Vagari vane mamiriro ehupfumi asina kunaka (SES) vanogara mudzimba dzekugara dzinotsigirwa nehurumende kana masangano emari yeruzhinji vanogona kunge vari panjodzi huru yemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inoshandiswa mumba nekuti mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inoshandiswa nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwechimiro, kusagadziriswa zvakanaka, nezvimwewo.
Muna 2017, zvipembenene makumi maviri nemasere zvakayerwa mumhepo yemukati muzvikamu makumi mana nematanhatu zvezvivako zvinomwe zvekugara kwevanhu vane mari shoma muToronto, Canada, vachishandisa michina inotakurika yekuchenesa mweya yakashandiswa kwevhiki imwe chete. Mishonga yezvipembenene yakaongororwa yaishandiswa netsika uye parizvino kubva mumapoka anotevera: organochlorines, organophosphorus compounds, pyrethroids, uye strobilurins.
Mushonga wezvipembenene mumwe chete wakawanikwa mu89% yemayuniti, uye mwero wekuona (DRs) wemishonga yezvipembenene imwe neimwe inosvika 50%, kusanganisira organochlorines yechinyakare uye mishonga yezvipembenene inoshandiswa parizvino. Mishonga yepyrethroids inoshandiswa parizvino yaive neDFs yepamusoro uye huwandu hwayo, nepyrethroid I yaive nehuwandu hwepamusoro hwe32,000 pg/m3. Heptachlor, iyo yakaganhurirwa muCanada muna 1985, yaive nehuwandu hwepamusoro hwemhepo yose (particles plus gas phase) pa443,000 pg/m3. Kuwanda kweheptachlor, lindane, endosulfan I, chlorothalonil, allethrin, uye permethrin (kunze kweimwe ongororo) kwaive kwakakwira kupfuura kwakayerwa mudzimba dzine mari shoma dzakataurwa kune dzimwe nzvimbo. Kuwedzera pakushandisa mishonga yezvipembenene nemaune kurwisa zvipembenene uye kushandiswa kwayo muzvinhu zvekuvaka nependi, kusvuta kwakabatana zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwemishonga yezvipembenene mishanu inoshandiswa pazvirimwa zvefodya. Kuparadzirwa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene ine DF yakawanda muzvivakwa zvakasiyana-siyana kunoratidza kuti manyuko makuru emishonga inouraya zvipembenene yakawanikwa aive mapurogiramu ekudzivirira zvipembenene aiitwa nevatariri vezvivakwa uye/kana kushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene nevagari vemo.
Dzimba dzekugara dzevanhu vane mari shoma dzinobatsira zvikuru, asi dzimba idzi dzinogona kubatwa nezvipembenene uye dzinovimba nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene kuti dzirambe dziripo. Takaona kuti 89% yemayuniti ese makumi mana nematanhatu akaedzwa akasangana neimwe yemishonga inouraya zvipembenene makumi maviri nemasere, ine mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inonzi pyrethroids uye organochlorines dzakarambidzwa kwenguva refu (semuenzaniso, DDT, heptachlor) ine huwandu hwakanyanya nekuda kwekugara kwenguva refu mumba. Kuwanda kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene isina kunyoreswa kushandiswa mumba, senge strobilurins inoshandiswa pakuvaka uye mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inoshandiswa pazvirimwa zvefodya, kwakayerwawo. Izvi, data rekutanga reCanada pamusoro pemishonga inouraya zvipembenene yakawanda yemumba, zvinoratidza kuti vanhu vanosangana nemimwe yakawanda yacho.
Mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukurima zvirimwa kuderedza kukuvara kunokonzerwa nezvipembenene. Muna 2018, inenge 72% yemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inotengeswa muCanada yaishandiswa mukurima, ne4.5% chete ichishandiswa munzvimbo dzekugara.[1] Saka, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvehuwandu hwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene uye kupararira kwayo zvakatarisa munzvimbo dzekurima.[2,3,4] Izvi zvinosiya mipata yakawanda maererano nehuwandu hwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene uye huwandu hwezvipembenene mudzimba, uko mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inoshandiswawo zvakanyanya mukudzivirira zvipembenene. Munzvimbo dzekugara, kushandiswa kamwe chete kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene mumba kunogona kukonzera kuti 15 mg yemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene iburitswe munzvimbo dzakatikomberedza.[5] Mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inoshandiswa mumba kudzora zvipembenene zvakaita semapete nezvipembenene zvepamubhedha. Mamwe mashandisirwo emishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene anosanganisira kudzora zvipembenene zvemhuka dzemumba uye kushandiswa kwazvo semishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene pafenicha nezvigadzirwa zvevatengi (semuenzaniso, makapeti emvere, machira) nezvinhu zvekuvaka (semuenzaniso, pendi yemadziro ine fungicide, drywall isingapindi muvhu) [6,7,8,9]. Pamusoro pezvo, zviito zvevanogara (semuenzaniso, kusvuta mumba) zvinogona kukonzera kuburitswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inoshandiswa kurima fodya munzvimbo dzemukati [10]. Imwe nzira yekuburitsa mishonga inouraya zvipembenene munzvimbo dzemukati kutakurwa kwayo kubva kunze [11,12,13].
Kuwedzera kune vashandi vekurima nemhuri dzavo, mamwe mapoka ari panjodzi yekusangana nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene. Vana vanonyanya kusangana nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene mumba, kusanganisira mishonga inouraya zvipembenene, kupfuura vanhu vakuru nekuda kwehuwandu hwakawanda hwekufema, kunwa guruva, uye tsika dzekushandisa maoko nemuromo zvichienzaniswa nehuremu hwemuviri [14, 15]. Semuenzaniso, Trunnel et al. vakawana kuti kuwanda kwepyrethroid/pyrethrin (PYR) mumachira epasi kwakabatana zvakanaka nekuwanda kwePYR metabolite muweti yevana [16]. DF yePYR pesticide metabolites yakataurwa muCanadian Health Measures Study (CHMS) yaive yakakwira muvana vane makore 3-5 kupfuura mumapoka ezera revakuru [17]. Vakadzi vane pamuviri nevana vavo vanoonekwawo seboka risina dziviriro nekuda kwenjodzi yekusangana nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene muhupenyu hwavo hwepakutanga. Wyatt et al. vakashuma kuti mishonga inouraya zvipembenene muropa raamai nerevana vacheche yakabatana zvikuru, zvichienderana nekufambiswa kwemishonga kubva kunaamai kuenda kumwana [18].
Vanhu vanogara mudzimba dzisina mwero kana kuti dzine mari shoma vari panjodzi yakakura yekusangana nezvinosvibisa mumba, kusanganisira mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene [19, 20, 21]. Semuenzaniso, muCanada, zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti vanhu vane mamiriro ehupfumi asina kunaka (SES) vane mukana wakakura wekusangana ne phthalates, halogenated flame retardants, organophosphorus plasticizers uye flame retardants, uye polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) kupfuura vanhu vane SES yakakwira [22, 23, 24]. Zvimwe zvezviwanikwa izvi zvinoshanda kuvanhu vanogara mu "social housing," yatinotsanangura sedzimba dzekurenda dzinotsigirwa nehurumende (kana masangano anotsigirwa nehurumende) dzine vagari vane mamiriro ehupfumi asina kunaka [25]. Dzimba dzemagariro evanhu muzvivakwa zvekugara zvemayuniti akawanda (MURBs) dzinogona kubatwa nezvipembenene, kunyanya nekuda kwezvikanganiso zvechimiro chadzo (semuenzaniso mitswe nemakomba ari mumadziro), kushaya kugadziriswa/kugadziriswa kwakakodzera, mabasa ekuchenesa nekurasa marara asina kukwana, uye kuwanda kwevanhu [20, 26]. Kunyange zvazvo mapurogiramu ekugadzirisa zvipembenene akabatanidzwa aripo kuti aderedze kudiwa kwezvirongwa zvekudzivirira zvipembenene mukutarisira zvivakwa uye nokudaro kuderedza njodzi yekusangana nezvipembenene, kunyanya muzvivakwa zvine mayuniti akawanda, zvipembenene zvinogona kupararira muchivako chose [21, 27, 28]. Kupararira kwezvipembenene uye kushandiswa kwezvipembenene zvinosanganiswa nazvo kunogona kukanganisa mweya wemukati uye kuisa vanhu varimo munjodzi yekusangana nezvipembenene, zvichikonzera migumisiro yakaipa pahutano [29]. Zvidzidzo zvakawanda muUnited States zvakaratidza kuti huwandu hwekusangana nezvipembenene zvakarambidzwa uye zviri kushandiswa parizvino hwakakwira mudzimba dzine mari shoma pane mudzimba dzine mari yakawanda nekuda kwehunhu husina kunaka hwedzimba [11, 26, 30,31,32]. Nekuti vagari vane mari shoma vanowanzova nesarudzo shoma dzekusiya misha yavo, vanogona kugara vachisangana nezvipembenene mudzimba dzavo.
Mudzimba, vagari vanogona kusangana nehuwandu hwakawanda hwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene kwenguva yakareba nekuti marara emishonga inouraya zvipembenene anoramba aripo nekuda kwekushaikwa kwezuva, hunyoro, uye nzira dzekuora kwehutachiona [33,34,35]. Kusangana nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene kwakataurwa kuti kwakabatana nemigumisiro yakaipa yehutano yakadai sekurema kwetsinga dzeuropi (kunyanya kushaya simba rekutaura muvakomana), pamwe nekenza yeropa, kenza yeuropi (kusanganisira kenza yevana), migumisiro inokonzerwa nekukanganiswa kweendocrine, uye chirwere cheAlzheimer.
Sebato reStockholm Convention, Canada ine zvirambidzo paOCP pfumbamwe [42, 54]. Kuongororwazve kwezvinodiwa zvemutemo muCanada kwakaita kuti kushandiswa kweOPP necarbamate mukati medzimba kubviswe.[55] Pest Management Regulatory Agency of Canada (PMRA) inorambidzawo kushandiswa kwePYR mukati medzimba. Semuenzaniso, kushandiswa kwecypermethrin pakurapa nekuparadzira mishonga mukati medzimba kwakamiswa nekuda kwekukanganisa kwayo hutano hwevanhu, kunyanya kuvana [56]. Mufananidzo 1 unopa pfupiso yezvirambidzo izvi [55, 57, 58].
Y-axis inomiririra mishonga yezvipembenene yakawanikwa (iri pamusoro pemuganhu wekuona wenzira, Tafura S6), uye X-axis inomiririra huwandu hwemishonga yezvipembenene mumhepo muchikamu chezvikamu pamusoro pemuganhu wekuona. Ruzivo rwema frequency ekuona uye huwandu hwepamusoro hwakapihwa muTafura S6.
Zvinangwa zvedu zvaive zvekuyera huwandu hwemhepo mumba uye kusvibiswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene (semuenzaniso, kufema) kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakashandiswa parizvino uye yekare mumhuri dzine mamiriro ehupfumi asina kunaka dzinogara mudzimba dzevanhu muToronto, Canada, uye kuongorora zvimwe zvezvinhu zvine chekuita nekusvibiswa uku. Chinangwa chepepa rino ndechekuzadza mukaha uripo mudata rekushandiswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yemazuva ano neyekare mudzimba dzevanhu vasina kuchengetedzeka, kunyanya tichifunga kuti data remishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yemumba muCanada rakaganhurirwa zvakanyanya [6].
Vaongorori vakaongorora huwandu hwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene mudzimba nomwe dzeMURB dzakavakwa muma1970 panzvimbo nhatu muGuta reToronto. Zvivako zvese zviri kure nemakiromita makumi matanhatu nemashanu kubva kune chero nzvimbo yekurima (kusasanganisa mapurazi ekumashure). Zvivako izvi zvinomiririra dzimba dzekugara dzevanhu muToronto. Chidzidzo chedu ndechimwe chezvidzidzo zvikuru zvakaongorora huwandu hwezvinhu zvidiki (PM) mudzimba dzekugara vanhu vasati vawana simba remagetsi uye mushure mekuvandudza simba [59,60,61]. Nokudaro, nzira yedu yekutora sampuli yaive yakaganhurirwa pakuunganidza PM inobhururuka.
Pabhuroko rega rega, shanduko dzakagadzirwa dzaisanganisira kuchengetedza mvura nesimba (semuenzaniso kutsiva mayuniti emhepo, mabhoyila nemidziyo yekudziyisa) kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba, kuvandudza hunhu hwemhepo mumba uye kuwedzera kunyaradzwa kwekupisa [62, 63]. Dzimba idzi dzakakamurwa zvichienderana nerudzi rwevanhu vanogaramo: vakwegura, mhuri nevanhu vasina kuroora kana kuroorwa. Hunhu nemarudzi ezvivakwa zvinotsanangurwa zvakadzama kune dzimwe nzvimbo [24].
Makumi mana nematanhatu emafirita emhepo akaunganidzwa kubva kumakamuri makumi mana nematanhatu eMURB social housing muchando cha2017 akaongororwa. Dhizaini yechidzidzo, kuunganidzwa kwemuenzaniso, uye maitiro ekuchengetedza zvakatsanangurwa zvakadzama naWang et al. [60]. Muchidimbu, yuniti yega yega yemutori wechikamu yaive neAmaircare XR-100 air purifier ine 127 mm high-efficiency particulate air filter media (zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mumafirita eHEPA) kwevhiki imwe chete. Zvese zvinochenesa mweya zvinotakurika zvakacheneswa nema isopropyl wipes vasati vashandisa uye mushure mekushandisa kudzivirira kusvibiswa. Zvinochenesa mweya zvinotakurika zvakaiswa pamadziro eimba yekutandarira 30 cm kubva padenga uye/kana sezvakarairwa nevagari kudzivirira kusagadzikana kune vagari uye kuderedza mukana wekupinda zvisina mvumo (ona Supplementary Information SI1, Mufananidzo S1). Munguva yevhiki yekuongororwa, avhareji yekuyerera yaive 39.2 m3/zuva (ona SI1 kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo rwenzira dzinoshandiswa kuona kuyerera). Vasati vaisa sampuro muna Ndira naKukadzi 2015, kushanya kwekutanga kwepasuo nesuo nekutarisa nemaziso hunhu hwemumba uye hunhu hwemumba (semuenzaniso kusvuta) kwakaitwa. Ongororo yekutevera yakaitwa mushure mekushanya kwega kwega kubva muna 2015 kusvika 2017. Ruzivo rwakazara rwunopihwa muna Touchie et al. [64] Muchidimbu, chinangwa cheongororo iyi chaive chekuongorora hunhu hwemumba uye shanduko dzinogona kuitika muhunhu hwemumba uye hunhu hwemumba dzakadai sekusvuta, kushanda kwegonhi nehwindo, uye kushandiswa kwema "extractor hood" kana mafeni ekicheni pakubika. [59, 64] Mushure mekugadzirisa, mafirita emishonga inouraya zvipembenene makumi maviri nemasere akaongororwa (endosulfan I na II uye α- na γ-chlordane aionekwa semakemikari akasiyana, uye p,p′-DDE yaive metabolite ye p,p′-DDT, kwete mushonga unouraya zvipembenene), kusanganisira mishonga inouraya zvipembenene yekare neyemazuva ano (Tafura S1).
Wang nevamwe vake [60] vakatsanangura zvakadzama maitiro ekubvisa nekuchenesa. Sampuro yega yega yefirita yakakamurwa nepakati uye hafu imwe yakashandiswa pakuongorora mishonga yezvipembenene makumi maviri nemasere (Tafura S1). Sampuro dzefirita nemabharabhoritari aisanganisira mafirita egirazi fiber, rimwe chete pasampuli shanu dzega dzega dzemipfumbamwe, dzakaiswa spikes nematanhatu emishonga yezvipembenene (Tafura S2, Chromatographic Specialties Inc.) kuti dzidzorerwe. Kuwanda kwemishonga yezvipembenene kwakayerwawo mumabhara mashanu emunda. Sampuro yega yega yefirita yakapiswa katatu kwemaminitsi makumi maviri imwe neimwe ne10 mL yehexane:acetone:dichloromethane (2:1:1, v:v:v) (HPLC grade, Fisher Scientific). Supernatants kubva mukubvisa katatu dzakaunganidzwa pamwe chete uye dzakasanganiswa kusvika 1 mL muZymark Turbovap evaporator pasi pekuyerera kwakasimba kwenitrogen. Chinyorwa chacho chakacheneswa uchishandisa machubhu eFlorisil® SPE (Florisil® Superclean ENVI-Florisil SPE, Supelco) ndokuzoiswa mu 0.5 mL uchishandisa Zymark Turbovap ndokuendeswa kuchirongo cheGC cheamber. Mirex (AccuStandard®) (100 ng, Table S2) yakabva yawedzerwa sechiyero chemukati. Ongororo dzakaitwa negas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MSD, Agilent 7890B GC uye Agilent 5977A MSD) mu electron impact uye chemical ionization modes. Maparamita ezvishandiso anopiwa muSI4 uye ruzivo rwe quantitative ion rwunopiwa muTables S3 neS4.
Vasati vatora mishonga, mishonga inotsiva mishonga yakanyorwa yaiiswa muzviyero nezvisina chinhu (Table S2) kuti iongorore kupora kwayo panguva yekuongorora. Kuwanikwa kwemakemikari emarker muzviyero kwaibva pa62% kusvika 83%; mhedzisiro yese yemakemikari ega ega yakagadziriswa kuti idzoke. Data rakagadziriswa risina chinhu uchishandisa avhareji yerabhoritari uye field blank values yemishonga yega yega (values dzakanyorwa muTable S5) zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvakatsanangurwa naSaini et al. [65]: apo huwandu husina chinhu hwaive pasi pe5% yehuwandu hwemuenzaniso, hapana kugadziriswa kusina chinhu kwakaitwa pamakemikari ega ega; apo huwandu husina chinhu hwaive 5–35%, data rakagadziriswa risina chinhu; kana huwandu husina chinhu hwaive hwakakura kupfuura 35% yehuwandu, data rairaswa. Muganho wekuona nzira (MDL, Table S6) wakatsanangurwa seavhareji yehuwandu hwechinhu chisina chinhu murabhoritari (n = 9) pamwe nekatatu katatu kupfuura kutsauka kwakajairwa. Kana compound isina kuonekwa muchinhu chisina chinhu, chiyero chesignal-to-noise chemushonga mumhinduro yakaderera (~10:1) chakashandiswa kuverenga muganho wekuona zvishandiso. Kuwanda kweongororo murabhoritari nemuminda kwaive
Kemikari iri mufirita yemhepo inoshandurwa kuita huwandu hwezvinhu zviri mumhepo uchishandisa gravimetric analysis, uye mwero wekuyerera kwefirita uye kushanda zvakanaka kwefirita zvinoshandurwa kuita huwandu hwezvinhu zviri mumhepo zvichienderana ne equation 1:
apo M (g) ndiyo huwandu hwese hwePM hunobatwa nefirita, f (pg/g) ndiyo huwandu hwezvinosvibisa muPM yakaunganidzwa, η ndiyo kushanda zvakanaka kwefirita (inofungidzirwa kuti ndeye 100% nekuda kwezvinhu zvefirita uye saizi yezvikamu [67]), Q (m3/h) ndiyo huwandu hwemhepo inoyerera kuburikidza nemuchina unonatsa mweya unotakurika, uye t (h) ndiyo nguva yekuiswa. Huremu hwefirita hwakanyorwa pamberi uye mushure mekuiswa. Ruzivo rwakazara rwezviyero uye mwero wekuyerera kwemhepo rwunopihwa naWang et al. [60].
Nzira yekuenzanisira yakashandiswa mupepa iri yaingoyera huwandu hwechikamu chezvipembere. Takafungidzira huwandu hwakaenzana hwezvipembenene muchikamu chegasi tichishandisa equation yeHarner-Biedelman (Equation 2), tichifunga kuti makemikari ari pakati pezvikamu [68]. Equation 2 yakawanikwa pachinhu chezvipembere kunze, asi yakashandiswawo kufungidzira kupararira kwezvikamu mumhepo nenzvimbo dzemukati [69, 70].
apo log Kp iri shanduko yelogarithmic ye particle-gas partition coefficient mumhepo, log Koa ndiyo shanduko yelogarithmic ye octanol/air partition coefficient, Koa (dimensionless), uye \({fom}\) chikamu chezvinhu zvakasikwa mu particulate matter (dimensionless). fom value inotorwa se 0.4 [71, 72]. Koa value yakatorwa kubva kuOPERA 2.6 yakawanikwa uchishandisa CompTox chemical monitoring dashboard (US EPA, 2023) (Mufananidzo S2), sezvo iine fungidziro dzisina kuenzana zvakanyanya kana tichienzanisa nedzimwe nzira dzekufungidzira [73]. Takawanawo fungidziro dzekuedza dzeKoa neKowwin/HENRYWIN tichishandisa EPISuite [74].
Sezvo DF yemishonga yese yakawanikwa yaive ≤50%, kukosha
Mufananidzo S3 neMatafura S6 neS8 zvinoratidza kukosha kweKoa kwakavakirwa paOPERA, huwandu hwechikamu chechikamu (firita) cheboka rega rega rezvipembenene, uye huwandu hwegasi hwakaverengerwa uye huwandu hwese. Kuwanda kwechikamu chegasi uye huwandu hwepamusoro hwezvipembenene zvakaonekwa zveboka rega rega remakemikari (kureva, Σ8OCP, Σ3OPP, Σ8PYR, uye Σ3STR) zvakawanikwa uchishandisa kukosha kweKoa kwakayedzwa uye kwakaverengerwa kubva kuEPISuite zvakapihwa muMatafura S7 neS8, zvichiteerana. Tinoshuma huwandu hwechikamu chechikamu chechikamu hwakayerwa uye tinoenzanisa huwandu hwese hwemhepo hwakaverengerwa pano (tichishandisa fungidziro dzakavakirwa paOPERA) nehuwandu hwemhepo kubva muhuwandu hushoma hwemishumo isiri yekurima yehuwandu hwezvipembenene zvinobhururuka uye kubva muzvidzidzo zvakati wandei zvemhuri dzine SES shoma [26, 31, 76,77,78] (Tafura S9). Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kuenzanisa uku kunofungidzirwa nekuda kwekusiyana kwenzira dzekutora sampuli nemakore ekudzidza. Sekuziva kwedu, data riri pano ndiro rekutanga kuyera mishonga yezvipembenene kunze kweorganochlorines dzechinyakare mumhepo yemukati muCanada.
Muchikamu chezvikamu, huwandu hwakanyanya kuonekwa hweΣ8OCP hwaive 4400 pg/m3 (Tafura S8). OCP ine huwandu hwakanyanya hwakanyanya yaive heptachlor (yakaganhurirwa muna 1985) ine huwandu hwakanyanya hwe2600 pg/m3, ichiteverwa ne p,p′-DDT (yakaganhurirwa muna 1985) ine huwandu hwakanyanya hwe1400 pg/m3 [57]. Chlorothalonil ine huwandu hwakanyanya hwe1200 pg/m3 mushonga wezvipembenene unorwisa mabhakitiriya uye unodzivirira fungus unoshandiswa mumapendi. Kunyangwe kunyoreswa kwayo kushandiswa mumba kwakamiswa muna 2011, DF yayo inoramba iri pa50% [55]. Hunhu hweDF hwakakwira uye huwandu hweOCP dzechinyakare hunoratidza kuti OCP dzakamboshandiswa zvakanyanya kare uye kuti dzinogara dziripo munzvimbo dzemukati [6].
Ongororo dzakapfuura dzakaratidza kuti makore ekuvaka anoenderana zvakanaka nehuwandu hweOCP dzekare [6, 79]. Pachivanhu, OCP dzave dzichishandiswa mukudzivirira zvipembenene mumba, kunyanya lindane pakurapa inda dzemusoro, chirwere chinowanzoonekwa mumhuri dzine mamiriro ehupfumi asina kunaka pane mumhuri dzine mamiriro ehupfumi akakwirira [80, 81]. Kuwanda kwakanyanya kwelindane kwaive 990 pg/m3.
Panyaya yezvinhu zvose zvine magasi nechikamu chegasi, heptachlor yaive nehuwandu hwakanyanya, nehuwandu hwakanyanya hwe443,000 pg/m3. Huwandu hwemhepo hweΣ8OCP hwakafungidzirwa kubva kuKoa values mune mamwe marudzi hwakanyorwa muTable S8. Huwandu hweheptachlor, lindane, chlorothalonil, uye endosulfan I hwaive 2 (chlorothalonil) kusvika 11 (endosulfan I) hwaive hwakakwirira kakapetwa kupfuura hwakawanikwa mune zvimwe zvidzidzo zvenzvimbo dzekugara dzine mari yakawanda nedzisina mari muUnited States neFrance dzakayerwa makore makumi matatu apfuura [77, 82,83,84].
Kuwanda kwezvikamu zvitatu zvemaOP (Σ3OPPs)—malathion, trichlorfon, uye diazinon—kwaiva 3,600 pg/m3. Pazvinhu izvi, malathion chete ndiyo yakanyoreswa kushandiswa mudzimba muCanada.[55] Trichlorfon yaive nehuwandu hwepamusoro hwezvikamu zvezvikamu muchikamu cheOPP, nehukuru hwe3,600 pg/m3. MuCanada, trichlorfon yakashandiswa semushonga wezvipembenene mune zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira zvipembenene, zvakaita sekudzora nhunzi nemapete asingadziviriri.[55] Malathion yakanyoreswa semushonga wezvipembenene wekushandiswa mudzimba, nehuwandu hwepamusoro hwe2,800 pg/m3.
Kuwanda kwehuwandu hweΣ3OPPs (gasi + zvidimbu) mumhepo i77,000 pg/m3 (60,000–200,000 pg/m3 zvichibva paKoa EPISuite value). Kuwanda kweOPP mumhepo kwakaderera (DF 11–24%) pane kuwanda kweOCP (DF 0–50%), izvo zvingangodaro zvichikonzerwa nekuramba kuripo kweOCP [85].
Kuwanda kwe diazinon ne malathion kwakataurwa pano kwakakwira kupfuura kwakayerwa makore angangoita makumi maviri apfuura mumhuri dzine mamiriro ehupfumi akaderera muSouth Texas neBoston (uko diazinon chete ndiyo yakataurwa) [26, 78]. Kuwanda kwe diazinon kwatakayera kwakaderera pane kwakayerwa muzvidzidzo zvemhuri dzine mamiriro ehupfumi akaderera nepakati muNew York neNorthern California (hatina kukwanisa kuwana mishumo ichangoburwa mumabhuku) [76, 77].
Mishonga yePYR ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa mukurwisa zvipembenene zvepamubhedha munyika dzakawanda, asi zvidzidzo zvishoma zvakaongorora huwandu hwazvo mumhepo iri mukati [86, 87]. Iyi ndiyo nguva yekutanga kuti data rehuwandu hwePYR mudzimba rishumwe muCanada.
Muchikamu chezvipenyu, huwandu hwepamusoro hwe \(\,{\sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) i36,000 pg/m3. Pyrethrin I ndiyo yainyanya kuonekwa (DF% = 48), ine huwandu hwepamusoro hwe32,000 pg/m3 pakati pemishonga yese yezvipembenene. Pyrethroid I yakanyoreswa muCanada yekudzivirira zvipembenene zvepamubhedha, mapete, zvipembenene zvinobhururuka, uye zvipembenene zvemhuka [55, 88]. Pamusoro pezvo, pyrethrin I inoonekwa senzira yekutanga yekurapa pediculosis muCanada [89]. Tichifunga kuti vanhu vanogara mudzimba dzemagariro evanhu vanowanzobatwa nezvipembenene zvepamubhedha neinda [80, 81], taitarisira kuti huwandu hwepyrethrin I huve hwakakwira. Sekuziva kwedu, chidzidzo chimwe chete chakashuma huwandu hwepyrethrin I mumhepo yemukati medzimba dzekugara, uye hapana akashuma pyrethrin I mudzimba dzemagariro evanhu. Huwandu hwatakaona hwaive hwakakwira kupfuura hwakashumwa mumabhuku [90].
Kuwanda kweAllethrin kwaivewo kwakanyanya, uye huwandu hwechipiri hwakanyanya huri muchikamu chezvimedu pa16,000 pg/m3, ichiteverwa nepermethrin (huwandu hwakanyanya hwe14,000 pg/m3). Allethrin nepermethrin zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuvaka dzimba. Kufanana nepyrethrin I, permethrin inoshandiswa muCanada kurapa inda dzemusoro.[89] Kuwanda kwakanyanya kweL-cyhalothrin kwakawanikwa kwaive 6,000 pg/m3. Kunyangwe L-cyhalothrin isina kunyoreswa kushandiswa pamba muCanada, inotenderwa kushandiswa mukutengeserana kudzivirira huni kubva kumasvosve ekuveza.[55, 91]
Huwandu hwepamusoro hwe \({\sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) mumhepo hwaive 740,000 pg/m3 (110,000–270,000 zvichibva pahuwandu hweKoa EPISuite). Huwandu hweAllethrin nepermethrin pano (hwakanyanya 406,000 pg/m3 uye 14,500 pg/m3, zvichiteerana) hwaive hwakakwira kupfuura hwakataurwa muzvidzidzo zvemhepo yemukati yeSES yakaderera [26, 77, 78]. Zvisinei, Wyatt et al. vakataura nezvehuwandu hwepermethrin hwakakwira mumhepo yemukati yedzimba dzeSES shoma muNew York City kupfuura zvatakawana (zvakapetwa ka12) [76]. Huwandu hwepermethrin hwatakayera hwaibva pamucheto wakaderera kusvika pa5300 pg/m3.
Kunyange zvazvo mishonga yeSTR biocides isina kunyoreswa kuti ishandiswe mumba muCanada, inogona kushandiswa mune zvimwe zvinhu zvekuvaka zvakaita sema siding asingapindi muvhu [75, 93]. Takayera huwandu hwakaderera hwezvinhu zvine mativi akasiyana-siyana nehukuru hwe \({\sum }_{3}{STRs}\) hwe1200 pg/m3 uye huwandu hwemhepo yose \({\sum }_{3}{STRs}\) hunosvika 1300 pg/m3. Huwandu hweSTR mumhepo yemukati hahuna kumboyerwa kare.
Imidacloprid mushonga wezvipembenene weneonicotinoid wakanyoreswa muCanada kuti udzivirire zvipembenene zvemhuka dzemumba.[55] Kuwanda kweimidacloprid muchikamu chezvipenyu kwaive 930 pg/m3, uye huwandu hwepamusoro mumhepo hwaive 34,000 pg/m3.
Mushonga wefungi wepropiconazole wakanyoreswa muCanada kuti ushandiswe semushonga wekuchengetedza huni muzvinhu zvekuvaka.[55] Kuwanda kukuru kwatakayera muchikamu chezvimedu kwaive 1100 pg/m3, uye huwandu hukuru mumhepo yakajairika hwaifungidzirwa kuva 2200 pg/m3.
Pendimethalin mushonga wezvipembenene wedinitroaniline une huwandu hwakanyanya hwezvimedu zve4400 pg/m3 uye huwandu hwemhepo hwe9100 pg/m3. Pendimethalin haina kunyoreswa kushandiswa mudzimba muCanada, asi imwe nzira inogona kukonzera chirwere ichi kushandiswa kwefodya, sezvakakurukurwa pazasi.
Mishonga yakawanda yezvipembenene yakabatana (Tafura S10). Sezvaitarisirwa, p,p′-DDT uye p,p′-DDE zvaive nehukama hwakakosha nekuti p,p′-DDE inhengo ye p,p′-DDT. Saizvozvowo, endosulfan I ne endosulfan II zvaive nehukama hwakakosha nekuti i diastereoisomers mbiri dzinoitika pamwe chete mu technical endosulfan. Chiyero che diastereoisomers mbiri (endosulfan I:endosulfan II) chinosiyana kubva pa2:1 kusvika pa7:3 zvichienderana nemusanganiswa wetechnical [94]. Mukudzidza kwedu, chiyero chaive kubva pa1:1 kusvika pa2:1.
Takazotsvaga zviitiko zvakafanana zvinogona kuratidza kushandiswa pamwe chete kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene uye kushandiswa kwemishonga yakawanda inouraya zvipembenene muchinhu chimwe chete chinouraya zvipembenene (ona breakpoint plot muMufananidzo S4). Semuenzaniso, kuitika pamwe chete kunogona kuitika nekuti zvinhu zvinoshanda zvinogona kusanganiswa nezvimwe zvinouraya zvipembenene zvine nzira dzakasiyana dzekuita, senge musanganiswa wepyriproxyfen netetramethrin. Pano, takaona hukama (p < 0.01) uye kuitika pamwe chete (6 units) kwemishonga iyi inouraya zvipembenene (Mufananidzo S4 neTafura S10), zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwayo kwakabatana [75]. Kubatana kwakakosha (p < 0.01) uye kuitika pamwe chete kwakaonekwa pakati peOCP dzakadai sep,p′-DDT nelindane (5 units) uye heptachlor (6 units), zvichiratidza kuti zvakashandiswa kwenguva yakati kana kushandiswa pamwe chete zvisati zvaiswa zvirambidzo. Hapana kuonekwa pamwe chete kweOFPs, kunze kwediazinon nemalathion, izvo zvakaonekwa mumayuniti maviri.
Kuwanda kwehuwandu hwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene (8 units) yakaonekwa pakati pepyriproxyfen, imidacloprid nepermethrin kunogona kutsanangurwa nekushandiswa kwemishonga iyi mitatu inoshanda mumishonga inouraya zvipembenene kudzora zvikwekwe, inda nenhata pambwa [95]. Pamusoro pezvo, huwandu hwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene yeimidacloprid neL-cypermethrin (4 units), propargyltrine (4 units) nepyrethrin I (9 units) hwakaonekwawo. Sekuziva kwedu, hapana mishumo yakaburitswa yekuitika pamwe chete kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene yeimidacloprid neL-cypermethrin, propargyltrine nepyrethrin I muCanada. Zvisinei, mishonga inouraya zvipembenene yakanyoreswa mune dzimwe nyika ine musanganiswa weimidacloprid neL-cypermethrin nepropargyltrine [96, 97]. Uyezve, hatizive nezvechero zvigadzirwa zvine musanganiswa wepyrethrin I neimidacloprid. Kushandiswa kwemishonga yese iyi kunogona kutsanangura kuitika kwemishonga iyi pamwe chete, sezvo yese ichishandiswa kudzora zvipembenene, izvo zvinowanikwa mudzimba dzevanhu [86, 98]. Takaona kuti permethrin nepyrethrin I (16 units) zvaive zvakabatana zvakanyanya (p < 0.01) uye zvaive nehuwandu hwakanyanya hwekuitika pamwe chete, zvichiratidza kuti zvakashandiswa pamwe chete; izvi zvaive zvechokwadiwo kune pyrethrin I nealtherin (7 units, p < 0.05), nepo permethrin nealtherin zvaive nehukama hwakaderera (5 units, p < 0.05) [75]. Pendimethalin, permethrin nethiophanate-methyl, zvinoshandiswa pazvirimwa zvefodya, zvakaratidzawo hukama pamwe chete pa9 units. Mamwe mahukama pamwe chete akaonekwa pakati pemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene iyo isina kutaurwa kuti inobatanidzwa sei, senge permethrin neSTRs (kureva, azoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, uye trifloxystrobin).
Kurima fodya nekugadzirisa kwayo kunonyanya kushandiswa nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene. Huremu hwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene mufodya hunodzikira panguva yekukohwa, kugayiwa, uye kugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa zvekupedzisira. Zvisinei, zvasara zvemishonga inouraya zvipembenene zvichiripo mumashizha efodya.[99] Uyezve, mashizha efodya anogona kurapwa nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene mushure mekukohwa.[100] Nekuda kweizvozvo, mishonga inouraya zvipembenene yakawanikwa mumashizha efodya neutsi.
MuOntario, zvivako zvekugara zvevanhu zvakawanda kupfuura hafu yezvivakwa gumi nezviviri zvikuru hazvina mutemo wekuti vanhu vasasvuta, zvichiisa vagari panjodzi yekusvuta fodya yevamwe vanhu.[101] Zvivako zvekugara zvevanhu zveMURB muchidzidzo chedu hazvina mutemo wekuti vanhu vasasvuta. Takabvunza vagari kuti tiwane ruzivo nezvetsika dzavo dzekusvuta uye takaita ongororo yedzimba panguva yekushanyira dzimba kuti tione zviratidzo zvekusvuta.[59, 64] Muchando cha2017, 30% yevagari (14 pa46) vaisvuta.
Nguva yekutumira: Kukadzi-06-2025