Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), inozivikanwa se kala-azar muIndia subcontinent, chirwere cheparasite chinokonzerwa neflagelated protozoan Leishmania chinogona kuuraya kana chikasarapwa nekukasika. Sandfly Phlebotomus argentipes ndiyo yega yakasimbiswa vector yeVL muSoutheast Asia, kwainodzorwa neIndoor residual spraying (IRS), mushonga wekugadzira zvipembenene. Kushandiswa kweDDT muzvirongwa zvekutonga kweVL kwakakonzera kugadzirwa kwekusagadzikana mujecha, saka DDT yakatsiviwa nemushonga we alpha-cypermethrin. Zvisinei, alpha-cypermethrin inoshanda zvakafanana neDDT, saka njodzi yekudzivirira mumajecha inowedzera pasi pekunetseka kunokonzerwa nekudzokorora kakawanda kune iyi mishonga. Muchidzidzo ichi, takaongorora kusabatwa kweumhutu hwemusango uye chizvarwa chavo cheF1 tichishandisa CDC bhodhoro bioassay.
Takaunganidza umhutu kubva mumisha gumi muMuzaffarpur mudunhu reBihar, India. Misha misere yakaramba ichishandisa simba gurucypermetrinpakupfapfaidza mumba, mumwe musha wakamira kushandisa cypermethrin ine simba guru pakupfapfaidza mumba, uye mumwe musha hauna kumboshandisa cypermethrin ine simba guru pakupfapfaidza mumba. Umhutu hwakaunganidzwa hwakaratidzwa kune pre-yakatsanangurwa yekuongorora chirwere chenguva yakatarwa (3 μg / ml ye40 min), uye kugogodza uye kufa kwakanyorwa 24 h mushure mekuratidzwa.
Huwandu hwekuuraya kweumhutu hwemusango hwakabva ku91.19% kusvika 99.47%, uye iyo yezvizvarwa zvavo zveF1 yakabva pa91.70% kusvika 98.89%. Maawa makumi maviri nemana mushure mekuratidzwa, kufa kweumhutu hwemusango kwakabva pa89.34% kusvika 98.93%, uye yechizvarwa chavo cheF1 kubva pa90.16% kusvika 98.33%.
Migumisiro yechidzidzo ichi inoratidza kuti kushorwa kunogona kukura muP. argentipes, zvichiratidza kudiwa kwekuenderera mberi kwekutarisa uye kuchenjerera kuchengetedza kutonga kana kubviswa kwave kwaitwa.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), inozivikanwa se kala-azar muIndia subcontinent, chirwere cheparasite chinokonzerwa neflagelated protozoan Leishmania uye chinotapuriranwa nekurumwa nenhunzi dzechikadzi dzine utachiona (Diptera: Myrmecophaga). Nhunzi dzejecha ndiyo chete yakasimbiswa vector yeVL muSoutheast Asia. India yave pedyo nekuzadzisa chinangwa chekubvisa VL. Nekudaro, kuchengetedza huwandu hwezviitiko zvakaderera mushure mekupedzwa, zvakakosha kudzikisa huwandu hwevector kudzivirira kutapurirana.
Kudzora Umhutu kuSoutheast Asia kunoitwa kuburikidza nemukati residual spraying (IRS) uchishandisa masynthetic insecticides. Maitiro ekuzorora akavanzika emakumbo esirivha anoita kuti ive chinangwa chakakodzera chekudzivirira zvipembenene kuburikidza nemukati memba yekupfapfaidza [1]. Indoor residual spraying ye dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) pasi peNational Malaria Control Programme muIndia yakave nemhedzisiro yakakura mukudzora huwandu hweumhutu uye nekuderedza zvakanyanya nyaya dzeVL [2]. Uku kusarongeka kwekutonga kweVL kwakakurudzira Indian VL Eradication Program kuti itore indoor residual spraying senzira yekutanga yekudzora makumbo esirivha. Muna 2005, hurumende dzeIndia, Bangladesh, neNepal dzakasaina memorandamu yekunzwisisa nechinangwa chekubvisa VL panosvika 2015 [3]. Kuedza kwekupedza, kunosanganisira kusanganiswa kwevector control uye nekukurumidza kuongororwa uye kurapwa kwenyaya dzevanhu, kwaive kwakanangana nekupinda muchikamu chekubatanidza ne2015, chinangwa chakazogadziridzwa ku2017 uyezve 2020. [4] Mugwagwa mutsva wepasi rose wekubvisa zvirwere zvisina hanya munzvimbo dzinopisa unosanganisira kubviswa kweVL panosvika 2030. [5]
Sezvo India ichipinda muchikamu chekupedza-kubviswa kweBCVD, zvakakosha kuve nechokwadi kuti kuramba kwakakosha kune beta-cypermethrin hakukure. Chikonzero chekupikisa ndechekuti zvose DDT necypermethrin zvine nzira imwechete yekuita, kureva, inotarisa VGSC protein[21]. Nokudaro, njodzi yekukura kwekudzivirira mujecha inogona kuwedzerwa nekushungurudzika kunokonzerwa nekugara uchiratidzwa kune yakanyanya simba cypermethrin. Saka zvakakosha kuti titarise nekuona nhunzvatunzva dzejecha dzinokwanisa kuramba nemushonga uyu. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekutarisa mamiriro ekusagadzikana kwejecha dzemusango vachishandisa madhigirii ekuongorora uye nguva yekuratidzwa yakatemwa naChaubey et al. [20] akadzidza P. argentipes kubva kumisha yakasiyana-siyana muMuzaffarpur mudunhu reBihar, India, iyo yakaramba ichishandisa indoor spraying masisitimu anobatwa ne cypermethrin (inopfuurira IPS misha). The susceptibility mamiriro emusango P. argentipes kubva mumisha akanga akamira kushandisa cypermethrin-yakabatwa indoor spraying masisitimu (yaimbova IPS misha) uye avo vakanga vasina kumboshandisa cypermethrin-yakabatwa indoor spraying masisitimu (asiri-IPS misha) akafananidzwa kushandisa CDC bhodhoro bioassay.
Misha ine gumi yakasarudzwa nokuda kwechidzidzo (Fig. 1; Tafura 1), iyo misere yakanga ine nhoroondo yekuenderera mberi kwekupfapfaidza kwemukati ye synthetic pyrethroids (hypermethrin; yakasarudzwa semisha inoramba iine hypermethrin) uye yakanga ine zviitiko zveVL (inenge imwe nyaya) mumakore matatu apfuura. Pamisha miviri yakasara muchidzidzo, mumwe musha usina kushandisa kupfapfaidza kwemukati mebeta-cypermethrin (musha usiri wemumba wekupfapfaidza) wakasarudzwa semusha wekutonga uye mumwe musha waive nekupfapfaidza kwemukati kwebeta-cypermethrin (mumusha wekupfapfaidza mukati meimba / waimbova musha wekupfapfaidza wemukati) wakasarudzwa semusha wekutonga. Kusarudzwa kwemisha iyi kwakavakirwa pakubatana nebazi rezvehutano neIndoor Spraying Team uye kusimbiswa kweIndoor Spraying Micro Action Plan mudunhu reMuzaffarpur.
Mepu yenzvimbo yedunhu reMuzaffarpur inoratidza nzvimbo dzemisha inosanganisirwa muchidzidzo (1–10). Nzvimbo dzekufunda: 1, Manifulkaha; 2, Ramdas Majhauli; 3, Madhubani; 4, Anandpur Haruni; 5, Pandey; 6, Hirapur; 7, Madhopur Hazari; 8, Hamidpur; 9, Noonfara; 10, Simara. Mepu yakagadzirwa uchishandisa QGIS software (version 3.30.3) uye Vhura Ongororo Shapefile.
Mabhodhoro ezviedzo zvekuratidzwa akagadzirirwa maererano nenzira dzeChaubey et al. [20] uye Denlinger et al. [22]. Nenguva pfupi, 500 mL mabhodhoro egirazi akagadzirirwa zuva risati raedzwa uye rusvingo rwemukati rwemabhodhoro rwakanga rwakaputirwa nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene (iyo diagnostic dose ye-α-cypermethrin yaiva 3 μg/mL) nekushandisa acetone solution yezvipembenene (2.0 mL) kusvika pasi, madziro uye cap yebhodhoro. Bhodhoro rimwe nerimwe rakabva raomeswa pa mechanical roller ye 30 min. Munguva iyi, zvishoma nezvishoma sunungura chivharo kuitira kuti acetone ibude. Mushure memaminitsi makumi matatu ekuomesa, bvisa chivharo uye shandura bhodhoro kusvikira acetone yose yabuda. Mabhodhoro acho akazosiiwa akashama kuti aome husiku hwose. Payega yega yekudzokorora bvunzo, bhodhoro rimwe, raishandiswa sekutonga, rakaputirwa ne2.0 mL yeacetone. Mabhodhoro ese akashandiswazve mukati mekuedza mushure mekuchenesa kwakakodzera maererano nemaitiro anotsanangurwa naDenlinger et al. uye World Health Organization [22, 23].
Pazuva rakatevera kugadzirwa kwezvipembenene, 30-40 mosquito dzakabatwa nesango (vakadzi vane nzara) dzakabviswa kubva mumakeji mumabhodhoro uye zvinyoronyoro muvharo rimwe nerimwe. Inenge nhamba imwechete yenhunzi yakashandiswa pabhodhoro rimwe nerimwe rakavharwa nemishonga, kusanganisira kutonga. Dzokorora izvi kanenge kashanu kana katanhatu mumusha mumwe nomumwe. Mushure memaminitsi makumi mana ekuonekwa nemushonga wezvipembenene, nhamba yenhunzi dzakadonhedzwa yakanyorwa. Nhunzi dzose dzakabatwa ne mechanical aspirator, dzakaiswa mu pint cardboard midziyo yakafukidzwa neine mesh yakanaka, uye yakaiswa mune imwe incubator pasi pehunyoro hwakafanana uye mamiriro ekushisa ane chikafu chimwechete chekudya (mabhora ekotoni akanyoroveswa mu30% shuga solution) semakoroni asina kurapwa. Kufa kwakanyorwa maawa makumi maviri nemana mushure mekusangana nemushonga wezvipembenene. Umhutu hwese hwakavhiyiwa uye hwakaongororwa kuti zvionekwe kuti ndezvipi. Nzira imwe cheteyo yakaitwa nenhunzi dzeF1. Knockdown uye huwandu hwekufa hwakanyorwa 24 h mushure mekuratidzwa. Kana kufa mumabhodhoro ekudzora kwaive <5%, hapana kugadziriswa kwekufa kwakaitwa muzvinyorwa. Kana kufa mubhodhoro rekudzora kwaive ≥ 5% uye ≤ 20%, kufa mumabhodhoro ebvunzo eiyo replicate kwakagadziriswa uchishandisa fomula yaAbbott. Kana kufa muboka rekutonga kwakapfuura 20%, boka rose rekuedza rakaraswa [24, 25, 26].
Kureva kufa kwehumhutu hwakabatwa musango P. argentipes. Error bars inomiririra zvikanganiso zvakajairwa zve mean. Mharadzano yemitsara miviri yakatsvuka yakachinjika ine girafu (90% uye 98% kufa, zvichiteerana) inoratidza kufa kwefafitera umo kuramba kunogona kuitika.[25]
Kureva kufa kweF1 chizvarwa chemusango-akabatwa P. argentipes. Error bars inomiririra zvikanganiso zvakajairwa zve mean. Macurves akapindirana nemitsetse miviri yakatsvuka yakatwasuka (90% uye 98% kufa, zvichiteerana) inomiririra huwandu hwehuwandu hwekufa pamusoro pekupikiswa kunogona kukura[25].
Umhutu mumusha wekutonga / usiri weIRS (Manifulkaha) wakawanikwa uchinetsekana nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene. Kureva kufa (±SE) kweumhutu hwakabatwa nemusango 24 h mushure mekugogodza uye kuratidzwa kwaive 99.47 ± 0.52% uye 98.93 ± 0.65%, zvichiteerana, uye kufa kwevana veF1 kwaive 98.89 ± 1.13% ± 1.31% uye 98. 2, 3).
Mhedzisiro yeongororo iyi inoratidza kuti nhunzi dzejecha rine makumbo esirivha dzinogona kuramba dzichipikisa synthetic pyrethroid (SP) α-cypermethrin mumisha umo pyrethroid (SP) α-cypermethrin yaishandiswa nguva dzose. Kusiyana neizvi, nhunzi dzejecha dzine makumbo esirivha dzakaunganidzwa kubva kumisha isina kuvharwa neIRS/chirongwa chekudzora dzakawanikwa dzichinyanya kukurumidza. Kuongorora kusabatwa kwenhunzi dzemusango kwakakosha pakuongorora kushanda kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inoshandiswa, sezvo ruzivo urwu runogona kubatsira mukudzora kurwisa zvipembenene. Mazinga epamusoro ekupikisa kweDDT anogara achitaurwa mujecha nhunzi kubva kunzvimbo dzisina kukwana dzeBihar nekuda kwezvakaitika kare zvakasarudzwa kubva ku IRS vachishandisa iyi insecticide [1].
Takaona kuti P. argentipes inonyanya kunetseka kune pyrethroids, uye miedzo yemunda muIndia, Bangladesh neNepal yakaratidza kuti IRS yakanga ine entomological efficacy yakakwirira kana yakashandiswa pamwe chete ne cypermethrin kana deltamethrin [19, 26, 27, 28, 29]. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, Roy et al. [18] yakashuma kuti P. argentipes yakanga yatanga kurwisana nepyrethroids muNepal. Ongororo yedu yakaratidza kuti nhunzi dzejecha dzine sirivha dzakaunganidzwa kubva kumisha isiri yeIRS dzaive nenjodzi huru, asi nhunzi dzakaunganidzwa kubva kune dzimwe nguva / yaimbova IRS uye inoenderera mberi IRS misha (kufa kwaibva pa90% kusvika 97% kunze kwenhunzi dzejecha kubva kuAnandpur-Haruni idzo dzakange dziine 89.34 % kufa kwekufa kwakabudirira kwazvo) cypermethrin [25]. Chimwe chingaita chikonzero chekukura kwekupikisa uku ndiko kumanikidzwa kunoitwa mukati meimba yekupfapfaidza (IRS) uye zvirongwa zvekupfapfaidza zvemuno, zvinova maitiro akajairwa ekutarisira kuputika kwekala-azar munzvimbo dzine hutachiona/mabhuroka/mumisha (Standard Operating Procedure for Outbreak Investigation and Management [30] Migumisiro yechidzidzo ichi inopa kurudziro inobudirira pakusarudza kwekutanga. Nehurombo, ruzivo rwenhoroondo rwenzvimbo ino, rwakawanikwa pachishandiswa CDC bhodhoro bioassay, haawanikwe kuti aenzaniswe neongororo dzakapfuura dzakaongorora kubatwa kweP. argentipes vachishandisa bepa remushonga wezvipembenene weWHO Madosi emishonga yezvipembenene mumitsetse yekuongorora yeWHO ndiyo yakakurudzirwa kutariswa kwekushandiswa kwezvipembenene zvemalaria. yezviyero izvi kune sandflies hazvina kujeka nekuti sandflies dzinobhururuka zvishoma pane umhutu, uye dzinopedza nguva yakawanda dzichisangana neiyo substrate mu bioassay [23].
Synthetic pyrethroids yakashandiswa muVL endemic nzvimbo dzeNepal kubvira 1992, ichichinjana neSPs alpha-cypermethrin uye lambda-cyhalothrin yekudzora sandfly [31], uye deltamethrin yakashandiswa zvakare muBangladesh kubvira 2012 [32]. Phenotypic resistance yakaonekwa mumasango emusango e-silverlegged sandflies munzvimbo umo synthetic pyrethroids yakashandiswa kwenguva yakareba [18, 33, 34]. Kuchinja kusingafananidzi (L1014F) kwakaonekwa mumasango emuIndia sandfly uye kwakabatanidzwa nekupokana neDDT, zvichiratidza kuti kushorwa kwepyrethroid kunomuka padanho remamolecular, sezvo zvese zviri zviviri DDT uye pyrethroid (alpha-cypermethrin) zvinonangidzira geni rimwechete muchipembenene 34]. Nokudaro, kuongororwa kwakarongeka kwe cypermethrin susceptibility uye kutarisa kwekudzivirira kweumhutu kunokosha panguva yekupedza uye mushure mekupedza nguva.
Chingangotadzisa chidzidzo ichi ndechekuti takashandisa CDC vial bioassay kuyera kusawirirana, asi kuenzanisa kwese kwakashandisa mhedzisiro kubva kuzvidzidzo zvekare tichishandisa WHO bioassay kit. Migumisiro kubva kune maviri bioassays inogona kunge isingaenzaniswi zvakananga nokuti CDC vial bioassay inotarisa kugogodza pakupera kwenguva yekuongorora, asi WHO kit bioassay inoyera kufa pa 24 kana maawa 72 mushure-kuratidzwa (iyo yekupedzisira yeanononoka-kuita makemikari) [35]. Chimwe chinogona kudzikiswa huwandu hwemisha yeIRS muchidzidzo ichi zvichienzaniswa neimwe isiri-IRS uye imwe isiri-IRS/yaimbova musha weIRS. Hatigone kufunga kuti mwero wemosquito vector susceptibility inocherechedzwa mumisha yega yega mune imwe dunhu inomiririra danho rekusagadzikana mune mamwe misha nematunhu muBihar. Sezvo India ichipinda muchikamu chekupedza-kubviswa kwehutachiona hweleukemia, zvakakosha kudzivirira kukura kwakakosha kwekuramba. Kutarisisa nekukasira kwekupokana muhuwandu hwejecha kubva kumatunhu akasiyana, mabhuroko nenzvimbo dzenzvimbo inodiwa. Mashoko anowanikwa muchidzidzo ichi ndeekutanga uye anofanirwa kusimbiswa nekuenzanisa nekutariswa kwezvitupa zvakaburitswa neWorld Health Organisation [35] kuti uwane imwe pfungwa yemamiriro ekusagadzikana kweP.
Mosquito P. argentipes, iyo vector yehutachiona hweleukosis, inogona kutanga kuratidza zviratidzo zvekutanga zvekupikisa cypermethrin inoshanda zvikuru. Nguva dzose kutarisa kwekudzivirira kwezvipembenene mumasango emusango eP. argentipes inofanirwa kuchengetedza epidemiological impact yevector control interventions. Kutenderera kwezvipembenene nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuita uye / kana kuongorora uye kunyoreswa kwezvipembenene zvitsva zvakakosha uye zvinokurudzirwa kuti zvigadzirise kudzivirira kwezvipembenene uye kutsigira kubviswa kwehutachiona hweleukosis muIndia.
Nguva yekutumira: Feb-17-2025