Vagari vane nzvimbo yakaderera yemagariro ehupfumi (SES) vanogara mudzimba dzemagariro dzakapihwa nehurumende kana masangano anopa mari yeveruzhinji vanogona kuoneswa nemishonga inouraya tupukanana inoshandiswa mudzimba nekuti mishonga yezvipembenene inoiswa nekuda kwekuremara kwechimiro, kusagadziriswa zvakanaka, nezvimwe.
Muna 2017, mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene makumi maviri nesere yakayerwa mumhepo yemukati mumayuniti makumi mana nematanhatu ezvivakwa zvinomwe zvepasi pekugara muToronto, Canada, zvichishandiswa zvinotakurika zvekuchenesa mweya zvakashandiswa kwevhiki imwe. Mishonga yakaongororwa yaive yechinyakare uye parizvino inoshandiswa mishonga yezvipembenene kubva kumakirasi anotevera: organochlorines, organophosphorus compounds, pyrethroids, uye strobilurins.
Mushonga umwe wezvipembenene wakaonekwa muchikamu che89% chezvipembenene, nehuwandu hwekuonekwa (DRs) hwemushonga wega wega hunosvika 50%, kusanganisira zvechinyakare organochlorines uye mishonga inoshandiswa parizvino. Parizvino pyrethroids yakashandiswa yaive nepamusoro maDFs uye kutariswa, ine pyrethroid I ine yakanyanya particulate phase concentration pa32,000 pg/m3. Heptachlor, iyo yakaganhurirwa muCanada muna 1985, yaive nepamusoro-soro inofungidzirwa kuti yakazara mhepo yekumisikidza (icho chinhu pamwe negasi chikamu) pa443,000 pg/m3. Misodzi yeheptachlor, lindane, endosulfan I, chlorothalonil, allthrin, uye permethrin (kunze kwechidzidzo chimwe chete) yakanga yakakwirira kudarika iyo yakayerwa mudzimba dzine mari shoma dzakataurwa kune imwe nzvimbo. Pamusoro pekushandisa nemaune kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene uye kushandiswa kwayo mukuvaka nependi, kuputa kwaibatanidzwa zvakanyanya nekuwanda kwemishonga mishanu inoshandiswa pazvirimwa zvefodya. Kugoverwa kwemushonga wezvipembenene wepamusoro-DF muzvivakwa zvega-wega kunoratidza kuti kwainyanya kuwanikwa mishonga yezvipembenene yaive zvirongwa zvekurwisa zvipembenene zvaiitwa nemamaneja ezvivakwa uye/kana kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene nevagari.
Dzimba dzekugara dzine mari shoma dzinopa chinodiwa chakakosha, asi dzimba idzi dzinotapukirwa netumbuyu uye dzinovimba nemishonga kuti dzichengetedze. Takaona kuti 89% yezvikamu makumi mana nematanhatu zvakaedzwa zvakaonekwa kune imwe ye28 particulate-phase mishonga yezvipembenene, ine pyrethroids inoshandiswa uye organochlorines yakarambidzwa kwenguva refu (eg, DDT, heptachlor) ine huwandu hwepamusoro nekuda kwekushingirira kwazvo mukati memba. Mishonga yezvipembenene yakawanda isina kunyoreswa kuti ishandiswe mumba, senge strobilurins inoshandiswa pakuvaka nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inoiswa muzvirimwa zvefodya, yakayerwawo. Mhedzisiro iyi, yekutanga data yekuCanada pamishonga yakawanda yezvipembenene yemukati, inoratidza kuti vanhu vanoratidzirwa zvakanyanya kune mazhinji acho.
Mishonga yezvipembenene inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira zvirimwa zvekurima kuderedza kukuvadzwa kunokonzerwa netumbuyu. Muna 2018, ingangoita 72% yemishonga inouraya zvipembenene muCanada yakashandiswa mune zvekurima, iine 4.5% chete yakashandiswa munzvimbo dzekugara.[1] Nokudaro, zvidzidzo zvizhinji zvehuwandu hwemishonga yezvipembenene uye kuratidzwa zvakatarisa pazvigadziro zvekurima. Munzvimbo dzekugara, mushonga umwechete wemumba unogona kukonzera kuti 15 mg yemushonga wezvipembenene uburitswe munharaunda.[5] Mishonga yezvipembenene inoshandiswa mumba kudzivirira zvipembenene zvakaita semapete netsikidzi. Kumwe kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene kunosanganisira kutonga kwezvipembenene zvemumba uye kushandiswa kwavo sefungicides pafenicha uye zvigadzirwa zvevatengi (semuenzaniso, makapeti emvere dzemakwai, machira) uye zvekuvakisa (semuenzaniso, fungicide-ine madziro pendi, mold-resistant drywall) [6,7,8,9]. Pamusoro pezvo, zviito zvevagari (semuenzaniso, kusvuta mumba) zvinogona kukonzera kuburitswa kwemishonga inouraya tupukanana inoshandiswa kurima fodya munzvimbo dzemukati [10]. Imwezve bviro yekuburitswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene munzvimbo dzemukati ndeyekufambisa kwavo kubva kunze [11,12,13].
Pamusoro pevashandi vekurima nemhuri dzavo, mamwe mapoka ari panjodzi yekuiswa mishonga yezvipembenene. Vana vanonyanya kusvibiswa kune zvakawanda zvakasvibiswa zvemukati, kusanganisira mishonga yezvipembenene, kupfuura vanhu vakuru nekuda kwemazinga akakwirira ekufema, kupinza guruva, uye maitiro emaoko-kumuromo maererano nehuremu hwemuviri [14, 15]. Somuenzaniso, Trunnel et al. akawana kuti pyrethroid / pyrethrin (PYR) kuisa mukati mekupukuta pasi kwakanyatsobatanidzwa nePYR metabolite concentrations mumuguta wevana [16]. DF yePYR pesticide metabolites yakataurwa muCanada Health Measures Study (CHMS) yakanga yakakwirira kuvana vane makore 3-5 kupfuura mumapoka ezera rekare [17]. Vakadzi vane pamuviri nevana vavo vachangobva kubereka vanoonekwawo seboka risina njodzi nekuda kwenjodzi yekuratidzwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene. Wyatt et al. yakashuma kuti mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene mumasampuli eropa remadzimai uye neonatal yakabatana zvikuru, inopindirana nekuendeswa kweamai-fetus [18].
Vanhu vanogara mudzimba dzisina kukwana kana kuti dzine mari shoma vari pangozi yekuwedzera kune zvinosvibisa zvemukati, kusanganisira mishonga yezvipembenene [19, 20, 21]. Semuenzaniso, muCanada, zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti vanhu vane hupfumi hwemagariro evanhu (SES) vanogona kuratidzirwa kune phthalates, halogenated flame retardants, organophosphorus plasticizers uye flame retardants, uye polycyclic inonhuwira hydrocarbons (PAHs) kupfuura vanhu vane SES yakakwirira [22,23,24]. Zvimwe zvezviwanikwa izvi zvinoshanda kune vanhu vanogara mu "social housing," iyo yatinotsanangura seimba yekurenda inotsigirwa nehurumende (kana kuti masangano anotsigirwa nehurumende) ane vagari vepasi pemamiriro ehupfumi hwevanhu [25]. Imba yemagariro muzvivako zvekugara zvakasiyana-siyana (MURBs) inokonzerwa nekuputika kwezvipembenene, kunyanya nekuda kwekukanganisa kwavo kwemaitiro (eg kuputika uye kuputika mumadziro), kushayikwa kwekugadzirisa kwakakodzera / kugadzirisa, kusakwana kwekuchenesa uye kushandiswa kwemarara, uye kuwandisa nguva dzose [20, 26]. Kunyange zvazvo zvirongwa zvakabatanidzwa zvekugadzirisa zvipembenene zviripo kuti zvideredze kudiwa kwezvirongwa zvekudzivirira zvipembenene mukugadzirisa zvivakwa uye nokudaro kuderedza ngozi yehutachiona hwehutachiona, kunyanya muzvivako zvakasiyana-siyana, zvipembenene zvinogona kupararira muchivako [21, 27, 28]. Kupararira kwezvipembenene uye kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene kunogona kukanganisa kunaka kwemweya wemukati uye kuisa vanhu vari munjodzi yekufumurwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene, zvichikonzera hutano husina kunaka [29]. Ongororo dzinoverengeka muUnited States dzakaratidza kuti mazinga ekuratidzira kune akarambidzwa uye anoshandiswa zvinouraya zvipembenene akakwira mudzimba dzemari shoma kupfuura mudzimba dzepamusoro nekuda kwehurombo hwemhando yeimba [11, 26, 30,31,32]. Nekuda kwekuti vagari vane mari shoma vanowanzova nesarudzo shoma dzekusiya misha yavo, vanogona kugara vachisangana nemishonga yezvipembenene mudzimba dzavo.
Mudzimba, vagari vemo vanogona kuratidzirwa kuhuwandu hwemishonga yezvipembenene kwenguva yakareba nokuti masara emushonga anopfuurira nekuda kwekushayikwa kwezuva, unyoro, uye nzira dzehutachiona hwehutachiona [33,34,35]. Kufumurwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene kwakanzi kwakabatana nemhedzisiro yehutano hwakaipa senge neurodevelopmental disabilities (kunyanya kuderera kwemazwi IQ muvakomana), pamwe nekenza yeropa, kenza dzeuropi (kusanganisira kenza dzevana), endocrine kukanganisa-zvine chekuita nemhedzisiro, uye chirwere cheAlzheimer.
Sebato reStockholm Convention, Canada ine zvirambidzo pamaOCP mapfumbamwe [42, 54]. Kuongororwazve kwezvinodiwa nemutemo muCanada kwakonzera kubuda-kwese kwese kwese kwekugara mukati mekushandisa kweOPP necarbamate.[55] Pest Management Regulatory Agency yeCanada (PMRA) zvakare inorambidza kumwe kushandiswa kwemukati kwePYR. Semuyenzaniso, kushandiswa kwecypermethrin kwemukati perimeter kurapwa uye kutepfenyura kwakamiswa nekuda kwekugona kwayo kukanganisa hutano hwevanhu, kunyanya muvana [56]. Mufananidzo 1 unopa pfupiso yezvirambidzo izvi [55, 57, 58].
Y-axis inomiririra mishonga yezvipembenene yakaonekwa (pamusoro pemuganhu wekuona nzira, Tafura S6), uye X-axis inomiririra huwandu hwehuwandu hwemishonga yezvipembenene mumhepo muchikamu chechidimbu pamusoro pemuganhu wekuona. Tsanangudzo yeiyo yekuona frequency uye yakanyanya kuwanda inopihwa muTable S6.
Zvinangwa zvedu zvaive zvekuyera huwandu hwemweya wemukati uye kufumurwa (semuenzaniso, kufemerwa) kwezvipembenene zvinoshandiswa uye zvenhaka mudzimba dzakadzikira dzemagariro nehupfumi muToronto, Canada, uye kuongorora zvimwe zvezvinhu zvine chekuita nekufumurwa uku. Chinangwa chepepa iri ndechekuzadza chidimbu che data pamusoro pekuratidzwa kune zvino uye zvekugara kwemishonga yezvipembenene mudzimba dzevanhu vanotambura, kunyanya kupiwa kuti data yemishonga yemukati muCanada yakanyanya kuderera [6].
Vatsvagiri vakatarisa huwandu hwemishonga yezvipembenene munzvimbo nomwe dzeMURB dzekugara dzakavakwa muma1970s panzvimbo nhatu muGuta reToronto. Zvese zvivakwa zvinokwana 65 km kubva kune chero nzvimbo yekurima (kunze kwekuseri kwemba). Zvivakwa izvi zvinomiririra Toronto social housing. Kudzidza kwedu kuwedzera kwechidzidzo chikuru chakaongorora nhanho dzezvinhu (PM) mudzimba dzekugara kwevanhu vasati vasvika uye mushure mekuvandudzwa kwesimba [59,60,61]. Naizvozvo, zano redu rekuenzanisira raingogumira pakuunganidza PM nendege.
Pachivharo chimwe nechimwe, kugadziriswa kwakagadzirwa kwaisanganisira kuchengetedza kwemvura uye simba (semuenzaniso kuchinjwa kwezvikamu zvemhepo, boilers uye midziyo yekupisa) kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba, kuvandudza mukati memhepo yemhepo uye kuwedzera kunyaradza kwekupisa [62, 63]. Mafurati akakamurwa zvichienderana nerudzi rwekugara: vakwegura, mhuri uye vanhu vasina kuroora. Zvimiro nemhando dzezvivakwa zvinotsanangurwa zvakadzama kune imwe nzvimbo [24].
Makumi mana nematanhatu emhepo mafirita samples akaunganidzwa kubva ku46 MURB social housing units munguva yechando 2017 akaongororwa. Dhizaini yekudzidza, sampuli yekuunganidza, uye maitiro ekuchengetedza akatsanangurwa zvakadzama naWang et al. [60]. Nenguva pfupi, chikamu chemuitisi wega wega chaive chine Amaircare XR-100 air purifier yakaiswa 127 mm yakakwirira-inoshanda particulate air filter media (iyo inoshandiswa muHEPA mafirita) kwevhiki imwe. Yese inotakurika mhepo yekuchenesa yakacheneswa neisopropyl wipes isati yashandiswa uye mushure mekushandisa kudzivirira kusvibiswa. Inotakurika mhepo yekuchenesa yakaiswa pamadziro eimba yekutandarira masendimita makumi matatu kubva padenga uye/kana sekurairwa nevagari kuti vadzivise kusagadzikana kune vagari uye kuderedza mukana wekupinda zvisina mvumo (ona Supplementary Information SI1, Figure S1). Munguva yevhiki yekuenzanisira nguva, kuyerera kwepakati kwaive 39.2 m3 / zuva (ona SI1 kune ruzivo rwenzira dzakashandiswa kuona kuyerera). Kusati kwaitwa sampler muna Ndira naKukadzi 2015, kushanya kweimba neimba kwekutanga uye kutariswa kwemaitiro emumba uye maitiro emugari (semuenzaniso kuputa) kwakaitwa. Ongororo yekutevera yakaitwa mushure mekushanya kwega kwega kubva ku2015 kusvika ku2017. Tsanangudzo yakazara inopiwa muTouchie et al. [64] Muchidimbu, chinangwa cheongororo chaive chekuongorora maitiro emugari uye shanduko inogona kuitika muhunhu hwemumba uye hunhu hwevanogara hwakadai sekuputa, gonhi uye kushanda kwehwindo, uye kushandisa madhiraivha hoods kana mafeni mafeni pakubika. [59, 64] Mushure mekugadzirisa, mafirita emishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene 28 akaongororwa (endosulfan I uye II uye α- uye γ-chlordane yakaonekwa semishonga yakasiyana-siyana, uye p, p'-DDE yaiva metabolite ye p, p'-DDT, kwete pesticide), kusanganisira zvose zvekare uye zvemazuva ano S1 (Table).
Wang et al. [60] akatsanangura nzira yekubvisa uye yekuchenesa zvakadzama. Sefa yega yega sampu yakakamurwa nepakati uye hafu imwe yakashandiswa pakuongorora 28 mishonga yezvipembenene (Table S1). Sefa masamples uye ma blanks emurabhoritari aisanganisira magirazi faibha mafirita, imwe pamasampuri mashanu ega ega ezvipfumbamwe, akarukwa aine matanhatu akanyorwa emishonga yezvipembenene (Table S2, Chromatographic Specialties Inc.) kudzora kupora. Zvinangwa zvemishonga yezvipembenene zvakayerwawo muzvikamu zvishanu zvemunda. Imwe neimwe sefa sampu yakashongedzwa katatu kwe20 min imwe neimwe ine 10 mL yehexane: acetone: dichloromethane (2: 1: 1, v: v: v) (HPLC giredhi, Fisher Scientific). Iwo ma supernatants kubva kune matatu akatorwa akaunganidzwa uye akamisikidzwa kune 1 mL muZymark Turbovap evaporator pasi pekugara kuyerera kwenitrogen. Mushonga wacho wakacheneswa uchishandisa Florisil® SPE makoramu (Florisil® Superclean ENVI-Florisil SPE machubhu, Supelco) ndokuzodzika kusvika 0.5 mL vachishandisa Zymark Turbovap ndokuendeswa kune amber GC vial. Mirex (AccuStandard®) (100 ng, Tafura S2) yakazowedzerwa seyero yemukati. Ongororo yakaitwa negasi chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MSD, Agilent 7890B GC uye Agilent 5977A MSD) mumagetsi maitiro uye makemikari ionization modes. Zviridzwa paramita zvinopihwa muSI4 uye huwandu ion ruzivo runopiwa muTables S3 uye S4.
Isati yabviswa, yakanyorwa mazita emishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene akapinzwa mumasampuli uye asina kuvharwa (Table S2) yekutarisa kupora panguva yekuongorora. Kudzoreredzwa kwemakomisheni emakomisheni mumasampuli kubva pa62% kusvika 83%; mhedzisiro yese yemakemikari ega yakagadziriswa kuti iwanezve. Dhata yaive isina kugadziridzwa uchishandisa iyo inorehwa marabhoritari uye munda isina chinhu kukosha kune yega yega mushonga (tsika dzakanyorwa muTable S5) zvinoenderana nemaitiro anotsanangurwa naSaini et al. [65]: apo kusungirirwa kusina chinhu kwaiva pasi pe5% yemuenzaniso wekuenzanisa, hapana kururamisa kusina chinhu kwakaitwa kumakemikari ega; apo kusungirirwa kusina chinhu kwaiva 5-35%, data yakanga isina chinhu yakagadziriswa; kana iyo isina kuvharwa yaive yakakura kupfuura 35% yekukosha, data yakaraswa. Iyo nzira yekuona muganhu (MDL, Tafura S6) yakatsanangurwa seyepakati yekumisikidzwa kwerabhoritari isina chinhu (n = 9) pamwe nekatatu kutsauka kwakajairwa. Kana komisheni isina kuonekwa mune isina chinhu, chiratidzo-ku-ruzha chiyero chekomboni mune yakaderera chiyero mhinduro (~ 10: 1) yakashandiswa kuverenga muganhu wekuona chiridzwa. Kuisa pfungwa murabhoritari uye mumunda samples dzaive
Iyo kemikari yakawanda pamhepo sefa inoshandurwa kuita yakasanganiswa yemhepo particle concentration ichishandisa gravimetric ongororo, uye chiyero chekuyerera kwesefa uye kushanda zvakanaka kwesefa kunoshandurwa kuita yakasanganiswa yemhepo particle concentration zvinoenderana ne equation 1:
apo M (g) ihwo huremu hwePM hwakabatwa nesefa, f (pg/g) ndiyo inosvibisa muPM yakaunganidzwa, η ndiko kusefa kwesefa (inofungidzirwa kuva 100% nekuda kwesefa zvinhu uye particle size [67]), Q (m3/h) ndiyo volumetric air flow rate kuburikidza neinotakurika air purifier, uye t (h) inguva yekuendesa. Huremu hwesefa hwakarekodwa pamberi uye mushure mekutumirwa. Ruzivo rwakazara rwezviyero uye mazinga ekuyerera kwemhepo anopiwa naWang et al. [60].
Nzira yesampling yakashandiswa mubepa rino inoyera chete kuungana kwechikamu chechikamu. Takafungidzira kuenzana kwemishonga yezvipembenene muchikamu chegasi tichishandisa Harner-Biedelman equation (Equation 2), tichitora kuenzana kwemakemikari pakati pezvikamu [68]. Equation 2 yakatorwa kuti iite zvinhu kunze, asi yakashandiswawo kufungidzira kuparadzirwa kwechikamu mumhepo uye mukati memukati [69, 70].
apo log Kp ishanduko yelogarithmic yechikamu-gas partition coefficient mumhepo, log Koa ishanduko yelogarithmic yeoctanol/air partition coefficient, Koa (dimensionless), uye \({fom}\) chikamu cheorganic matter muchetura (dimensionless). Iko kukosha kwefomu kunotorwa kuva 0.4 [71, 72]. Kukosha kweKoa kwakatorwa kubva kuOPERA 2.6 yakawanikwa uchishandisa CompTox kemikari yekutarisisa dashboard (US EPA, 2023) (Mufananidzo S2), sezvo iine fungidziro shoma yakarerekera kana ichienzaniswa nedzimwe nzira dzekufungidzira [73]. Isu takawanawo maitiro ekuyedza eKoa uye Kowwin/HENRYWIN fungidziro tichishandisa EPISuite [74].
Sezvo iyo DF yezvese zvakaonekwa mishonga yezvipembenene yaive ≤50%, kukosha
Mufananidzo S3 uye Matafura S6 neS8 anoratidza OPERA-based Koa values, chikamu chechikamu (sefa) yekusangana kweboka rega rega remishonga yezvipembenene, uye chikamu chakaverengerwa chegasi uye huwandu hwakazara. Gasi chikamu chekumisikidza uye huwandu hwakanyanya hwezvipembenene zvakaonekwa zveboka rega rega remakemikari (kureva, Σ8OCP, Σ3OPP, Σ8PYR, uye Σ3STR) inowanikwa uchishandisa yekuyedza uye yakaverengerwa Koa kukosha kubva kuEPISuite inopihwa muTables S7 neS8, zvichiteerana. Isu tinoshuma kuyerwa kwechikamu chechikamu uye tichienzanisa huwandu hwemhepo hwakaverengerwa pano (uchishandisa OPERA-based estimates) nemhepo yakadzika kubva kune shoma nhamba yezvisiri zvekurima mishumo yemhepo yekuuraya zvipembenene uye kubva kune dzakawanda zvidzidzo zvepasi-SES dzimba [26, 31, 76,77,78] (Table S9). Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kuenzanisa uku kunenge kuri nekuda kwekusiyana kwemaitiro ekuenzanisa uye makore ekudzidza. Sekuziva kwedu, iyo data yakapihwa pano ndiyo yekutanga kuyera mishonga yezvipembenene kunze kwechinyakare organochlorines mumhepo yemukati muCanada.
Muchikamu chechikamu, huwandu hwepamusoro hwakaonekwa hwe Σ8OCP hwakanga huri 4400 pg/m3 (Tafura S8). Iyo OCP ine yakanyanya kuwanda yaive heptachlor (yakarambidzwa muna 1985) ine huwandu hwakanyanya hwe2600 pg/m3, inoteverwa nep, p'-DDT (yakadziviswa muna 1985) ine huwandu hwakanyanya hwe1400 pg/m3 [57]. Chlorothalonil ine huwandu hwakanyanya hwe1200 pg/m3 mushonga unorwisa mabhakitiriya uye antifungal unoshandiswa mumapendi. Kunyangwe kunyoreswa kwayo kushandiswa kwemukati kwakamiswa muna 2011, DF yayo inoramba iri pa50% [55]. Iwo akanyanya kukwirira maDF kukosha uye kudzika kwechinyakare OCPs anoratidza kuti maOCP akashandiswa zvakanyanya munguva yakapfuura uye kuti anorambira munzvimbo dzemukati [6].
Ongororo dzakapfuura dzakaratidza kuti zera rekuvaka rakanyatsoenderana nekudzika kwevakuru veOCPs [6, 79]. Sechivanhu, maOCP akashandiswa kudzora zvipembenene zvemumba, kunyanya lindane pakurapa inda dzemusoro, chirwere chinowanzoitika mudzimba dzine hutsika hwemagariro ehupfumi kupfuura mudzimba dzine hupfumi hwepamusoro [80, 81]. Iyo yakanyanya kuwanda yelindane yaive 990 pg/m3.
Kune yakazara chinhu uye gasi chikamu, heptachlor yaive yakanyanya kusungirirwa, ine huwandu hwakanyanya hwe443,000 pg/m3. Yakanyanya kuwanda Σ8OCP mhepo yakawandisa inofungidzirwa kubva kuKoa kukosha mune mamwe mitsara yakanyorwa muTafura S8. Maconcentrations eheptachlor, lindane, chlorothalonil, uye endosulfan I aive 2 (chlorothalonil) kusvika 11 (endosulfan I) nguva dzakakwirira pane dzakawanikwa mune dzimwe dzidzo dzenzvimbo dzekugara dzepamusoro uye dzepasi muUnited States neFrance dzakayerwa makore makumi matatu apfuura [77, 842].83,83,83.
Huwandu hwepamusoro hwese hwechikamu chechikamu chezvikamu zvitatu zveOPs (Σ3OPPs)—malathion, trichlorfon, uye diazinon—yaive 3,600 pg/m3. Pane idzi, malathion chete ndiyo yakanyoreswa pari zvino kuti ishandiswe mudzimba dzemuCanada.[55] Trichlorfon yaive nechepamusoro-soro yechikamu chechikamu muchikamu cheOPP, iine huwandu hwe3,600 pg/m3. MuCanada, trichlorfon yakashandiswa semushonga wezvipembenene mune zvimwe zvinhu zvinouraya zvipembenene, zvakadai sekudzora nhunzi dzisingamiri nemapete.[55] Malathion yakanyoreswa serodenticide yekushandiswa kwekugara, ine huwandu hwakanyanya hwe2,800 pg/m3.
Kuwanda kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwe Σ3OPPs (gasi + zvimedu) mumhepo ndeye 77,000 pg/m3 (60,000–200,000 pg/m3 zvichibva paKoa EPISuite kukosha). Airborne OPP concentrations yakaderera (DF 11-24%) pane OCP concentrations (DF 0-50%), iyo inonyanya kuitika nekuda kwekuwedzera kweOCP [85].
Iyo diazinon uye malathion concentrations yakataurwa pano yakakwirira kudarika iyo yakayerwa makore anenge 20 apfuura mudzimba dzepasi dzehupfumi muSouth Texas neBoston (uko diazinon chete yakashumwa) [26, 78]. Diazinon concentrations yatakayera yakaderera kudarika iyo yakataurwa muzvidzidzo zvepasi-uye-yepakati-yemagariro ehupfumi hwemhuri muNew York neNorthern California (hatina kukwanisa kuwana mishumo yemazuva ano mumabhuku) [76, 77].
PYRs ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene pamubhedha munyika dzakawanda, asi zvidzidzo zvishomanana zvakayera kuisa kwavo mumhepo yemukati [86, 87]. Aka ndekekutanga kuti mukati mePYR data yevasungwa ichitaurwa muCanada.
Muchikamu chechidimbu, huwandu hwepamusoro \(\,{\sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) i36,000 pg/m3. Pyrethrin I ndiyo yaiwanzoonekwa (DF% = 48), ine kukosha kwepamusoro kwe32,000 pg/m3 pakati pemishonga yose yezvipembenene. Pyrethroid I yakanyoreswa muCanada kuitira kudzora tsikidzi, mapete, zvipembenene zvinobhururuka, uye twupukanana [55, 88]. Uyezve, pyrethrin I inoonekwa seyekutanga-mutsara wekurapa pediculosis muCanada [89]. Tichifunga kuti vanhu vanogara mudzimba dzekugarisana vanokwanisa kubatwa nebug uye inda [80, 81], isu taitarisira kuwanda kwepyrethrin I kuve kwakakwira. Sekuziva kwedu, chidzidzo chimwe chete chakashuma kuwanda kwepyrethrin I mumhepo yemukati yezvivakwa zvekugara, uye hapana akataura nezve pyrethrin I mudzimba dzevanhu. Mafungiro atakaona aive akakwirira kupfuura ayo akataurwa mumabhuku [90].
Alethrin concentrations yaivewo yakakwira, uye yechipiri yakanyanya kukwirisa iri muchikamu chechikamu pa16,000 pg / m3, inoteverwa nepermethrin (yakanyanya kuwanda 14,000 pg / m3). Allethrin uye permetrin inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuvaka kwekugara. Sezvakaita pyrethrin I, permetrin inoshandiswa muCanada kurapa inda dzemumusoro.[89] Nhamba yepamusoro yeL-cyhalothrin yakaonekwa yaiva 6,000 pg / m3. Kunyange zvazvo L-cyhalothrin isina kunyoreswa kushandiswa pamba muCanada, inotenderwa kushandiswa kwekutengesa kudzivirira huni kubva kumajuru anovezera.[55, 91]
Huwandu hwepamusoro \({\sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) hwekuisa mumhepo hwaive 740,000 pg/m3 (110,000–270,000 zvichibva paukoshi hweKoa EPISuite). Allethrin uye permetrin concentrations pano (yakanyanya 406,000 pg/m3 uye 14,500 pg/m3, zvichiteerana) yakanga yakakwirira kudarika iyo yakataurwa mune yakaderera-SES indoor air zvidzidzo [26, 77, 78]. Nekudaro, Wyatt et al. yakashuma yakakwira permetrin mazinga mumhepo yemukati yedzimba dzakaderera-SES muNew York City kupfuura mhedzisiro yedu (12 times kumusoro) [76]. Iyo permetrin concentrations yatakayera kubva kumucheto wakaderera kusvika kuhuwandu hwe5300 pg/m3.
Kunyangwe STR biocides isina kunyoreswa kuti ishandiswe mumusha muCanada, inogona kushandiswa mune zvimwe zvekuvaka senge mold-resistant siding [75, 93]. Takayera zvikamu zvakadzika zvakaderera nenhamba huru \({\sum }_{3}{STRs}\) ye1200 pg/m3 uye mhepo yese \({\sum }_{3}{STRs}\) yakakwira kusvika 1300 pg/m3. STR kudzika mumhepo yemukati hakuna kumboyerwa.
Imidacloprid mushonga weneonicotinoid wakanyoreswa kuCanada kuti utarise tumbuyu twupukanana nemhuka dzemumba. [55] Iyo yakanyanya kuwanda yeimidacloprid muchikamu chechikamu yaive 930 pg / m3, uye iyo yakanyanya kuwanda mumhepo yakawanda yaive 34,000 pg / m3.
Mushonga wefungicide propiconazole wakanyoreswa kuCanada kuti ushandiswe sechinhu chinochengetedza huni muzvivakiso.[55] Iyo yakanyanya kutariswa yatakayera muchikamu chechikamu yaive 1100 pg / m3, uye iyo yakanyanya kukwirisa mumhepo yakawanda yaifungidzirwa kuva 2200 pg/m3.
Pendimethalin mushonga we dinitroaniline une huwandu hwechikamu chechikamu che4400 pg/m3 uye huwandu hwemhepo hwese hwe9100 pg/m3. Pendimethalin haina kunyoreswa kuti ishandiswe mudzimba muCanada, asi imwe nzvimbo yekufumura inogona kunge iri yefodya, sezvakakurukurwa pazasi.
Mishonga yakawanda yezvipembenene yakabatana (Table S10). Sezvinotarisirwa, p,p′-DDT uye p,p′-DDE dzine wirirano dzinokosha nekuti p,p′-DDE metabolite yep,p′-DDT. Saizvozvo, endosulfan I uye endosulfan II zvakare yaive yakakosha kuwirirana nekuti iwo maviri diastereoisomers anoitika pamwechete muhunyanzvi endosulfan. Chiyero cheaviri diastereoisomers (endosulfan I: endosulfan II) inosiyana kubva pa2: 1 kusvika ku7: 3 zvichienderana nemusanganiswa wehunyanzvi [94]. Muchidzidzo chedu, chiyero chakabva pa1:1 kusvika pa2:1.
Takazotsvaga zviitiko pamwe chete zvinogona kuratidza kubatanidzwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene uye kushandiswa kwemishonga yakawanda muchero mumwechete (ona breakpoint plot muFigure S4). Semuenzaniso, co-occurrence inogona kuitika nekuti iyo inoshanda zvinoshandiswa inogona kusanganiswa nemimwe mishonga yezvipembenene ine nzira dzakasiyana dzekuita, senge musanganiswa wepyriproxyfen uye tetramethrin. Pano, takaona kuwirirana (p <0.01) uye co-chiitiko (6 zvikamu) zvezvipembenene izvi (Mufananidzo S4 uye Tafura S10), inopindirana nekugadzirwa kwavo kwakabatanidzwa [75]. Hukama hwakakosha (p <0.01) uye zviitiko pamwe chete zvakaonekwa pakati peOCPs sep,p′-DDT ine lindane (mayunitsi mashanu) uye heptachlor (mayunitsi matanhatu), zvichiratidza kuti akashandiswa kwenguva yakareba kana kushandiswa pamwechete kurambidzwa kusati kwaunzwa. Hapana kuwirirana kweOFPs kwakaonekwa, kunze kwediazinon uye malathion, iyo yakaonekwa muzvikamu zve 2.
Iyo yakakwira co-occurrence rate (8 units) inoonekwa pakati pepyriproxyfen, imidacloprid uye permethrin inogona kutsanangurwa nekushandiswa kwezvitatu izvi zvinouraya zvipembenene muzvigadzirwa zvezvipembenene zvekutonga kwezvikwekwe, inda uye nhata pambwa [95]. Mukuwedzera, maitiro e-co-occurrence ye imidacloprid uye L-cypermethrin (4 units), propargyltrine (4 units) uye pyrethrin I (9 zvikamu) zvakaonekwawo. Sekuziva kwedu, hapana mishumo yakaburitswa yekubatana-kuitika kwemidacloprid neL-cypermethrin, propargyltrine uye pyrethrin I muCanada. Zvisinei, mishonga yezvipembenene yakanyoreswa kune dzimwe nyika ine musanganiswa we imidacloprid neL-cypermethrin uye propargyltrine [96, 97]. Uyezve, isu hatizive chero zvigadzirwa zvine musanganiswa wepyrethrin I uye imidacloprid. Kushandiswa kwezvipembenene zviviri zvinogona kutsanangura kucherechedzwa kwekubatana, sezvo zvose zviri zviviri zvinoshandiswa kudzora tsikidzi dzemubhedha, izvo zvinowanzoitika mumagariro evanhu [86, 98]. Takaona kuti permetrin uye pyrethrin I (16 units) yakanyatsobatanidzwa (p <0.01) uye yakanga ine nhamba yepamusoro yezviitiko zvekubatana, zvichiratidza kuti zvakashandiswa pamwe chete; izvi zvaivewo zvechokwadi kune pyrethrin I uye allerthrin (7 units, p <0.05), nepo permetrin uye allerthrin zvaive nekubatana kwakaderera (5 units, p <0.05) [75]. Pendimethalin, permethrin uye thiophanate-methyl, iyo inoshandiswa pazvirimwa zvefodya, yakaratidzawo kuwirirana uye kuwirirana pazvikamu zvipfumbamwe. Kuwedzera kuwirirana uye kupindirana kwakaonekwa pakati pemishonga yezvipembenene iyo maumbirwo ezvipembenene asina kutaurwa, senge permetrin ine STRs (kureva, azoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, uye trifloxystrobin).
Kurimwa nekugadzirisa fodya kunovimba zvakanyanya nemishonga yezvipembenene. Mishonga yezvipembenene mufodya inodzikiswa panguva yekukohwa, kurapa, uye kugadzira chigadzirwa chekupedzisira. Zvisinei, zvisaririra zvemishonga yezvipembenene zvichiri mumashizha efodya.[99] Uyezve, mashizha efodya anogona kurapwa nemishonga yezvipembenene pashure pokukohwa.[100] Somugumisiro, mishonga yezvipembenene yakaonekwa muzvose zviri zviviri mashizha efodya nomuutsi.
MuOntario, inopfuura hafu yezvivakwa gumi nezviviri zvikuru zvedzimba dzemagariro evanhu hadzina mutemo wepasina utsi, zvinoisa vagari panjodzi yekusangana nehutsi hunoputa.[101] Zvivakwa zveMURB zvekugara munharaunda muchidzidzo chedu zvaive zvisina mutemo wekusaputa. Takaongorora vagari kuti vawane ruzivo pamusoro pemaitiro avo ekusvuta uye takaita cheki cheki panguva yekushanyira kumba kuti tione zviratidzo zvekusvuta. [59, 64] Munguva yechando 2017, 30% yevagari (14 kunze kwe46) vakasvuta.
Nguva yekutumira: Feb-06-2025