Zvakadaro, kutorwa kwemiitiro mitsva yekurima, kunyanya kurwisa zvipembenene zvakabatanidzwa, kwave kunonoka. Chidzidzo ichi chinoshandisa chiridzwa chetsvakiridzo chakabatanidzwa sechidzidzo chenyaya kuti vanzwisise kuti vanogadzira zviyo maodzanyemba-kumadokero kweWestern Australia vanowana sei ruzivo uye zviwanikwa kuti vakwanise kurwisa fungicide. Takaona kuti vagadziri vanovimba nevanobhadhara agronomists, hurumende kana masangano ekutsvaga, mapoka evagadziri vemunharaunda uye mazuva ekushanda kuti vawane ruzivo rwekurwisa fungicide. Vagadziri vanotsvaga ruzivo kubva kune vanovimbwa nenyanzvi vanogona kurerutsa tsvakiridzo yakaoma, kukoshesa kutaurirana kwakapusa uye kwakajeka uye vanosarudza zviwanikwa zvinoenderana nemamiriro enzvimbo. Vagadziri vanokoshesawo ruzivo rwekuvandudzwa kwefungicide uye kuwana kukurumidza kuongororwa masevhisi ekudzivirira fungicide. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinoburitsa kukosha kwekupa varimi mabasa ekuwedzera ekurima anobudirira kuti vatarise njodzi yekurwisa fungicide.
Varimi vebhari vanogadzirisa zvirwere zvezvirimwa kuburikidza nekusarudzwa kweiyo germplasm yakagadziridzwa, kubatanidzwa kwechirwere chetachiona, uye kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwefungicides, iyo inowanzova nzira dzekudzivirira kudzivirira zvirwere1. Mafungicides anodzivirira kutapukira, kukura, uye kuberekana kwefungal pathogens muzvirimwa. Nekudaro, fungal pathogens dzinogona kuve dzakaomarara zvimiro zvehuwandu uye dzinowanzo chinja. Kunyanya kuvimba nehuwandu hushoma hwefungicide inoshanda makomisheni kana kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwefungicides kunogona kukonzera fungal shanduko inova isingamiri kumakemikari aya. Nekudzokororwa kushandiswa kwemakomisheni akafanana anoshanda, tsika yenharaunda dzepathogen kuti dzive dziviriro dzinowedzera, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kuderera kwekushanda kwezvakagadzirwa zvinosanganiswa mukudzora zvirwere zvezvirimwa2,3,4.
Fungicideresistance (resistance) zvinoreva kusakwanisa kwemishonga yefungidziro yakamboshanda kudzora zvakanaka zvirwere zvezvirimwa, kunyangwe ikashandiswa nemazvo. Semuenzaniso, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakashuma kuderera kwefungicide efficacy mukurapa powdery mildew, kubva pakuderedzwa kwekushanda mumunda kusvika kupedzisa kusashanda mumunda5,6. Kana isina kuvharwa, kupararira kwefungicide resistance kucharamba kuchiwedzera, kuderedza kushanda kwemaitiro ekugadzirisa zvirwere zviripo uye zvichiita kuti pave nekurasikirwa kwegoho rinoparadza7.
Pasi rose, kurasikirwa kusati kwaitwa kukohwa nekuda kwezvirwere zvegoho kunofungidzirwa kuti kuri pa10–23%, uye kurasikirwa mushure mekukohwa kunotangira pa10% kusvika pa20%8. Kurasikirwa uku kwakaenzana ne2,000 macalorie echikafu pazuva kune vanhu vangangoita 600 miriyoni kusvika 4.2 bhiriyoni gore rose. Sezvo kudiwa kwepasi rose kwechikafu kuri kutarisirwa kuwedzera, matambudziko ekuchengetedza chikafu acharamba achikwira9. Matambudziko aya anotarisirwa kuwedzerwa mune ramangwana nenjodzi dzine chekuita nekukura kwevanhu pasi rose uye kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze10,11,12. Kugona kurima chikafu zvine mwero uye nemazvo kwakakosha pakurarama kwevanhu, uye kurasikirwa kwefungicides senzira yekudzora chirwere kunogona kuve nemhedzisiro yakanyanya uye inoparadza kupfuura iyo inowanikwa nevagadziri vekutanga.
Kugadzirisa kusabatwa nefungicide uye kuderedza kurasikirwa kwegoho, zvinofanirwa kuumba hunyanzvi uye masevhisi ekuwedzera anoenderana nekwaniso yevagadziri yekushandisa nzira dzeIPM. Kunyange zvazvo mazano eIPM achikurudzira maitiro ekuchengetedza zvipembenene kwenguva yakareba kwenguva refu12,13, kutorwa kwemaitiro matsva ekurima anofambirana nemaitiro eIPM akanakisa kwave kunonoka, zvisinei nekugona kwavo kubatsira14,15. Zvidzidzo zvakapfuura zvakaona zvinonetsa mukugamuchirwa kwemaitiro eIPM akasimba. Matambudziko aya anosanganisira kusapindirana kwekushandisa kweIPM mazano, kurudziro isina kujeka, uye kugona kwehupfumi kweIPM mazano16. Kukudziridzwa kwekupokana nefungicide idambudziko idzva kuindasitiri. Kunyange zvazvo data pamusoro penyaya iri kukura, kuziva nezvehupfumi hwayo hunoramba huri hushoma. Pamusoro pezvo, vagadziri vanowanzoshaya rutsigiro uye vanoona kutonga kwezvipembenene sezviri nyore uye zvinodhura zvakanyanya, kunyangwe vakawana mamwe maIPM mazano anobatsira17. Tichifunga kukosha kwekukanganisa kwechirwere pakubudirira kwekugadzirwa kwechikafu, fungicides inogona kuramba iri yakakosha IPM sarudzo mune ramangwana. Kuitwa kwemaitiro eIPM, kusanganisira kuiswa kwekuvandudzwa kwekugadzirisa genetic resistance, hakuzongotarisa pakudzivirira zvirwere asi kuchave kwakakosha kuchengetedza kushanda kwemishonga inoshandiswa inoshandiswa mufungicides.
Mapurazi anopa rubatsiro rwakakosha mukuchengetedzeka kwechikafu, uye vaongorori nemasangano ehurumende vanofanira kukwanisa kupa varimi matekinoroji nemabhindauko, kusanganisira mabasa ekuwedzera, anovandudza nekuchengetedza goho rezvirimwa. Zvisinei, zvipingamupinyi zvakakosha pakugamuchirwa kwemichina uye hutsva nevagadziri zvinomuka kubva kumusoro-pasi "research extension" nzira, iyo inotarisa kuendeswa kwemichina kubva kune nyanzvi kuenda kune varimi pasina kunyanya kutarisa kune zvipo zvevagadziri vemunharaunda18,19. Ongororo yakaitwa naAnil et al.19 yakawana kuti nzira iyi yakaguma nemitengo yakasiyana-siyana yekutorwa kwemichina mitsva mumapurazi. Pamusoro pezvo, chidzidzo ichi chakaratidza kuti vanogadzira vanowanzo ratidza kushushikana kana tsvagiridzo yezvekurima ichishandiswa chete nekuda kwesainzi. Saizvozvo, kutadza kukoshesa kuvimbika uye kukosha kweruzivo kune vanogadzira kunogona kutungamirira kune gaka rekutaurirana rinokanganisa kugamuchirwa kwehutsva hwekurima uye mamwe mabasa ekuwedzera20,21. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinoratidza kuti vaongorori vangasanyatsonzwisisa zvinodiwa nevagadziri uye zvinovanetsa kana vachipa ruzivo.
Kufambira mberi mukuwedzera kwezvekurima kwakaratidza kukosha kwekubatanidza vagadziri vemunharaunda muzvirongwa zvekutsvagisa uye kufambisa kubatana pakati pemasangano ekutsvagisa neindasitiri18,22,23. Nekudaro, basa rakawanda rinodiwa kuongorora kushanda kweiyo iripo IPM yekumisikidza modhi uye chiyero chekugashirwa kweanogara kwenguva refu ekugadzirisa zvipembenene tekinoroji. Kubva kare, mabasa ekuwedzera aipihwa zvakanyanya nebazi rehurumende24,25. Zvakadaro, maitiro ekumapurazi makuru ekutengeserana, marongero ekurima ane chekuita nemisika, uye kuchembera nekuderera kwevanhu vekumaruwa zvakaderedza kudiwa kwehuwandu hwemari yeruzhinji24,25,26. Nekuda kweizvozvo, hurumende munyika dzakawanda dzakabudirira, kusanganisira Australia, dzakadzikisa mari yakananga mukuwedzera, zvichikonzera kuvimba kukuru nebazi rakazvimirira rekupa masevhisi aya27,28,29,30. Nekudaro, kuvimba kwega pakuwedzera kwepachivande kwakashoropodzwa nekuda kwekushomeka kwekuwanikidzwa kumapurazi madiki uye kusatarisisa kwakakwana kune zvakatipoteredza uye kuchengetedza nyaya. Maitiro ekubatana anosanganisira veruzhinji uye akavanzika ekuwedzera masevhisi ikozvino anokurudzirwa31,32. Nekudaro, kutsvagisa pamaonero evagadziri uye maitiro kune yakakwana fungicide kuramba manejimendi zviwanikwa zvishoma. Pamusoro pezvo, pane mikaha muzvinyorwa zvine chekuita nemhando dzezvirongwa zvekuwedzera zvinoshanda mukubatsira vagadziri kugadzirisa kuramba kwefungicide.
Vanachipangamazano vemunhu (vakadai seagronomists) vanopa vanogadzira rutsigiro nehunyanzvi33. MuAustralia, inopfuura hafu yevagadziri vanoshandisa masevhisi eagronomist, chikamu chinosiyana nedunhu uye maitiro aya anotarisirwa kukura20. Vagadziri vanoti vanosarudza kuita kuti basa rirambe riri nyore, zvichivatungamira kuti vatore vanachipangamazano vega kuti vatarise maitiro akaomarara, akadai semasevhisi ekurima akadai semepu yemumunda, data renzvimbo yekutarisira mafuro uye rutsigiro rwemidziyo20; Saka maAgronomists vanoita basa rakakosha mukuwedzera kwekurima sezvo vachibatsira varimi kutora matekinoroji matsva vachiona kuti kushanda kwakareruka.
Kuwanda kwekushandiswa kwenyanzvi dzezvekurima kunokanganiswawo nekugamuchirwa kwezano re'muripo-we-basa' kubva kune vezera ravo (semuenzaniso vamwe vagadziri 34). Zvichienzaniswa nevatsvakurudzi uye vamiririri vehurumende vekuwedzera, nyanzvi dzekurima dzakazvimiririra dzinowanzoita hukama hwakasimba, kazhinji kwenguva refu nevagadziri kuburikidza nekushanyira purazi nguva dzose 35. Uyezve, nyanzvi dzezvekurima dzinotarisa pakupa rubatsiro runoshanda pane kuedza kunyengetedza varimi kuti vatore maitiro matsva kana kutevedzera mitemo, uye mazano avo angangove ari muzvinodiwa nevarimi 33. Nyanzvi dzezvekurima dzakazvimiririra saka dzinowanzoonekwa semanyuko asina kurerekera emazano 33, 36.
Zvakadaro, ongororo ya2008 yakaitwa naIngram 33 yakabvuma kusimba kwesimba muhukama pakati penyanzvi dzezvekurima nevarimi. Chidzidzo ichi chakabvuma kuti nzira dzakaoma uye dzehutongi dzinogona kukanganisa kugovana ruzivo. Sezvineiwo, pane zviitiko apo agronomists vanosiya maitiro akanaka ekudzivirira kurasikirwa nevatengi. Saka zvakakosha kuongorora basa reagronomists mumamiriro akasiyana, kunyanya kubva pakuona kwemugadziri. Tichifunga kuti kurwisa fungicide kunounza matambudziko mukugadzirwa kwebhari, kunzwisisa hukama hunogadzirwa nevagadziri vebhari neagronomists kwakakosha pakuparadzira zvine hutsva hutsva.
Kushanda nemapoka evagadziri chinhu chakakoshawo pakuwedzera kwekurima. Mapoka aya masangano akazvimirira oga, anozvitonga ega anoumbwa nevarimi nevagari vemunharaunda vanotarisa nyaya dzine chekuita nemabhizimisi evarimi. Izvi zvinosanganisira kutora chikamu mukuedza kwekutsvagisa, kugadzira zvigadziriso zvebhizimusi rekurima zvinoenderana nezvido zvemuno, uye kugovana tsvakiridzo nebudiriro mhedzisiro nevamwe vagadziri16,37. Kubudirira kwemapoka evagadziri kunogona kuve kwakakonzerwa nekushanduka kubva panzira yekumusoro-pasi (semuenzaniso, muenzaniso wesainzi-murimi) kuenda kunzira yekuwedzera nharaunda inoisa pamberi pekuisa mugadziri, inosimudzira kudzidza kwekuzvitungamira, uye inokurudzira kutora chikamu kushingaira16,19,38,39,40.
Anil et al. 19 vakaita bvunzurudzo dzakamisikidzwa nenhengo dzeboka revagadziri kuti vaone mabhenefiti anoonekwa ekujoinha boka. Ongororo iyi yakaona kuti varimi vanoona mapoka evagadziri seane simba guru pakudzidza kwavo matekinoroji matsva, izvo zvakazoita kuti vatore nzira itsva dzekurima. Mapoka evagadziri ainyanya kushanda mukuita zviedzo padanho renzvimbo kupfuura munzvimbo huru dzenyika dzetsvakiridzo. Uyezve, vaionekwa senzvimbo iri nani yekugovana ruzivo. Kunyanya, mazuva emumunda akaonekwa senzvimbo yakakosha yekugovana ruzivo uye kugadzirisa matambudziko pamwe chete, zvichibvumira kugadzirisa matambudziko ekubatana.
Kuoma kuri kuita varimi kushandisa matekinoroji nemaitiro matsva kunodarika kunzwisisa kwakapfava kwehunyanzvi41. Asi, maitiro ekutora hunyanzvi uye maitiro anosanganisira kutarisisa kwehunhu, zvibodzwa, uye masocial network ayo anodyidzana nemaitiro evagadziri ekuita sarudzo41,42,43,44. Kunyangwe hupfumi hwekutungamira huripo kune vanogadzira, zvimwe chete zvitsva uye maitiro zvinogamuchirwa nekukurumidza. Sezvo mitsva yetsvagiridzo yetsvakiridzo ichigadzirwa, kubatsira kwavo pakushandurwa kwemaitiro ekurima kunofanirwa kuongororwa, uye kazhinji pane mukaha pakati pekubatsira kwemhedzisiro uye zvinotarisirwa shanduko mukuita. Sezvineiwo, pakutanga kwechirongwa chekutsvagisa, kubatsira kwemhedzisiro yetsvagurudzo uye sarudzo dziripo kuti uvandudze kubatsira zvinotariswa kuburikidza nekugadzira pamwe nekubatanidzwa kweindasitiri.
Kuti uone kubatsira kwefungicide kuramba-zvine chekuita nemhedzisiro, chidzidzo ichi chakaita zvakadzama kubvunzurudza parunhare nevarimi kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kwebhandi rezviyo kuWestern Australia. Nzira yakatorwa yakanangana nekusimudzira kudyidzana pakati pevaongorori nevarimi, kusimbisa hunhu hwekuvimbana, kuremekedzana uye kuita sarudzo dzakagovaniswa45. Chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekuongorora maonero evarimi pamusoro pezviwanikwa zvekudzivirira fungicide, kuona zviwanikwa zvaiwanikwa kwavari nyore, uye kuongorora zviwanikwa izvo varimi vangada kuwana uye nezvikonzero zvezvavanoda. Kunyanya, chidzidzo ichi chinotarisa mibvunzo inotevera yekutsvagisa:
RQ3 Ndeapi mamwe fungicide kuramba kuparadzira masevhisi ayo vagadziri vanotarisira kugamuchira mune ramangwana uye ndezvipi zvikonzero zvekuda kwavo?
Ichi chidzidzo chakashandisa nzira yekuongorora nyaya yekuongorora maonero evarimi uye maitiro kune zviwanikwa zvine chekuita nefungicide resistance management. Chimbo chekuongorora chakagadzirwa mukubatana nevamiriri veindasitiri uye chinosanganisa nzira dzemhando uye dzehuwandu hwekuunganidza data. Nekutora nzira iyi, takavavarira kuwana nzwisiso yakadzama yezviitiko zvevarimi zvakasiyana-siyana zvekudzivirira fungicide, zvichitibvumira kuwana ruzivo rwezviitiko nemaonero evarimi. Chidzidzo ichi chakaitwa mukati memwaka wekukura wa2019/2020 sechikamu cheBarley Disease Cohort Project, chirongwa chekudyidzana chekutsvaga nevarimi kumaodzanyemba-kumavirira bhandi rezviyo kuWestern Australia. Chirongwa ichi chine chinangwa chekuongorora kupararira kwekusabatwa nefungicides mudunhu iri kuburikidza nekuongorora mashizha ebhari ane chirwere anogamuchirwa kubva kuvarimi. Vatori vechikamu cheBarley Disease Cohort Project vanobva pakati kusvika kunzvimbo dzinonaya mvura zhinji mudunhu rinorima zviyo kuWestern Australia. Mikana yekutora chikamu inogadzirwa uye yozoshambadzirwa (kuburikidza nematanho akasiyana enhau anosanganisira social media) uye varimi vanokokwa kuti vazvidome kuti vatore chikamu. Vose vanofarira vakasarudzwa vanogamuchirwa mubasa.
Chidzidzo chacho chakawana mvumo yetsika kubva kuCurtin University Human Research Ethics Committee (HRE2020-0440) uye yakaitwa maererano ne2007 National Statement pamusoro peEthical Conduct muHuman Research 46. Varimi nenyanzvi dzezvekurima vakanga vambobvuma kubatwa maererano nemishonga yekurwisa fungicide vakakwanisa kugovera ruzivo pamusoro pemabatiro avo. Vatori vechikamu vakapihwa chirevo cheruzivo uye fomu remvumo vasati vatora chikamu. Mvumo ine ruzivo yakawanikwa kubva kune vese vatori vechikamu vasati vatora chikamu muchidzidzo. Nzira dzekutanga dzekuunganidza data dzaive dzakadzama kubvunzurudza parunhare uye ongororo yepamhepo. Kuti ive nechokwadi chekuenderana, seti imwe chete yemibvunzo inopedzwa kuburikidza negwaro remibvunzo rakazvimiririra rakaverengwa neshoko kune vatori vechikamu vanopedza ongororo yefoni. Hapana rumwe ruzivo rwakapihwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti nzira dzese dzeongororo dzakaenzana.
Chidzidzo chacho chakawana mvumo yetsika kubva kuCurtin University Human Research Ethics Committee (HRE2020-0440) uye yakaitwa maererano ne2007 National Statement pamusoro peEthical Conduct muHuman Research 46. Mvumo ine ruzivo yakawanikwa kubva kune vese vatori vechikamu vasati vatora chikamu muchidzidzo.
Vagadziri vanosvika zana nemakumi matatu nevanomwe vakapinda muchidzidzo ichi, avo 82% vakapedza kubvunzurudza parunhare uye 18% vakazadzisa gwaro remibvunzo ivo pachavo. Makore evatori vechikamu aibva pamakore makumi maviri nemaviri kusvika pamakumi matanhatu nemapfumbamwe, aine avhareji yemakore makumi mana nemana. Ruzivo rwavo muchikamu chezvekurima rwakabva pamakore maviri kusvika makumi mashanu nemana, neavhareji yemakore makumi maviri nemashanu. Paavhareji, varimi vakadyara mahekita 1,122 ebhari mumapadhi gumi. Varimi vazhinji vakarima mhando mbiri dzebhari (48%), nekugovewa kwakasiyana kubva pamhando imwe chete (33%) kusvika kune mashanu (0.7%). Kugoverwa kwevatori vechikamu chekuongorora kunoratidzwa muMufananidzo 1, iyo yakagadzirwa uchishandisa QGIS version 3.28.3-Firenze47.
Mepu yevatori vechikamu muongororo nekodhi yepositi nenzvimbo dzekunaya kwemvura: yakaderera, yepakati, yakakwirira. Saizi yechiratidzo inoratidza nhamba yevatori vechikamu muWestern Australian Grain Belt. Mepu yakagadzirwa uchishandisa QGIS software vhezheni 3.28.3-Firenze.
Iyo yakaguma yemhando data yakanyorwa nemaoko uchishandisa inductive content analysis, uye mhinduro dzakatanga kuvhurika-coded48. Ongorora zvinyorwa nekuverenga zvakare uye nekucherechedza chero madingindira ari kubuda kutsanangura zvikamu zvemukati49,50,51. Kutevera maitiro ekubvisa, madingindira akaonekwa akaiswazve muchikamu chepamusoro-soro misoro51,52. Sezvinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 2, chinangwa chekuongorora kwakarongeka ndechekuwana ruzivo rwakakosha muzvinhu zvikuru zvinopesvedzera zvido zvevarimi kune chaiyo fungicide resistance management resources, nokudaro kujekesa maitiro ekuita sarudzo ane chokuita nekugadzirisa zvirwere. Madingindira anoonekwa anoongororwa uye anokurukurwa zvakadzama muchikamu chinotevera.
Mukupindura Mubvunzo wekutanga, mhinduro kuruzivo rwemhando (n=128) dzakaratidza kuti maagronomists ndiwo ainyanya kushandiswa, nevanopfuura 84% yevarimi vakataura nezve agronomists senzvimbo yavo yekupa ruzivo rwekurwisa fungicide (n=108). Sezvineiwo, maagronomists akange asiri ega ega anowanzo kutaurwa, asiwo kwainobva kwefungicide kuramba ruzivo kune chikamu chakakosha chevarimi, nevanopfuura 24% (n=31) yevarimi vachivimba chete kana kutaura nezve agronomists sechinhu chakasarudzika. Vazhinji vevarimi (kureva, 72% yemhinduro kana n=93) vakaratidza kuti vanovimba nenyanzvi dzezvekurima kuti vawane mazano, tsvakiridzo yekuverenga, kana kubvunza vezvenhau. Anoremekedzwa pamhepo uye anodhinda midhiya aigara achitaurwa seanofarira masosi efungicide kuramba ruzivo. Pamusoro pezvo, vagadziri vaivimba nemishumo yeindasitiri, mapepanhau emuno, magazini, midhiya yekumaruwa, kana masosi ekutsvagisa ayo asingaratidzi kuwana kwavo. Vagadziri vaigara vachitaura akawanda emagetsi uye anodhinda midhiya masosi, vachiratidza kushingaira kwavo kuedza kuwana uye kuongorora zvidzidzo zvakasiyana.
Imwe nzvimbo yakakosha yeruzivo inhaurirano nemazano kubva kune vamwe vanogadzira, kunyanya kuburikidza nekukurukurirana neshamwari nevavakidzani. Semuenzaniso, P023: "Kutsinhana kwekurima (shamwari dziri kuchamhembe dzinoona zvirwere kare)" uye P006: "Shamwari, vavakidzani nevarimi." Pamusoro pezvo, vagadziri vaivimba nemapoka ekurima emunharaunda (n = 16), sevarimi vemunharaunda kana mapoka evagadziri, mapoka epfapfaidzo, uye mapoka ezvekurima. Kwaiwanzotaurwa kuti vanhu vomunzvimbomo vaibatanidzwa muidzi kurukurirano. Semuenzaniso, P020: "Boka renzvimbo yekuvandudza purazi nevatauri vevaenzi" uye P031: "Tine boka rekupfapfaidza remuno rinondipa ruzivo runobatsira."
Mazuva emunda akataurwa seimwe sosi yeruzivo (n = 12), kazhinji musanganiswa nezano kubva kune vezvekurima, vanodhinda midhiya uye nhaurirano nevanoshanda navo (vemunharaunda). Kune rumwe rutivi, zviwanikwa zvepamhepo zvakadai seGoogle ne Twitter (n = 9), vamiririri vekutengesa uye kushambadzira (n = 3) hazvina kumbotaurwa. Mhedzisiro iyi inoburitsa kudiwa kwezviwanikwa zvakasiyana uye zvinosvikirika zvehunobudirira fungicide resistance management, tichifunga nezvezvinodiwa nevarimi uye kushandisa kwakasiyana kwakasiyana ruzivo nerutsigiro.
Mukupindura Mubvunzo 2, varimi vakabvunzwa kuti sei vachifarira ruzivo rwemashoko ane chekuita nefungicide resistance management. Ongororo yemadingindira yakaratidza madingindira mana akakosha anoratidza kuti sei varimi vachivimba nekwakananga ruzivo.
Pavanenge vachigamuchira mishumo yeindasitiri neyehurumende, vagadziri vanorangarira kwakabva mashoko avanoona seakavimbika, akavimbika, uye anoenderana nenguva. Semuyenzaniso, P115: "Zvimwe zvazvino, zvinovimbika, zvinovimbika, ruzivo rwemhando yepamusoro" uye P057: "Nekuti zvinhu zvacho zvinotariswa chokwadi uye zvinotsigirwa. Itsva uye inowanikwa mupaddock." Vagadziri vanoona ruzivo kubva kune nyanzvi seyakavimbika uye yemhando yepamusoro. Agronomists, kunyanya, vanoonekwa senyanzvi dzine ruzivo idzo vagadziri vanogona kuvimba kuti vape yakavimbika uye yakanaka zano. Mumwe mugadziri akati: P131: “[Nyanzvi yezvekurima] inoziva zvinhu zvose, inyanzvi mumunda, inopa basa rinobhadharwa, tinovimba kuti inogona kupa zano rakakodzera” uye imwe P107: “Inogara ichiwanika, agronomist ndiye mukuru webasa nokuti ane zivo nounyanzvi hwokunzvera.”
Agronomists inowanzotsanangurwa seyakavimbika uye inovimbwa nyore nyore nevagadziri. Pamusoro pezvo, maagronomists anoonekwa sehukama pakati pevagadziri uye yekucheka-kumucheto kutsvaga. Zvinoonekwa sezvinokosha pakuvhara mukaha uripo pakati petsvakiridzo isingatarisirwi ingaita seisina kubatana kubva kunyaya dzenzvimbo uye 'pasi' kana 'papurazi' nyaya. Vanoita tsvakiridzo iyo vagadziri vangangove vasina nguva kana zviwanikwa zvekuita uye kugadzirisa tsvagiridzo iyi kuburikidza nehurukuro dzine musoro. Semuenzaniso, P010: yakataura, 'Agronomists vane rekupedzisira rekutaura. Ndivo vanobatanidza tsvakurudzo yazvino uye varimi vane ruzivo nokuti vanoziva nyaya dzacho uye vari pamihoro yavo.' Uye P043: yakawedzera, 'Vimba neagronomists neruzivo rwavanopa. Ndinofara kuti fungicide resistance management project iri kuitika – ruzivo isimba uye handichafaniri kushandisa mari yangu yese kutenga mishonga mitsva.'
Kupararira kweparasitic fungal spores inogona kuitika kubva kumapurazi akavakidzana kana nzvimbo nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, dzakadai semhepo, mvura uye zvipembenene. Ruzivo rwemunharaunda saka rwunoonekwa serwakakosha zvakanyanya sezvo kazhinji rwuri mutsara wekutanga wekudzivirira kubva kune zvinogona kuitika zvine chekuita nefungicide resistance management. Mune chimwe chiitiko, mutori wechikamu P012: akati, "Zvabuda kubva ku[agronomist] ndezvenzvimbo, zviri nyore kuti ndivabate ndigowana ruzivo kubva kwavari." Mumwe mugadziri akapa muenzaniso wekuvimba nenjere dzenyanzvi dzezvekurima dzemuno, achisimbisa kuti vanogadzira vanosarudza nyanzvi dziripo munharaunda uye vane rekodhi yechokwadi yekuzadzisa zvinodiwa. Semuenzaniso, P022: "Vanhu vanonyepa pasocial media - simudza matayi ako (kunyanya kuvimba nevanhu vauri kubata navo).
Vagadziri vanokoshesa zano rakanangana nenyanzvi dzezvekurima nekuti vane huvepo hwakasimba hwenzvimbo uye vanoziva mamiriro enzvimbo. Vanoti nguva zhinji nyanzvi munyaya dzezvekurima ndidzo dzinotanga kuona pamwe nekunzwisisa matambudziko angangoitika papurazi apa zvisati zvaitika. Izvi zvinovabvumira kupa mazano akaenderana nezvinodiwa nepurazi. Pamusoro pezvo, nyanzvi dzezvekurima dzinowanzoshanyira purazi, vachiwedzera kugona kwavo kupa mazano akaenderana nerutsigiro. Semuyenzaniso, P044: “Vimbai neagronomist nekuti ari munzvimbo yese uye anozoona dambudziko ndisati ndaziva nezvazvo. Ipapo agronomist anogona kupa zano rakanangana. Agronomist anoziva nzvimbo iyi zvakanyanya nekuti ari munharaunda. Ini kazhinji ndinorima. Tine vatengi vakasiyana-siyana munzvimbo dzakafanana.
Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kugadzirira kweindasitiri kwekutengesa fungicide kuramba kuyedzwa kana masevhisi ekuongorora, uye kudiwa kwemasevhisi akadai kuti asangane nemiyero yekureruka, kunzwisiswa, uye kuenderana nenguva. Izvi zvinogona kupa kutungamira kwakakosha sezvo fungicide kuramba mhinduro yekutsvagisa uye kuyedza inove inodhura yekutengesa chokwadi.
Chidzidzo ichi chine chinangwa chekuongorora maonero nemaitiro evarimi kune mamwe masevhisi ane chekuita nekurwisa fungicide. Isu takashandisa nzira yemhando yekuongorora nyaya kuti tiwane kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwezviitiko zvevarimi uye maonero. Sezvo njodzi dzine chekuita nefungicide kuramba uye kurasikirwa kwegoho dzichiramba dzichiwedzera5, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise kuti varimi vanowana sei ruzivo uye kuona nzira dzinonyanya kushanda dzekuparadzira, kunyanya panguva dzechirwere chepamusoro.
Takabvunza vagadziri kuti ndeapi masevhisi ekuwedzera uye zviwanikwa zvavakashandisa kuwana ruzivo rwune chekuita nekurwisa fungicide, tichinyanya kutarisa nzira dzekuwedzera dzinodiwa mukurima. Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti vagadziri vazhinji vanotsvaga zano kubva kune vanobhadhara agronomists, kazhinji mukubatana neruzivo kubva kuhurumende kana masangano ekutsvagisa. Mhedzisiro iyi inopindirana nezvidzidzo zvakapfuura zvinoratidzira zvakajairika zvekuwedzera kwakazvimirira, nevagadziri vachikoshesa hunyanzvi hwevanobhadhara mari dzekurima53,54. Chidzidzo chedu chakawanawo kuti nhamba yakakosha yevagadziri vanoshingairira kutora chikamu mumaforamu epamhepo senge mapoka emuno evagadziri uye akarongwa mazuva emunda. Aya ma network anosanganisirawo veruzhinji uye akazvimirira ega ekutsvagisa masangano. Mhedzisiro iyi inofambirana netsvakiridzo iripo inoratidza kukosha kwemaitiro enharaunda19,37,38. Nzira idzi dzinofambisa kudyidzana pakati pemasangano everuzhinji neakazvimirira uye kuita kuti ruzivo rwakakodzera ruwanikwe kune vanogadzira.
Isu takaongororawo kuti sei vagadziri vachifarira zvimwe zvekupinza, tichitsvaga kuona zvinhu zvinoita kuti zvimwe zvinopinza zviwedzere kuvafadza. Vagadziri vakaratidza kudiwa kwekuwanikwa kune nyanzvi dzakavimbika dzinoenderana netsvagiridzo (Dingindira 2.1), iro raive rakada kufanana nekushandiswa kweagronomists. Kunyanya, vagadziri vakacherekedza kuti kuhaya agronomist kunovapa mukana wekutsvagisa kwakadzama uye kwepamberi pasina kuzvipira kwenguva yakawanda, izvo zvinobatsira kukunda zvimhingamipinyi zvakaita sekushaya nguva kana kushomeka kwekudzidziswa uye kujairana nedzimwe nzira. Zvakawanikwa izvi zvinofambirana netsvakiridzo yapfuura inoratidza kuti vagadziri vanowanzovimba neagronomists kurerutsa maitiro akaoma20.
Nguva yekutumira: Nov-13-2024