Chidzidzo ichi chakaongorora kuurayisa, kuuraya kudiki, uye kukuvadza kwebhizinesicypermethrinKushandiswa kwemakemikari kuAnuran Tadpoles. Mukuedzwa kwakasimba, huwandu hwe100–800 μg/L hwakaedzwa kwemaawa makumi mapfumbamwe nematanhatu. Mukuedzwa kwenguva refu, huwandu hwecypermethrin (1, 3, 6, uye 20 μg/L) hwakaedzwa kuti huonekwe sehwakafa, zvichiteverwa nekuongororwa kwemicronucleus uye kusagadzikana kwemasero matsvuku eropa kwemazuva manomwe. LC50 yekushandiswa kwecypermethrin kumatare edzimhosva yaive 273.41 μg L−1. Mukuedzwa kwenguva refu, huwandu hwepamusoro (20 μg L−1) hwakakonzera kufa kwevanopfuura 50%, sezvo hwakauraya hafu yematata akaedzwa. Kuedzwa kwemicronucleus kwakaratidza mhedzisiro yakakosha pa6 ne20 μg L−1 uye kusagadzikana kwakawanda kwenyukireya kwakaonekwa, zvichiratidza kuti kushandiswa kwecypermethrin kunotengesa kune simba rekuuraya P. gracilis. Cypermethrin ine njodzi huru kune rudzi urwu, zvichiratidza kuti inogona kukonzera matambudziko akawanda uye kukanganisa mashandiro enzvimbo iyi munguva pfupi uye refu. Nokudaro, zvinogona kugumiswa kuti mishonga ye cypermethrin inotengeswa ine chepfu paP. gracilis.
Nekuda kwekuwedzera kuri kuitwa mabasa ekurima uye kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwekudzora zvipembenenezviyero, mhuka dzemumvura dzinowanzo sangana nemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene1,2. Kusvibiswa kwezviwanikwa zvemvura pedyo neminda yekurima kunogona kukanganisa kukura nekurarama kwezvisikwa zvisiri zvekurwiswa zvakaita semhuka dzinogara mumvura nepanyika.
Zvipenyu zvemumvura nepanyika zviri kuramba zvichikosha pakuongorora magadzirirwo enzvimbo. Zvipenyu zvemumvura nepanyika zviri kuonekwa sezviratidzo zvakanaka zvezvinhu zvinosvibisa nharaunda nekuda kwehunhu hwazvo hwakasiyana hwakadai sehupenyu hwakaoma, kukura kwehonye nekukurumidza, mamiriro emvura, ganda rinopinda mumvura nepanyika10,11, kuvimba nemvura kuti zvibereke12 uye mazai asina kudzivirirwa11,13,14. Diki remvura (Physalaemus gracilis), rinozivikanwa sedatya rinochema, rakaratidzwa kuva rudzi rwezviratidzo zvezvinhu zvinosvibisa zvipembenene4,5,6,7,15. Rudzi urwu runowanikwa mumvura dzakamira, nzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa kana nzvimbo dzine nzvimbo dzakasiyana muArgentina, Uruguay, Paraguay neBrazil1617 uye rinoonekwa serakagadzikana neIUCN classification nekuda kwekupararira kwaro kwakakura uye kushivirira nzvimbo dzakasiyana18.
Migumisiro isingauraye yakaonekwa mumhuka dzinogara mumvura mushure mekusangana ne cypermethrin, kusanganisira shanduko dzemaitiro, morphological uye biochemical mu tadpoles23,24,25, kuchinja kwekufa uye nguva yekuchinja, shanduko dze enzyme, kudzikira kwekubudirira kwekuchekwa kwemazamu24,25, hyperactivity26, kudziviswa kwecholinesterase activity27 uye shanduko mukushanda kwekushambira7,28. Zvisinei, zvidzidzo zvemigumisiro ye cypermethrin mumhuka dzinogara mumvura hazvina kukwana. Nokudaro, zvakakosha kuongorora kuti marudzi eanuran anogona kubatwa ne cypermethrin here.
Kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kunokanganisa kukura kwakajairika kwemhuka dzinogara mumvura nepanyika, asi mhedzisiro yakaipa zvikuru kukuvara kwemajini kuDNA kunokonzerwa nekusangana nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene13. Kuongorora chimiro chemasero eropa chiratidzo chakakosha chekusvibiswa uye chepfu inogona kuitika kumarudzi emusango29. Kuongororwa kwe micronucleus ndeimwe yenzira dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya pakuona kuti makemikari ari mumakemikari ari munzvimbo yakadini30. Inzira inokurumidza, inoshanda uye isingadhuri inoratidza zvakanaka kusvibiswa kwemakemikari kwezvinhu zvipenyu zvakaita semhuka dzinogara mumvura nepanyika31,32 uye inogona kupa ruzivo nezvekusangana nezvinhu zvinosvibisa zvine chepfu muropa33.
Chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekuongorora simba rechepfu rema cypermethrin ekutengeserana kuma tadpoles madiki emumvura uchishandisa bvunzo ye micronucleus uye ongororo yenjodzi yezvakatipoteredza.
Kufa kwakawanda (%) kwematadpole eP. gracilis akaonekwa nehuwandu hwakasiyana hwe cypermethrin yekutengeserana panguva yekuedzwa kwakanyanya.
Kufa kwakawedzerwa (%) kwematadpole eP. gracilis akaonekwa nehuwandu hwakasiyana hwe cypermethrin yekutengeserana panguva yekuongororwa kwenguva refu.
Kufa kwakanyanya kwakaonekwa kwakakonzerwa nemigumisiro ye genotoxic mumhuka dzinogara mumvura dzakasangana nehuwandu hwakasiyana hwe cypermethrin (6 ne20 μg/L), sezvinoratidzwa nekuvapo kwe micronuclei (MN) uye kusagadzikana kwenyukireya mu erythrocytes. Kuumbwa kweMN kunoratidza zvikanganiso mu mitosis uye kunobatanidzwa nekusabatana zvakanaka kwema chromosomes ku microtubules, zvikanganiso muprotein complexes zvinokonzera kutorwa nekutakurwa kwe chromosome, zvikanganiso mukuparadzaniswa kwe chromosome uye zvikanganiso mu DNA damage repair38,39 uye zvinogona kunge zvine chekuita ne pesticide-induced oxidative stress40,41. Zvimwe zvisina kunaka zvakaonekwa pahuwandu hwese hwakaongororwa. Kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwe cypermethrin kwakawedzera kusagadzikana kwenyukireya mu erythrocytes ne5% ne20% pahuwandu hwakaderera (1 μg/L) uye hwepamusoro (20 μg/L), zvichiteerana. Semuenzaniso, shanduko muDNA yemhando inogona kuva nemigumisiro yakakomba pakurarama kwenguva pfupi nerefu, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwevanhu, kuchinja kwehutano hwekubereka, kuberekana kwemarudzi akasiyana, kurasikirwa nekusiyana kwemajini, uye kuchinja kwehuwandu hwekufamba. Zvese izvi zvinogona kukanganisa kupona kwemarudzi uye kuchengetedza42,43. Kuumbwa kwekusarongeka kwemasero kunogona kuratidza kuvharika kwe cytokinesis, zvichikonzera kupatsanurwa kwemasero kusina kujairika (ma erythrocyte ane binucleated)44,45; ma nuclei ane mativi akawanda anobuda mu membrane yenyukireya ine ma lobes akawanda46, nepo mamwe maitiro asina kunaka emasero anogona kunge aine chekuita nekuwedzera kweDNA, senge itsvo/ma blebs enyukireya47. Kuvapo kwemasero ane masero kunogona kuratidza kusafambiswa kweokisijeni zvakanaka, kunyanya mumvura ine tsvina48,49. Apoptosis inoratidza kufa kwemasero50.
Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaratidzawo migumisiro ye cypermethrin ine chepfu mumasero emuviri. Kabaña nevamwe vake.51 vakaratidza kuvapo kwekuchinja kwema micronuclei ne nuclear senge ma binucleated cells ne apoptotic cells mumasero eOdontophrynus americanus mushure mekusangana nehuwandu hwakawanda hwe cypermethrin (5000 ne10,000 μg L−1) kwemaawa makumi mapfumbamwe nematanhatu. Cypermethrin-induced apoptosis yakaonekwawo muP. biligonigerus52 neRhinella arenarum53. Mhedzisiro iyi inoratidza kuti cypermethrin ine mhedzisiro ye genotoxic pazvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvemumvura uye kuti MN neENA assay zvinogona kuva chiratidzo chemigumisiro isina simba pamhuka dzinorarama mumvura uye zvinogona kushanda kumarudzi emuno nemasango anosangana ne chepfu12.
Mishonga ye cypermethrin inotengeswa inokonzera njodzi huru kunharaunda (yese iri panjodzi huru neyenguva refu), ine HQs inodarika US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) level54 iyo inogona kukanganisa mhando kana dziri munzvimbo. Mukuongorora njodzi kwenguva refu, NOEC yekufa yaive 3 μg L−1, zvichiratidza kuti huwandu hwezvinhu zvinowanikwa mumvura hunogona kuisa njodzi kumhando55. NOEC inouraya yeR. arenarum larvae yakasanganisirwa nemusanganiswa we endosulfan ne cypermethrin yaive 500 μg L−1 mushure memaawa 168; kukosha uku kwakaderera kusvika pa0.0005 μg L−1 mushure memaawa 336. Vanyori vanoratidza kuti kana kuratidzwa kwenguva refu, huwandu hwezvinhu zvinokuvadza kumhando iyi hunowedzerawo kuderera. Zvakakoshawo kuratidza kuti kukosha kweNOEC kwaive kwakakwira kupfuura kweP. gracilis panguva imwe chete yekuratidzwa, zvichiratidza kuti mhinduro yemhando ku cypermethrin yakanangana nerudzi. Uyezve, maererano nekufa, CHQ kukosha kweP. gracilis mushure mekusangana ne cypermethrin kwakasvika 64.67, iyo iri pamusoro pe reference value yakatarwa neUS Environmental Protection Agency54, uye CHQ kukosha kweR. arenarum larvae kwaivewo pamusoro peiyi value (CHQ > 388.00 mushure memaawa 336), zvichiratidza kuti mishonga yezvipembenene yakadzidzwa ine njodzi huru kumarudzi akati wandei eamphibian. Tichifunga kuti P. gracilis inoda mazuva angangoita 30 kuti ipedzise kuchinja kwemuviri56, zvinogona kugumiswa kuti huwandu hwakadzidzwa hwe cypermethrin hunogona kukonzera kudzikira kwehuwandu nekudzivirira vanhu vane hutachiona kuti vasapinde muchikamu chevakuru kana chekubereka vachiri vadiki.
Mukuongorora njodzi dzakaverengerwa dze micronuclei nezvimwe zvirwere zve erythrocyte nuclear, CHQ values yakabva pa14.92 kusvika 97.00, zvichiratidza kuti cypermethrin yaive nenjodzi inogona kukonzera chepfu kuP. gracilis kunyangwe munzvimbo yayo yechisikigo. Tichifunga nezverufu, huwandu hwakanyanya hwemakemikari exenobiotic anobvumirwa kuP. gracilis hwaive 4.24 μg L−1. Zvisinei, huwandu hwakaderera se1 μg/L hwakaratidzawo mhedzisiro yechepfu ku geno. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwevanhu vasina kujairika57 uye kukanganisa kukura nekuberekana kwemarudzi munzvimbo dzawo, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwehuwandu hwemhuka dzinogara mumvura.
Mishonga yemishonga yezvipembenene inonzi cypermethrin yakaratidza chepfu yakanyanya uye isingaperi kuP. gracilis. Huwandu hwerufu hwakanyanya hwakaonekwa, zvichida nekuda kwemigumisiro ine chepfu, sezvinoratidzwa nekuvapo kwe micronuclei uye erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities, kunyanya serrated nuclei, lobed nuclei, uye vesicular nuclei. Pamusoro pezvo, mhando dzakadzidzwa dzakaratidza kuwedzera kwenjodzi dzezvakatipoteredza, dzose dziri mbiri dzakakomba uye dzisingaperi. Ruzivo urwu, pamwe chete nezvidzidzo zvekare zveboka redu rekutsvagisa, zvakaratidza kuti kunyange mhando dzakasiyana dzekutengeserana dzecypermethrin dzakaramba dzichikonzera kudzikira kweacetylcholinesterase (AChE) uye butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) uye oxidative stress58, uye zvakakonzera shanduko mukushanda kwekushambira uye malformations emuromo59 muP. gracilis, zvichiratidza kuti mishonga yekutengeserana yecypermethrin ine chepfu yakawanda uye inouraya kurudzi urwu. Hartmann et al. 60 vakaona kuti mishonga yekutengeserana yecypermethrin ndiyo ine chepfu yakanyanya kuP. gracilis nedzimwe mhando dzerudzi rumwe chete (P. cuvieri) zvichienzaniswa nemimwe mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene mipfumbamwe. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kuwanda kwecypermethrin kwakabvumidzwa pamutemo kwekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kunogona kukonzera kufa kwakanyanya uye kudzikira kwehuwandu kwenguva refu.
Dzimwe ongororo dzinodiwa kuti tione kuti mushonga uyu une chepfu here kumhuka dzinogara mumvura nepanyika, sezvo kuwanda kwadzo munzvimbo dzakapoteredza kunogona kukonzera kufa kwakanyanya uye kunogona kukonzera njodzi kuP. gracilis. Tsvagiridzo pamusoro pemhando dzemhuka dzinogara mumvura nepanyika inofanira kukurudzirwa, sezvo ruzivo pamusoro pezvinhu izvi rushoma, kunyanya pamusoro pemhando dzemhuka dzekuBrazil.
Kuongororwa kwechepfu kwenguva refu kwakatora maawa 168 (mazuva manomwe) pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu asingachinji uye huwandu hwehutachiona hwakanga huri: 1, 3, 6 uye 20 μg ai L−1. Mukuyedza kwese kuri kuviri, matata gumi paboka rekurapa akaongororwa nematanhatu akafanana, achitora matata makumi matanhatu pahuwandu hwese. Panguva imwe chete, kurapwa nemvura chete kwakashanda sekudzora kusina kunaka. Kugadziriswa kwega kwega kwekuyedza kwaisanganisira ndiro yegirazi isina utachiona ine simba re500 ml uye density yetata rimwe pa50 ml yemushonga. Chirongo chakafukidzwa nefirimu repolyethylene kudzivirira kupwa uye chaigara chichifefeterwa nemhepo.
Mvura yakaongororwa nemakemikari kuti ione huwandu hwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene mumaawa 0, 96, uye 168. Sekureva kwaSabin et al. 68 naMartins et al. 69, ongororo iyi yakaitwa paPesticide Analysis Laboratory (LARP) yeFederal University yeSanta Maria vachishandisa gas chromatography yakabatana netriple quadrupole mass spectrometry (Varian model 1200, Palo Alto, California, USA). Kuongororwa kwehuwandu hwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene mumvura kunoratidzwa sezvinhu zvekuwedzera (Table SM1).
Pakuongorora micronucleus (MNT) uye red cell nuclear abnormality test (RNA), ma tadpoles gumi nemashanu kubva muboka rega rega rekurapwa akaongororwa. Ma tadpoles akarapwa ne 5% lidocaine (50 mg g-170) uye masampuli eropa akatorwa nekubaya mwoyo uchishandisa sirinji dzinoraswa dzine heparinized. Kuongororwa kweropa kwakagadzirwa pamasiraidhi e microscope asina utachiona, kwakaomeswa nemhepo, kwakasimbiswa ne 100% methanol (4 °C) kwemaminitsi maviri, uye kwakazoiswa 10% Giemsa solution kwemaminitsi gumi nemashanu murima. Pakupera kwekuita uku, masiraidhi akagezwa nemvura yakasanganiswa kuti abvise tsvina yakawandisa uye aomeswa patembiricha yemumba.
MaRBC angangoita 1000 kubva paganda rega rega akaongororwa achishandisa maikorosikopu ye100× ine chinangwa che71 kuti aone kuvapo kweMN neENA. Huwandu hweRBC 75,796 kubva kumatadpoles dzakaongororwa tichitarisa kuwanda kwecypermethrin uye kudzora. Kukuvadza kwemasero kwakaongororwa zvichienderana nenzira yaCarrasco et al. naFenech et al.38,72 nekuona kuwanda kwezvironda zvenyukireya zvinotevera: (1) masero enucleate: masero asina nuclei; (2) masero eapoptotic: kupatsanurwa kwenyukireya, kufa kwemasero akarongwa; (3) masero ebinucleate: masero ane nuclei mbiri; (4) mabud enuclear kana masero ebleb: masero ane nuclei ane madiki ekubuda kweganda renuclear, mableb akafanana nemicronuclei; (5) masero ekaryolyzed: masero ane chete outline yenucleus asina zvinhu zvemukati; (6) masero akachekwa: masero ane nuclei ane maburi akajeka kana machekwa muchimiro chawo, anonziwo nuclei yakaita seitsvo; (7) masero akavharika: masero ane maburi enyukireya akakura kupfuura maburi ataurwa pamusoro apa; uye (8) masero madiki: masero ane nuclei dzakavharika uye cytoplasm yakaderera. Shanduko idzi dzakaenzaniswa nemigumisiro yekudzora isina kunaka.
Mhedzisiro yebvunzo dzeAcute toxicity (LC50) yakaongororwa uchishandisa software yeGBasic uye nzira yeTSK-Trimmed Spearman-Karber74. Data rebvunzo dzenguva refu rakaongororwa kare kuti rione kana paine error normality (Shapiro-Wilks) uye homogeneity of variance (Bartlett). Mhedzisiro yacho yakaongororwa uchishandisa one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Bvunzo yaTukey yakashandiswa kuenzanisa data pakati pavo, uye Bvunzo yaDunnett yakashandiswa kuenzanisa data pakati peboka rekurapa neboka rekutonga risina kunaka.
Data reLOEC neNOEC rakaongororwa pachishandiswa bvunzo yaDunnett. Miedzo yehuwandu hwedata yakaitwa pachishandiswa software yeStatistica 8.0 (StatSoft) ine kukosha kwe95% (p < 0.05).
Nguva yekutumira: Kurume-13-2025