSAR yakashandiswa kufanotaura chepfu yakasimba yezvigadzirwa zve rhamnolipid biosurfactant kune vagadziri vekutanga (green algae), vatengi vekutanga (water fleas) uye vatengi vechipiri (hove). Chirongwa ichi chinoshandisa models dzakasimba dzehuwandu hwekuvaka-basa kuti dziongorore chepfu zvichibva pachimiro chemamorekuru. Muenzaniso uyu unoshandisa software yekuvaka-basa (SAR) kuverenga chepfu yakasimba uye yenguva refu yezvinhu kumarudzi emumvura. Zvikuru, Tafura 2 inopfupikisa huwandu hweavhareji inouraya (LC50) uye huwandu hunoshanda (EC50) kune marudzi akati wandei. Chepfu inofungidzirwa yakakamurwa kuita mazinga mana uchishandisa Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (Tafura 3).
Kudzora zvirwere zvinotapukira, kunyanya mhando dzeumhutu neumhutu hweAedes. VaIjipita, ikozvino vanoshanda zvakaoma 40,41,42,43,44,45,46. Kunyangwe mimwe mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inowanikwa nemakemikari, senge pyrethroids ne organophosphates, ichibatsira zvishoma, ine njodzi huru kuhutano hwevanhu, kusanganisira chirwere cheshuga, zvirwere zvekubereka, zvirwere zvetsinga, kenza, uye zvirwere zvekufema. Uyezve, nekufamba kwenguva, zvipembenene izvi zvinogona kuramba zvichirwisa 13,43,48. Saka, matanho ekudzora zvipembenene anoshanda uye ane hushamwari nezvakatipoteredza achava nzira inozivikanwa yekudzora umhutu49,50. Benelli51 akataura kuti kudzora kwekutanga kwezvipembenene zveumhutu kwaizoshanda zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzemaguta, asi havana kukurudzira kushandiswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene munzvimbo dzekumaruwa52. Tom et al 53 vakataurawo kuti kudzora umhutu pahudiki hwahwo kwaizova nzira yakachengeteka uye iri nyore nekuti hunonyanya kunzwa zvinhu zvinodzora 54.
Kugadzirwa kweBiosurfactant nerudzi rwakasimba (Enterobacter cloacae SJ2) kwakaratidza kushanda kwakasimba uye kunovimbisa. Ongororo yedu yapfuura yakashuma kuti Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 inovandudza kugadzirwa kwebiosurfactant ichishandisa physicochemical parameters26. Sekureva kwekudzidza kwavo, mamiriro akanakisa ekugadzirwa kwebiosurfactant neE. cloacae isolate yaive incubation kwemaawa makumi matatu nematanhatu, agitation pa150 rpm, pH 7.5, 37 °C, salinity 1 ppt, 2% glucose se carbon source, 1 % yeast. extract yakashandiswa se nitrogen source kuti iwane 2.61 g/L biosurfactant. Pamusoro pezvo, biosurfactants dzakatsanangurwa uchishandisa TLC, FTIR uye MALDI-TOF-MS. Izvi zvakasimbisa kuti rhamnolipid i biosurfactant. Glycolipid biosurfactants ndiyo kirasi yakadzidziswa zvakanyanya yemamwe marudzi e biosurfactants55. Inosanganisira carbohydrate ne lipid parts, kunyanya fatty acid chains. Pakati pemaglycolipid, vamiririri vakuru irhamnolipid nesophorolipid56. MaRhamnolipid ane zvikamu zviviri zverhamnose zvakabatana ne mono‐ kana di‐β‐hydroxydecanoic acid57. Kushandiswa kwemarhamnolipids mumaindasitiri ekurapa nemishonga kwakasimbiswa zvakanaka58, pamusoro pekushandiswa kwavo munguva pfupi yapfuura semishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene59.
Kudyidzana kwebiosurfactant nenzvimbo inonyungudika yekufema kwemweya kunobvumira mvura kupfuura nemudumbu rayo, nokudaro zvichiwedzera kubatana kwehonye nenzvimbo yemvura. Kuvapo kwebiosurfactants kunokanganisawo trachea, kureba kwayo kuri pedyo nepamusoro, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kuti honye dzikwekwe pamusoro uye dzifeme. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kushushikana kwemvura pamusoro kunoderera. Sezvo honye dzisingakwanise kubatana pamusoro pemvura, dzinowira pasi petangi, zvichikanganisa kumanikidzwa kwemvura, zvichikonzera kushandiswa kwesimba rakawandisa uye kufa nekunyura38,60. Mhedzisiro yakafanana yakawanikwa naGhribi61, uko biosurfactant yakagadzirwa naBacillus subtilis yakaratidza kushanda kwehonye kurwisa Ephestia kuehniella. Saizvozvowo, kushanda kwehonye kweCx. Das naMukherjee23 vakaongororawo mhedzisiro ye cyclic lipopeptides pahonye dzequinquefasciatus.
Zvakabuda muchidzidzo ichi zvine chekuita nebasa rekuuraya mabukira e rhamnolipid biosurfactants pakurwisa Cx. Kuuraya umhutu hwequinquefasciatus kunoenderana nezvakabuda kare. Semuenzaniso, mabukira e surfactin-based biosurfactants anogadzirwa nemabhakitiriya akasiyana-siyana erudzi rweBacillus anoshandiswa. uye Pseudomonas spp. Mimwe mishumo yekutanga64,65,66 yakashuma basa rekuuraya mabukira e lipopeptide biosurfactants kubva kuBacillus subtilis23. Deepali et al. 63 vakaona kuti rhamnolipid biosurfactant yakabviswa kubva kuStenotropomonas maltophilia yaive nebasa rekuuraya mabukira rine simba pahuwandu hwe10 mg/L. Silva et al. 67 vakashuma basa rekuuraya mabukira re rhamnolipid biosurfactant pakurwisa Ae pahuwandu hwe1 g/L. Aedes aegypti. Kanakdande et al. 68 vakataura kuti ma "lipopeptide biosurfactants" akagadzirwa neBacillus subtilis akakonzera kufa kwese mu "Culex larvae" ne "termites" ne "lipophilic fraction" yeEucalyptus. Saizvozvowo, Masendra et al. 69 vakataura kuti kufa kwe "worker ant" (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) kwe61.7% mu "lipophilic n-hexane" ne "EtOAc fractions" yeE. crude extract.
Parthipan nevamwe vake 70 vakataura nezvekushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene ye lipopeptide biosurfactants yakagadzirwa naBacillus subtilis A1 naPseudomonas stutzeri NA3 kurwisa Anopheles Stephensi, mupi wemabhakitiriya emalaria ePlasmodium. Vakaona kuti mabuu nemapupae zvakararama kwenguva yakareba, zvaive nenguva pfupi yekuisa mazai, zvaive zvisina utachiona, uye zvaive nenguva pfupi yekurarama kana zvarapwa nehuwandu hwakasiyana hwe biosurfactants. LC50 values dzakaonekwa dzeB. subtilis biosurfactant A1 dzaive 3.58, 4.92, 5.37, 7.10 uye 7.99 mg/L kune mamiriro akasiyana emabuu (kureva mabuu I, II, III, IV uye stage pupae) zvichiteerana. Mukuenzanisa, biosurfactants dze larval stages I-IV uye pupal stages dzePseudomonas stutzeri NA3 dzaive 2.61, 3.68, 4.48, 5.55 uye 6.99 mg/L, zvichiteerana. Kunonoka kwekushanduka kwemakonye nemapupa ari kurarama kunofungidzirwa kuti kunokonzerwa nekusagadzikana kwakakosha kwemuviri uye kwemuviri kunokonzerwa nekurapwa kwezvipembenene71.
Wickerhamomyces anomalus strain CCMA 0358 inogadzira biosurfactant ine simba rekuuraya mabukira 100% kurwisa umhutu hweAedes. Nguva yemaawa makumi maviri nemana eAegypti 38 yaive yakakwira kupfuura yakataurwa naSilva et al. Biosurfactant yakagadzirwa kubva kuPseudomonas aeruginosa ichishandisa mafuta ezuva senzvimbo yekabhoni yakaratidzwa kuuraya 100% yemabukira mukati memaawa makumi mana nemasere. Abinaya et al.72 naPradhan et al.73 vakaratidzawo mhedzisiro yekuuraya mabukira kana zvipembenene zvemasurfactants anogadzirwa nemarudzi akasiyana eBacillus. Ongororo yakamboburitswa naSenthil-Nathan et al. yakawana kuti 100% yemabukira eumhutu anoonekwa mumadhamu emiti aingangofa. 74.
Kuongorora migumisiro isingauraye yemishonga yezvipembenene pahupenyu hwezvipembenene kwakakosha pazvirongwa zvekuchengetedza zvipembenene zvakabatana nekuti huwandu hwezvipembenene husingauraye zvipembenene hahuurayi zvipembenene asi hunogona kuderedza huwandu hwezvipembenene muzvizvarwa zvinotevera nekukanganisa hunhu hwezvinhu zvipenyu10. Siqueira nevamwe 75 vakaona kushanda kwekuuraya mabukira (100% kufa) kwerhamnolipid biosurfactant (300 mg/ml) pavakaedzwa pahuwandu hwakasiyana-siyana kubva pa50 kusvika 300 mg/ml. Danho remabukira emhando dzeAedes aegypti. Vakaongorora mhedzisiro yenguva kusvika pakufa uye huwandu husingauraye pakurarama kwemabukira uye basa rekushambira. Pamusoro pezvo, vakaona kudzikira kwekushambira mushure memaawa 24-48 ekusangana nehuwandu husingauraye hwebiosurfactant (semuenzaniso, 50 mg/mL uye 100 mg/mL). Chepfu dzine mabasa anovimbisa ekuuraya dzinofungidzirwa kuti dzinoshanda zvakanyanya mukukonzera kukuvara kwakawanda kuzvipembenene zvakaratidzwa76.
Kuongororwa kwezvakaitika munhoroondo yezvatakawana kunoratidza kuti ma "biosurfactants" anogadzirwa ne "Enterobacter cloacae SJ2" anochinja zvakanyanya matishu e "umhutu" (Cx. quinquefasciatus) uye "termite" (O. obesus). Zvikanganiso zvakafanana zvakakonzerwa nekugadzirwa kwemafuta e "basil" mu "An. gambiaes.s" uye "An. arabica" zvakatsanangurwa naOchola77. Kamaraj et al.78 vakatsanangurawo kusarongeka kwechimiro mu "An." Madziva a "Stephanie" akaonekwa ne "gold nanoparticles". Vasantha-Srinivasan et al.79 vakataurawo kuti "shepherd's purse" essential oil" yakakuvadza zvakanyanya "chamber" uye "epithelial layers" ye "Aedes albopictus". Aedes aegypti. Raghavendran et al. vakashuma kuti madziva e "umhutu" akarapwa ne "500 mg/ml" mycelial extract" ye "local Penicillium fungus". Ae inoratidza kukuvara kwakanyanya kwe "histological". aegypti neCx. Huwandu hwekufa 80. Kare, Abinaya et al. Madziva e "fourth instar" e "An" akaongororwa. Stephensi naAe. aegypti vakawana shanduko dzakawanda dzehistological muAedes aegypti yakarapwa neB. licheniformis exopolysaccharides, kusanganisira gastric cecum, muscle atrophy, kukuvara uye kusagadzikana kwetsinga dzetsinga ganglia72. Sekureva kwaRaghavendran et al., mushure mekurapwa neP. daleae mycelial extract, masero emukati meumhutu akaedzwa (4th instar larvae) akaratidza kuzvimba kwe intestinal lumen, kudzikira kwemukati memasero, uye kuora kwenyukireya81. Shanduko dzakafanana dzehistological dzakaonekwa muumhutu hwakarapwa ne echinacea leaf extract, zvichiratidza kugona kwekuuraya zvipembenene kwemakemikari akarapwa50.
Kushandiswa kwesoftware yeECOSAR kwave kuzivikanwa pasi rose82. Ongororo iripo inoratidza kuti chepfu yakasimba yeECOSAR biosurfactants ku microalgae (C. vulgaris), hove newater fleas (D. magna) inowira muchikamu che "chepfu" chakatsanangurwa neUnited Nations83. Muenzaniso weECOSAR ecotoxicity unoshandisa SAR neQSAR kufanotaura chepfu yakasimba uye yenguva refu yezvinhu uye unowanzo shandiswa kufanotaura chepfu yezvinosvibisa zvipenyu82,84.
Paraformaldehyde, sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) nemamwe makemikari ese akashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi akatengwa kubva kuHiMedia Laboratories, India.
Kugadzirwa kwebiosurfactant kwakaitwa mumaflask eErlenmeyer e500 mL ane 200 mL yeBushnell Haas medium isina tsvina yakawedzerwa ne1% yemafuta asina kucheneswa senzvimbo yega inoburitsa kabhoni. Kudyara kweEnterobacter cloacae SJ2 (1.4 × 104 CFU/ml) kwakapinzwa mushonga usati washandiswa uye kwakakurirwa pa orbital shaker pa37°C, 200 rpm kwemazuva manomwe. Mushure menguva yekudyara, biosurfactant yakabviswa ne centrifuging culture medium pa3400×g kwemaminitsi makumi maviri pa4°C uye supernatant yakabuda yakashandiswa pakuongorora. Maitiro ekugadzirisa uye kutsanangurwa kwebiosurfactants zvakatorwa kubva muongororo yedu yapfuura26.
Makonye eCulex quinquefasciatus akawanikwa kubva kuCenter for Advanced Study in Marine Biology (CAS), Palanchipetai, Tamil Nadu (India). Makonye akarerwa mumidziyo yepurasitiki yakazadzwa nemvura yakabviswa maion pa27 ± 2°C uye nguva ye12:12 (yakajeka:yakasviba). Makonye eumhutu akapihwa 10% glucose solution.
Makonye eCulex quinquefasciatus akawanikwa mumatangi emvura akavhurika uye asina kudzivirirwa. Shandisa nhungamiro dzakajairwa dzekuisa mapoka kuti uone uye ubereke makonye murabhoritari85. Kuedza kwekuuraya makonye kwakaitwa zvichienderana nekurudziro yeWorld Health Organisation 86. SH. Makonye echina eQuinquefasciatus akaunganidzwa mumachubhu akavharwa mumapoka e25 ml ne50 ml nemhepo isina kukwana yezvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvesimba rawo. Biosurfactant (0–50 mg/ml) yakawedzerwa muchubhu yega yega yoga uye yakachengetwa pa25 °C. Chubhu yekudzora yaishandisa mvura yakasanganiswa chete (50 ml). Makonye akafa aionekwa seaya asina kuratidza zviratidzo zvekushambira panguva yekuyamwisa (maawa 12–48) 87. Verenga chikamu chekufa kwemakonye uchishandisa equation. (1)88.
Mhuri yeOdontotermitidae inosanganisira maOdontotermes obesus ekuIndia, anowanikwa mumatanda anoora paAgricultural Campus (Annamalai University, India). Edzai mushonga uyu webiosurfactant (0–50 mg/ml) muchishandisa nzira dzakajairika kuti muone kana uchikuvadza. Mushure mekuomeswa mumhepo inoyerera kwemaminitsi makumi matatu, chidimbu chega chega chepepa reWhatman chakaputirwa nebiosurfactant pahuwandu hwe30, 40, kana 50 mg/ml. Mapepa akaputirwa kare uye asina kuputirwa akaedzwa uye akaenzaniswa pakati pedhishi rePetri. Dhishi rega rega repetri rine maO. obesus anoshanda angangoita makumi matatu. Kudzora nekuyedza maO. obesus kwakapihwa bepa rakanyorova sechikafu. Maplate ese akachengetwa patembiricha yemukamuri mukati menguva yekufukidzwa. MaO. obesus akafa mushure memaawa gumi nemaviri, makumi maviri nemana, makumi matatu nemana nemana nemasere. Equation 1 yakazoshandiswa kufungidzira huwandu hwemaO. (2).
Masampuleti akachengetwa pachando ndokuiswa mumachubhu madiki ane 100 ml ye 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) ndokutumirwa kuCentral Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory (CAPL) yeRajiv Gandhi Center for Aquaculture (RGCA). Histology Laboratory, Sirkali, Mayiladuthurai. District, Tamil Nadu, India kuti iongororwe zvakanyanya. Masampuleti akagadziriswa pakarepo mu 4% paraformaldehyde pa37°C kwemaawa makumi mana nemasere.
Mushure mechikamu chekugadzika, chinhu chacho chakagezwa katatu ne 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), chakabviswa mvura zvishoma nezvishoma mu ethanol ndokunyikwa mu LEICA resin kwemazuva manomwe. Chinhu ichi chinozoiswa mupurasitiki yakazadzwa ne resin ne polymerizer, uye chobva chaiswa muovheni inopiswa kusvika 37°C kusvika bhokisi rine chinhu chacho ranyatsogadzirwa.
Mushure mekugadziriswa kwepolymer, mabhuroko akachekwa uchishandisa LEICA RM2235 microtome (Rankin Biomedical Corporation 10,399 Enterprise Dr. Davisburg, MI 48,350, USA) kusvika paukobvu hwe3 mm. Zvikamu zvakarongwa pamasiraidhi, nezvikamu zvitanhatu pasiraidhi imwe neimwe. Masiraidhi acho akaomeswa patembiricha yemukamuri, ndokuzoiswa hematoxylin kwemaminitsi manomwe uye akagezwa nemvura inoyerera kwemaminitsi mana. Pamusoro pezvo, isa mushonga we eosin paganda kwemaminitsi mashanu uye sukurudza nemvura inoyerera kwemaminitsi mashanu.
Chepfu yakanyanya yakafanotaurwa pachishandiswa zvisikwa zvemumvura zvinobva munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemunzvimbo dzinopisa: hove dzinoshanda maawa makumi mapfumbamwe nematanhatu LC50, D. magna LC50 dzinoshanda maawa makumi mana nemasere, uye 96-hour green algae EC50. Chepfu ye rhamnolipid biosurfactants kuhove ne green algae yakaongororwa pachishandiswa ECOSAR software version 2.2 yeWindows yakagadzirwa neUS Environmental Protection Agency. (Inowanikwa online pa https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/ecological-struct-activity-relationships-ecosar-predictive-model).
Miedzo yese yekuongorora mashandiro ezvipembenene zvinouraya mabuu nezvipembenene zvinorwisa mabuu yakaitwa katatu. Kudzokororwa kwedata rekufa kwemabuu nezvipembenene kwakaitwa kuti paverengwe huwandu hwepakati hwemabuu (LC50) ne95% confidence interval, uye ma concentration response curves akagadzirwa uchishandisa Prism® (version 8.0, GraphPad Software) Inc., USA) 84, 91.
Chidzidzo chiripo chinoburitsa pachena kugona kwezvipembenene zvinogadzirwa neEnterobacter cloacae SJ2 sezvinhu zvinouraya mabhakitiriya uye zvinorwisa zvipembenene, uye basa iri richabatsira mukunzwisisa zviri nani mashandiro ekuita kwezvipembenene uye zvinorwisa zvipembenene. Zvidzidzo zveHistological zvemakonye akarapwa nezvipembenene zvakaratidza kukuvara kwemudumbu, midgut, cerebral cortex uye hyperplasia yemasero emudumbu. Mhedzisiro: Kuongororwa kwechepfu kwemabasa ekurwisa mabhakitiriya uye zvinorwisa zvipembenene erhamnolipid biosurfactant inogadzirwa neEnterobacter cloacae SJ2 kwakaratidza kuti iyi isolate inogona kuva biopesticide yekudzora zvirwere zvinotapukira zveumhutu (Cx quinquefasciatus) uye termites (O. obesus). Pane chikonzero chekunzwisisa chepfu iri pasi pezvakatipoteredza yezvigadzirwa zvebiosurfactants uye kukanganisa kwazvinoita zvakatipoteredza. Chidzidzo ichi chinopa hwaro hwesainzi hwekuongorora njodzi yezvakatipoteredza yezvigadzirwa zvebiosurfactants.
Nguva yekutumira: Kubvumbi-09-2024