Ichi chidzidzo chakaongorora kuuraya, sublethality, uye chepfu yekutengeseranacypermetrinkuumbwa kune anuran tadpoles. Muyedzo yakaoma, kusungirirwa kwe100-800 μg / L kwakaedzwa kwe96 h. Muyedzo isingaperi, zvinowanzoitika cypermethrin concentrations (1, 3, 6, uye 20 μg / L) yakaedzwa kufa, ichiteverwa nekuongororwa kwemicronucleus uye tsvuku tsvuku yeropa nyukireya abnormalities kwemazuva manomwe. Iyo LC50 yekutengeserana cypermethrin kuumbwa kune tadpoles yaive 273.41 μg L-1. Muyedzo isingaperi, iyo yakanyanya kuwanda (20 μg L-1) yakakonzera kufa kwe50%, sezvo yakauraya hafu yetadpoles yakaedzwa. Iyo micronucleus test yakaratidza mhedzisiro yakakosha pa6 uye 20 μg L-1 uye akati wandei nyukireya abnormalities zvakaonekwa, zvichiratidza kuti yekushambadzira cypermethrin kuumbwa ine genotoxic mukana wekurwisa P. gracilis. Cypermethrin ine njodzi huru yerudzi urwu, zvichiratidza kuti inogona kukonzera matambudziko akawanda uye kukanganisa masimba eiyi ecosystem munguva pfupi uye refu. Nokudaro, zvinogona kugumiswa kuti kugadzirwa kwe cypermethrin kune chepfu paP. gracilis.
Nekuda kwekuenderera mberi kwekuwedzera kwemabasa ekurima uye kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwekudzora zvipembenenezviyero, mhuka dzemumvura dzinowanzosangana nemishonga1,2. Kusvibiswa kwezviwanikwa zvemvura pedyo neminda yekurima kunogona kukanganisa kusimukira uye kurarama kwezvisikwa zvisina chinangwa zvakaita seamphibians.
Amphibians ari kuwedzera kukosha mukuongorora kwezvakatipoteredza matrices. Anurans inonzi yakanaka bioindicators yekusvibisa kwezvakatipoteredza nekuda kwemaitiro avo akasiyana-siyana akadai sehupenyu hwakaoma, kukurumidza kukura kwegonye, trophic status, permeable skin10,11, kuvimba nemvura kuti ibereke12 uye mazai asina kudzivirirwa11,13,14. Datya diki remvura (Physalaemus gracilis), rinowanzozivikanwa sedatya rekuchema, rakaratidzwa kuva bioindicator mhando yekusvibiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene4,5,6,7,15. Mhuka iyi inowanikwa mumvura yakamira, nzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa kana nzvimbo dzine nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana muArgentina, Uruguay, Paraguay neBrazil1617 uye inoonekwa seyakagadzikana neIUCN classification nekuda kwekupararira kwayo uye kushivirira kwenzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana18.
Sublethal madhara yakashumwa mumamphibians anotevera kuratidzwa kune cypermethrin, kusanganisira maitiro, morphological uye biochemical shanduko mu tadpoles23,24,25, kuchinjwa kwekufa uye metamorphosis nguva, enzymatic shanduko, kuderera kwehatching kubudirira24,25, hyperactivity26, inhibition ye cholinesterase7 kushanda uye kuchinja kwe28m28. Nekudaro, zvidzidzo zve genotoxic mhedzisiro yecypermethrin mune amphibians ishoma. Nokudaro, zvakakosha kuongorora kukanganisa kweanuran marudzi kune cypermethrin.
Kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kunokanganisa kukura kwakajairika uye kukura kweamphibians, asi iyo yakanyanya kuipa inokonzeresa kukuvadzwa kwemajeni kuDNA kunokonzerwa nekuuraya zvipembenene13. Ropa sero morphology kuongororwa chinhu chakakosha bioindicator yekusvibiswa uye inogona huturu hwechinhu kune mhuka dzesango29. Iyo micronucleus bvunzo ndeimwe yeanonyanya kushandiswa nzira yekuona genotoxicity yemakemikari munharaunda30. Iyo inokurumidza, inoshanda uye isingadhuri nzira iyo inoratidzira yakanaka yekusvibiswa kwemakemikari ezvipenyu zvakadai seamphibians31,32 uye inogona kupa ruzivo pamusoro pekusangana kune genotoxic pollutants33.
Chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekuongorora huturu hwekugona kwekutengesa cypermethrin maumbirwo kune madiki emumvura tadpoles achishandisa micronucleus test uye ecological risk assessment.
Cumulative mortality (%) yeP. gracilis tadpoles yakazarurwa kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvekutengesa cypermethrin panguva yakaoma yekuedzwa.
Cumulative mortality (%) yeP. gracilis tadpoles inoratidzirwa kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvekutengesa cypermethrin panguva yekuedza kusingaperi.
Kufa kwepamusoro kwakakonzerwa nemhedzisiro ye genotoxic muamphibians yakafumurwa kune akasiyana mazinga ecypermethrin (6 uye 20 μg/L), sezvinoratidzwa nekuvapo kwe micronuclei (MN) uye nyukireya abnormalities mu erythrocytes. Kuumbwa kweMN kunoratidza kukanganisa mu mitosis uye kunobatanidzwa nekushaya kusungirirwa kwemakromosomes kune microtubules, kukanganisa muprotein complexes inokonzera kutora chromosome uye kutakura, zvikanganiso mukuparadzanisa chromosome uye zvikanganiso muDNA kukuvara kugadzirisa38,39 uye inogona kunge yakabatana nepesticide-induced oxidative stress40,41. Zvimwe zvisiri izvo zvakaonekwa pane zvese zvakatariswa zvakaongororwa. Kuwedzera kuwanda kwe cypermethrin kwakawedzera kukanganisa kwenyukireya mu erythrocytes ne5% uye 20% pane yakaderera (1 μg/L) uye yakakwirira (20 μg/L) doses, zvichiteerana. Semuenzaniso, shanduko muDNA yemhando inogona kuva nemhedzisiro yakakomba kune zvese zvenguva pfupi uye kwenguva refu yekurarama, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwehuwandu hwevanhu, kuchinjwa kwesimba rekubereka, kuberekesa, kurasikirwa kwemajini akasiyana, uye kuchinjwa kwehuwandu hwekutama. Zvese izvi zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa hupenyu hwemhando uye kuchengetedza42,43. Kuumbwa kwe erythroid abnormalities kunogona kuratidza bhuroka mu cytokinesis, zvichiita kuti pave neabnormal cell division (binucleated erythrocytes) 44,45; multilobed nuclei maprotrusions emunyukireya membrane ane akawanda lobes46, nepo mamwe erythroid abnormalities angave akabatana neDNA amplification, senge nyukireya itsvo/blebs47. Kuvapo kweanucleated erythrocytes kunogona kuratidza kukanganisa kutakura kweokisijeni, kunyanya mumvura yakasvibiswa48,49. Apoptosis inoratidza kufa kwesero50.
Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaratidzawo genotoxic mhedzisiro yecypermethrin. Kabaña et al.51 yakaratidza kuvapo kwe micronuclei uye kuchinja kwenyukireya zvakadai semabhinucleated masero uye apoptotic masero muOdontophrynus americanus masero mushure mekusangana nepamusoro-soro ye cypermethrin (5000 uye 10,000 μg L-1) ye96 h. Cypermethrin-induced apoptosis yakaonekwawo muP. biligonigerus52 uye Rhinella arenarum53. Mhedzisiro iyi inoratidza kuti cypermethrin ine genotoxic mhedzisiro pamhando yezvipenyu zvemumvura uye kuti iyo MN uye ENA assay inogona kunge iri chiratidzo che sublethal mhedzisiro pane amphibians uye inogona kushanda kune zvizvarwa zvemo uye vanhu vemusango vakafumurwa kune toxicants12.
Maumbirwo ezvekutengesa ecypermethrin anokonzeresa njodzi yezvakatipoteredza (zvese zvakakomba uye zvisingaperi), ine HQs inodarika US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) level54 inogona kukanganisa mhuka kana iripo munharaunda. Mukuongororwa kwengozi isingaperi, iyo NOEC yekufa yaive 3 μg L-1, ichisimbisa kuti kuwanda kunowanikwa mumvura kunogona kuisa njodzi kumarudzi55. Iyo inouraya NOEC yeR. arenarum mhute yakazaruka kune musanganiswa we endosulfan uye cypermethrin yaiva 500 μg L-1 mushure me168 h; kukosha uku kwakaderera kusvika ku0.0005 μg L-1 mushure me336 h. Vanyori vanoratidza kuti kurebesa kuratidzwa, kunoderedza kuwanda kunokuvadza kumarudzi. Izvo zvakakoshawo kuratidza kuti ma NOEC values aive akakwira kupfuura ayo eP. gracilis panguva imwechete yekuratidzwa, zvichiratidza kuti mhinduro yemhando kune cypermethrin ndeyemhando-yakananga. Uyezve, maererano nekufa, kukosha kweCHQ kweP. gracilis mushure mekusangana ne cypermethrin yakasvika 64.67, iyo yakakwirira kudarika kukosha kwehuwandu hwakatarwa neU.S. Environmental Protection Agency54, uye kukosha kweCHQ kweR. mhando dzakawanda dzeamphibians. Tichifunga kuti P. gracilis inoda mazuva angangoita 30 kuti apedze metamorphosis56, zvinogona kugumiswa kuti iyo yakaongororwa yakawanda yecypermethrin inogona kubatsira mukuderera kwehuwandu nekudzivirira vanhu vane hutachiwana kuti vapinde mumunhu mukuru kana kubereka vachiri vadiki.
Mune yakaverengerwa njodzi yekuongorora ye micronuclei uye mamwe erythrocyte nyukireya abnormalities, iyo CHQ values kubva pa14.92 kusvika 97.00, zvichiratidza kuti cypermethrin yaive nenjodzi ye genotoxic kuP. gracilis kunyangwe munzvimbo yayo yechisikigo. Tichifunga nezvekufa, huwandu hwehuwandu hwemakomisheni exenobiotic hunoshivirira kuna P. gracilis hwaive 4.24 μg L-1. Nekudaro, kudzika kwakadzika se1 μg/L kwakaratidzawo genotoxic mhedzisiro. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera kuwanda kwehuwandu hwevanhu vasina kujairika57 uye kukanganisa kusimukira nekuberekana kwezvipenyu munzvimbo dzavanogara, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwehuwandu hweamphibian.
Kugadzirwa kwekutengesa kwemushonga we cypermethrin kwakaratidza kutyisa kwakanyanya uye kusingagumi kuP. gracilis. Kufa kwepamusoro kwakaonekwa, zvichida nekuda kwemigumisiro ine chepfu, sezvinoratidzwa nekuvapo kwe micronuclei uye erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities, kunyanya serrated nuclei, lobed nuclei, uye vesicular nuclei. Pamusoro pezvo, mhando dzakadzidzwa dzakaratidza njodzi dzakawedzerwa dzezvakatipoteredza, zvese zvakakomba uye zvisingaperi. Aya data, akabatanidzwa nezvidzidzo zvekare neboka redu rekutsvakurudza, zvakaratidza kuti kunyange zvakasiyana-siyana zvekutengeserana zve cypermethrin zvichiri kukonzera kuderera kweacetylcholinesterase (AChE) uye butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) zviitiko uye oxidative stress58, uye zvakakonzera kuchinja kwekuita kwekushambira uye kukanganiswa kwemuromo59 muP. toxicity kune iyi mhando. Hartmann et al. 60 yakawana kuti kugadzirwa kwekutengesa kwe cypermethrin ndiko kwakanyanya kutyisa kuP. gracilis uye imwe mhando yemhando imwechete (P. cuvieri) kana ichienzaniswa nemimwe mishonga yezvipembenene mapfumbamwe. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kusungirirwa zviri pamutemo kwecypermethrin yekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kunogona kukonzera kufa kwakanyanya uye kuderera kwehuwandu hwevanhu.
Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinodiwa kuongorora kutyisa kwemushonga wezvipembenene kumhuka dzemufibhi, sezvo kuwanda kunowanikwa munharaunda kunogona kukonzera kufa kwakanyanya uye kuisa njodzi inogona kuitika kuP. gracilis. Tsvagiridzo yemhando dzeamphibians inofanirwa kukurudzirwa, sezvo data rezvipenyu izvi riri kushomeka, kunyanya pamhando dzeBrazil.
Iyo isingaperi toxicity bvunzo yakagara kwe168 h (7 mazuva) pasi pemamiriro eiyo static uye sublethal concentrations yaive: 1, 3, 6 uye 20 μg ai L-1. Mukuedza kwese kuri kuviri, 10 tadpoles paboka rekurapa akaongororwa aine akadzokorora matanhatu, kune inokwana makumi matanhatu tadpoles pakusangana. Zvichakadaro, mushonga wemvura chete wakashanda sekutonga kwakashata. Yese yekuyedza setup yaisanganisira sterile glass dish ine simba re 500 ml uye density ye tadpole 1 pa50 ml yemushonga. Flask yakafukidzwa nefirimu re polyethylene kudzivirira kubuda uye yaigara ichifefeterwa.
Mvura yakaongororwa nemakemikari kuti ione huwandu hwemishonga yezvipembenene pa0, 96, uye 168 h. Maererano naSabin et al. 68 uye Martins et al. 69, ongororo yakaitwa paPesticide Analysis Laboratory (LARP) yeFederal University yeSanta Maria vachishandisa gas chromatography yakabatana nekatatu quadrupole mass spectrometry (Varian model 1200, Palo Alto, California, USA). Huwandu hwekutsunga kwemishonga yezvipembenene mumvura inoratidzwa seyekuwedzera zvinhu (Table SM1).
Kune iyo micronucleus test (MNT) uye red cell nuclear abnormality test (RNA), 15 tadpoles kubva kuboka rega rega rekurapa akaongororwa. Tadpoles akaiswa anesthetized ne5% lidocaine (50 mg g-170) uye samples dzeropa dzakaunganidzwa nekubaya kwemoyo uchishandisa majekiseni anoraswa ane heparinized. Ropa smears dzakagadzirirwa pamasiraidhi asina microscope, mhepo yakaomeswa, yakagadziriswa ne 100% methanol (4 ° C) ye 2 min, uye yakasvibiswa ne 10% Giemsa mhinduro ye 15 min murima. Pakupera kwegadziriro yacho, masiraidhi akashambidzwa nemvura yakanyungudutswa kuti abvise tsvina yakawandisa uye akaomeswa pakupisa kwekamuri.
Angangoita 1000 RBCs kubva kune yega tadpole akaongororwa pachishandiswa 100 × maikorosikopu aine 71 chinangwa chekuona kuvepo kweMN neENA. Huwandu hwe75,796 RBCs kubva kune tadpoles yakaongororwa tichifunga nezve cypermethrin kutariswa uye kutonga. Genotoxicity yakaongororwa maererano nenzira yeCarrasco et al. uye Fenech et al.38,72 nekugadzirisa kuwanda kwezvipembenene zvenyukireya zvinotevera: (1) anucleate masero: masero asina nuclei; (2) masero eapoptotic: kupatsanurwa kwenyukireya, kufa kwesero kwakarongwa; (3) binucleate masero: masero ane nuclei mbiri; (4) nyukireya buds kana bleb masero: masero ane nuclei ane zviduku zvishoma zve membrane yenyukireya, mablebs akafanana nekukura kune micronuclei; (5) masero ekaryolyzed: masero ane mutsara chete wenucleus asina zvinhu zvemukati; (6) notched masero: masero ane nuclei ane akatsemuka pachena kana notches muchimiro chawo, anonziwo itsvo-shaped nuclei; (7) lobulated masero: maseru ane nyukireya protrusions akakura kupfuura ambotaurwa; uye (8) microcells: masero ane condensed nuclei uye yakaderedzwa cytoplasm. Kuchinja kwakaenzaniswa nemigumisiro yakaipa yekutonga.
Iyo acute toxicity test results (LC50) yakaongororwa pachishandiswa GBasic software uye TSK-Trimmed Spearman-Karber method74. Iyo isingaperi bvunzo data yakafanoedzwa kutadza kwakajairika (Shapiro-Wilks) uye homogeneity yekusiyana (Bartlett). Mhedzisiro yacho yakaongororwa pachishandiswa nzira imwe yekuongorora musiyano (ANOVA). Muedzo waTukey wakashandiswa kuenzanisa data pakati pavo, uye bvunzo yaDunnett yakashandiswa kuenzanisa data pakati peboka rekurapa neboka rinodzora rakashata.
LOEC uye NOEC data yakaongororwa uchishandisa bvunzo yaDunnett. Kuongororwa kwenhamba kwakaitwa pachishandiswa Statistica 8.0 software (StatSoft) ine nhanho yakakosha ye95% (p <0.05).
Nguva yekutumira: Mar-13-2025