Zvisinei, kugamuchirwa kwenzira itsva dzekurima, kunyanya kuchengetedzwa kwezvipembenene zvakabatana, kwave kunonoka. Chidzidzo ichi chinoshandisa chishandiso chekutsvagisa chakagadzirwa pamwe chete sechidzidzo chekunzwisisa kuti varimi vezviyo kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweWestern Australia vanowana sei ruzivo nezviwanikwa zvekugadzirisa kudzivirira fungi. Takaona kuti varimi vanovimba nenyanzvi dzezvekurima dzinobhadharwa, hurumende kana masangano ekutsvagisa, mapoka evarimi vemunharaunda uye mazuva ekurima kuti vawane ruzivo nezvekudzivirira fungi. Vagadziri vanotsvaga ruzivo kubva kunyanzvi dzinovimbwa dzinogona kurerutsa tsvakiridzo yakaoma, kukoshesa kutaurirana kuri nyore uye kwakajeka uye kuda zviwanikwa zvakagadzirirwa mamiriro emuno. Vagadziri vanokoshesawo ruzivo nezvekuvandudzwa kwefungi itsva uye kuwana masevhisi ekuongorora nekukurumidza ekudzivirira fungi. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinoratidza kukosha kwekupa varimi masevhisi ekuwedzera ekurima anoshanda kuti vagadzirise njodzi yekudzivisa fungi.
Varimi vebhari vanotarisira zvirwere zvezvirimwa kuburikidza nekusarudza germplasm yakagadziriswa, kutonga kwezvirwere zvakabatana, uye kushandisa zvakanyanya mishonga yefungi, iyo inowanzova nzira dzekudzivirira kuputika kwezvirwere1. Mishonga yefungi inodzivirira hutachiona, kukura, uye kuberekana kwezvirwere zvefungi muzvirimwa. Zvisinei, zvirwere zvefungi zvinogona kuva nehuwandu hwakaoma uye zvinogona kuchinja. Kunyanya kuvimba nemakemikari mashoma efungi kana kushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwemishonga yefungi kunogona kukonzera kuchinja kwefungus kunoramba kusingaurayiwi nemakemikari aya. Nekushandisa kakawanda mishonga imwechete inoshanda, tsika yekuti nharaunda dzezvirwere dzirambe dzichirwisa inowedzera, izvo zvinogona kutungamira kudzikira kwekushanda kwemishonga inoshanda mukutonga zvirwere zvezvirimwa2,3,4.
Mushonga wefungiKusagona kwemishonga yefungicide kunoreva kusakwanisa kwemishonga yefungicide yaimboshanda kudzora zvirwere zvezvirimwa zvinobudirira, kunyangwe ikashandiswa nemazvo. Semuenzaniso, zvidzidzo zvakati wandei zvakashuma kudzikira kwekushanda kwemishonga yefungicide mukurapa powdery mildew, kubva pakudzikira kwekushanda mumunda kusvika pakusashanda zvizere mumunda5,6. Kana zvikasadzorwa, kuwanda kwekusagona kwemishonga yefungicide kucharamba kuchiwedzera, zvichideredza kushanda kwenzira dziripo dzekudzivirira zvirwere uye zvichikonzera kurasikirwa kukuru kwegoho7.
Pasi rose, kurasikirwa kwezvirimwa zvisati zvakohwewa nekuda kwezvirwere zvezvirimwa kunofungidzirwa kuva 10–23%, nekurasikirwa kwezvirimwa mushure mekukohwa kuri pakati pe10% kusvika 20%. Kurasikirwa uku kwakaenzana nemacalorie 2,000 echikafu pazuva kune vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni 600 kusvika mabhiriyoni 4.2 gore rose8. Sezvo kudiwa kwechikafu pasi rose kuchitarisirwa kuwedzera, matambudziko ekuchengetedzwa kwechikafu acharamba achiwedzera9. Matambudziko aya anotarisirwa kuwedzerwa mune ramangwana nekuda kwenjodzi dzinoenderana nekukura kwevanhu pasi rose uye kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze10,11,12. Saka kugona kurima chikafu nenzira inochengetedza uye inoshanda kwakakosha kuti vanhu vararame, uye kurasikirwa nemishonga inouraya fungi senzira yekudzora zvirwere kunogona kuva nemigumisiro yakaipa uye inoparadza kupfuura iyo inowanikwa nevagadziri vekutanga.
Kuti tigadzirise kusabatwa kwefungi nefungus uye kuderedza kurasikirwa kwegoho, zvakakosha kugadzira hunyanzvi uye masevhisi ekuwedzera anoenderana nekugona kwevarimi kushandisa mazano eIPM. Kunyange zvazvo nhungamiro dzeIPM dzichikurudzira nzira dzekuchengetedza zvipembenene dzinogara kwenguva refu12,13, kugamuchirwa kwenzira itsva dzekurima dzinoenderana nemaitiro akanakisa eIPM kwave kunonoka, pasinei nekubatsira kwadzo14,15. Zvidzidzo zvekare zvakaratidza matambudziko mukugamuchirwa kwenzira dzeIPM dzinogara kwenguva refu. Matambudziko aya anosanganisira kushandiswa kusingaenderani kwenzira dzeIPM, mazano asina kujeka, uye kugona kwenzira dzeIPM mune hupfumi16. Kukura kwekusabatwa kwefungi nefungus idambudziko idzva kune indasitiri. Kunyangwe data panyaya iyi riri kukura, kuziva nezvemhedzisiro yayo muhupfumi kuchiri kushoma. Pamusoro pezvo, varimi vanowanzo shaya rutsigiro uye vanoona kudzora zvipembenene sezviri nyore uye zvisingadhuri, kunyangwe vakaona mamwe maitiro eIPM achibatsira17. Zvichienderana nekukosha kwemhedzisiro yezvirwere pakubudirira kwekugadzirwa kwechikafu, mishonga yefungus ingangoramba iri sarudzo yakakosha yeIPM mune ramangwana. Kuitwa kwenzira dzeIPM, kusanganisira kuunzwa kwekusabatwa kwezvirwere kwakavandudzwa, hakuzongotarise chete pakudzora zvirwere asiwo kuchave kwakakosha kuchengetedza kushanda kwemishonga inoshanda inoshandiswa mumishonga yefungus.
Mapurazi anopa mipiro yakakosha mukuchengetedzeka kwechikafu, uye vaongorori nemasangano ehurumende vanofanira kukwanisa kupa varimi matekinoroji nehunyanzvi, kusanganisira masevhisi ekuwedzera, anovandudza nekuchengetedza goho rezvirimwa. Zvisinei, zvipingamupinyi zvikuru pakugamuchirwa kwetekinoroji nehunyanzvi nevarimi zvinobva munzira ye "kuwedzerwa kwetsvakurudzo" inobva kumusoro kusvika pasi, iyo inotarisa pakutamiswa kwetekinoroji kubva kunyanzvi kuenda kuvarimi pasina kutarisisa zvakanyanya mipiro yevarimi vemunharaunda18,19. Chidzidzo chakaitwa naAnil et al.19 chakawana kuti nzira iyi yakaguma nemitengo yakasiyana-siyana yekushandiswa kwetekinoroji itsva mumapurazi. Uyezve, chidzidzo chakaratidza kuti vagadziri vanowanzoratidza kunetseka kana tsvakiridzo yezvekurima ichishandiswa chete kune zvinangwa zvesainzi. Saizvozvowo, kutadza kuisa pamberi kuvimbika uye kukosha kweruzivo kuvarimi kunogona kutungamira pamusiyano wekutaurirana unokanganisa kugamuchirwa kwehunyanzvi hutsva hwekurima nedzimwe masevhisi ekuwedzera20,21. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinoratidza kuti vaongorori vangasanzwisisa zvizere zvinodiwa nezvinonetsa zvevarimi pavanopa ruzivo.
Kufambira mberi mukuwedzera kurima kwakaratidza kukosha kwekubatanidza vagadziri vemuno muzvirongwa zvekutsvagisa uye kuita kuti pave nekushandira pamwe pakati pemasangano ekutsvagisa nemaindasitiri18,22,23. Zvisinei, basa rakawanda rinodiwa kuti vaongorore kushanda kwemamodheru aripo ekushandisa IPM uye mwero wekushandiswa kwetekinoroji dzekuchengetedza zvipembenene kwenguva refu. Kare, masevhisi ekuwedzera ave achipiwa zvakanyanya neveruzhinji24,25. Zvisinei, maitiro ekuenda kumapurazi makuru ekutengeserana, mitemo yekurima inotarisa kumusika, uye kukwegura uye kuderera kwevanhu vekumaruwa zvakaderedza kudiwa kwemari yakawanda yeruzhinji24,25,26. Nekuda kweizvozvo, hurumende munyika dzakawanda dzakabudirira, kusanganisira Australia, dzakaderedza mari yakananga mukuwedzera kurima, zvichikonzera kuvimba zvakanyanya nebazi rekuwedzera kurima kuti ripe masevhisi aya27,28,29,30. Zvisinei, kuvimba chete nekuwedzera kurima kurima kwakatsoropodzwa nekuda kwekushaikwa kwemapurazi madiki uye kusanyatsotarisa nyaya dzezvakatipoteredza nedzekuchengetedza. Nzira yekushandira pamwe inosanganisira masevhisi ekuwedzera kurima arima uye ega ikozvino inokurudzirwa31,32. Zvisinei, kutsvagurudza pamusoro pemaonero evagadziri nemaonero ezviwanikwa zvekuchengetedza fungicide zvakanyanya kushoma. Pamusoro pezvo, pane misiyano muzvinyorwa maererano nerudzi rwezvirongwa zvekuwedzera zvinoshanda mukubatsira varimi kugadzirisa kusabatwa kwefungidzi.
Vanopa mazano emunhu (vakadai senyanzvi dzezvekurima) vanopa varimi rutsigiro rwehunyanzvi nehunyanzvi33. MuAustralia, vanopfuura hafu yevarimi vanoshandisa mabasa enyanzvi yezvekurima, nehuwandu hwacho huchisiyana nenzvimbo uye maitiro aya anotarisirwa kukura20. Vagadziri vanoti vanosarudza kuchengetedza mashandiro ari nyore, zvichivaita kuti vatore vapi vemazano vega kuti vatarisire maitiro akaomarara, akadai semabasa ekurima akanyatsojeka akadai sekugadzira mapu eminda, data renzvimbo yekutarisira mafuro uye rutsigiro rwemidziyo20; Saka nyanzvi dzezvekurima dzinoita basa rakakosha mukuwedzera kurima sezvo dzichibatsira varimi kushandisa matekinoroji matsva uku vachiona kuti kushanda kwavo kuri nyore.
Kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwenyanzvi dzezvekurima kunokonzerwawo nekugamuchirwa kwezano rekuti 'mari yekubhadhara-for-service' kubva kune vamwe vashandi (semuenzaniso vamwe vagadziri 34). Zvichienzaniswa nevaongorori nevamiriri vehurumende vekuwedzera, nyanzvi dzezvekurima dzakazvimiririra dzinowanzova nehukama hwakasimba, hunowanzova hwenguva refu nevarimi kuburikidza nekushanya nguva dzose mumapurazi 35. Uyezve, nyanzvi dzezvekurima dzinonyanya kutarisa pakupa rutsigiro runoshanda pane kuedza kunyengetedza varimi kuti vagamuchire maitiro matsva kana kutevedzera mitemo, uye mazano avo anowanzo kuve anobatsira varimi 33. Saka nyanzvi dzezvekurima dzakazvimiririra dzinowanzoonekwa senzvimbo dzisina rusaruro dzemazano 33, 36.
Zvisinei, chidzidzo chakaitwa muna 2008 naIngram 33 chakabvuma simba riripo muhukama huripo pakati penyanzvi dzezvekurima nevarimi. Chidzidzo chacho chakabvuma kuti nzira dzakasimba uye dzehudzvanyiriri dzinogona kukanganisa kugovana ruzivo. Kusiyana neizvi, pane zviitiko apo nyanzvi dzezvekurima dzinosiya nzira dzakanakisisa kuti dzisarasikirwa nevatengi. Saka zvakakosha kuongorora basa renyanzvi dzezvekurima mumamiriro akasiyana, kunyanya kubva pamaonero emugadziri. Zvichienderana nekuti kusakwanisa kushandisa fungicide kunokonzera matambudziko pakugadzira bhari, kunzwisisa hukama hunokudziridzwa nevarimi vebhari nenyanzvi dzezvekurima kwakakosha pakuparadzira zvinhu zvitsva zvinobudirira.
Kushanda nemapoka evagadziri chikamu chakakosha chekuwedzera kurima. Mapoka aya masangano emunharaunda akazvimirira, anozvitonga ega anoumbwa nevarimi nenhengo dzenharaunda dzinotarisa nyaya dzine chekuita nemabhizinesi evarimi. Izvi zvinosanganisira kutora chikamu mukuyedza kutsvagisa, kugadzira mhinduro dzebhizinesi rekurima dzakagadzirirwa zvinodiwa munharaunda, uye kugovera mhedzisiro yekutsvaga nekusimudzira nevamwe vagadziri16,37. Kubudirira kwemapoka evagadziri kunogona kuverengerwa nekuchinja kubva panzira yekubva kumusoro kuenda pasi (semuenzaniso, modhi yesainzi-murimi) kuenda kune nzira yekuwedzera nharaunda inoisa pamberi zvinopihwa nevarimi, inokurudzira kudzidza kunotungamira wega, uye inokurudzira kutora chikamu kushingaira16,19,38,39,40.
Anil nevamwe vake 19 vakaita hurukuro dzakarongwa zvishoma nenhengo dzeboka revagadziri kuti vaongorore mabhenefiti akaonekwa ekupinda muboka. Chidzidzo ichi chakawana kuti vagadziri vaiona mapoka evagadziri seane simba guru pakudzidza kwavo matekinoroji matsva, izvo zvakazoita kuti vagamuchire nzira itsva dzekurima. Mapoka evagadziri aishanda zvakanyanya mukuita bvunzo padanho remunharaunda kupfuura munzvimbo huru dzekutsvagisa dzenyika. Uyezve, vaionekwa senzvimbo iri nani yekugovana ruzivo. Kunyanya, mazuva ekushanda mumunda aionekwa senzvimbo inokosha yekugovana ruzivo uye kugadzirisa matambudziko pamwe chete, zvichibvumira kugadzirisa matambudziko pamwe chete.
Kuoma kwekushandiswa kwetekinoroji itsva nemaitiro kunoitwa nevarimi kunopfuura kunzwisisa kwetekinoroji kuri nyore41. Asi, maitiro ekushandisa zvinhu zvitsva nemaitiro anosanganisira kufunga nezvetsika, zvinangwa, uye masocial network anobatanidzwa nemaitiro ekugadzira sarudzo evarimi41,42,43,44. Kunyangwe paine nhungamiro yakawanda inowanikwa kune vagadziri, zvimwe zvinhu zvitsva nemaitiro chete zvinogamuchirwa nekukurumidza. Sezvo mhedzisiro mitsva yekutsvagisa ikagadzirwa, kubatsira kwavo pakuchinja maitiro ekurima kunofanirwa kuongororwa, uye muzviitiko zvakawanda pane musiyano pakati pekubatsira kwemhedzisiro nekuchinja kwakarongwa mukuita. Zvakanaka, pakutanga kwepurojekiti yekutsvagisa, kubatsira kwemhedzisiro yekutsvagisa nesarudzo dziripo dzekuvandudza kubatsira zvinotariswa kuburikidza nekugadzira pamwe chete uye kutora chikamu muindasitiri.
Kuti vaone kubatsira kwemigumisiro ine chekuita nekusabatwa kwefungidzi, chidzidzo ichi chakaitisa hurukuro dzefoni dzakadzama nevarimi vari kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweWestern Australia. Maitiro akatorwa aive nechinangwa chekusimudzira hukama pakati pevaongorori nevarimi, vachisimbisa kukosha kwekuvimbana, kuremekedzana uye kuita sarudzo dzakafanana45. Chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekuongorora maonero evarimi nezvezviwanikwa zviripo zvekuchengetedza kusabatwa kwefungidzi, kuona zviwanikwa zvavaiwana, uye kuongorora zviwanikwa izvo varimi vangada kuwana uye zvikonzero zvezvavanofarira. Kunyanya, chidzidzo ichi chinopindura mibvunzo inotevera yekutsvagisa:
RQ3 Ndedzipi dzimwe nzira dzekuparadzira mishonga inodzivirira fungi dzinotarisirwa kuwanikwa nevagadziri mune ramangwana uye ndedzipi zvikonzero zvinoita kuti vade mishonga iyi?
Chidzidzo ichi chakashandisa nzira yekudzidza nyaya kuti tiongorore maonero evarimi nemafungiro avo nezvezviwanikwa zvine chekuita nekurapwa kwemishonga inouraya fungi. Chishandiso chekuongorora chakagadzirwa pamwe chete nevamiriri veindasitiri uye chinosanganisa nzira dzekuunganidza data dzemhando yepamusoro uye dzehuwandu. Nekushandisa nzira iyi, takanga tine chinangwa chekunzwisisa zvakadzama ruzivo rwevarimi rwakasiyana rwekurapwa kwemishonga inouraya fungi, zvichitibvumira kuwana nzwisiso yezviitiko nemaonero evarimi. Chidzidzo ichi chakaitwa munguva yekurima ya2019/2020 sechikamu cheBarley Disease Cohort Project, chirongwa chekutsvagisa pamwe chete nevarimi vari kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweWestern Australia. Chirongwa ichi chine chinangwa chekuongorora kuwanda kwekurapwa kwemishonga inouraya fungi munharaunda iyi nekuongorora mienzaniso yemashizha ebhari ane chirwere yakagamuchirwa kubva kuvarimi. Vatori vechikamu veBarley Disease Cohort Project vanobva munzvimbo dzine mvura iri pakati nepakati kusvika kune mvura yakawanda munharaunda inorima zviyo yeWestern Australia. Mikana yekutora chikamu inogadzirwa uye yozoshambadzwa (kuburikidza nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzenhau kusanganisira social media) uye varimi vanokokwa kuti vazvisarudzire ivo pachavo kuti vatore chikamu. Vese vanofarira kusarudzwa vanogamuchirwa muchirongwa ichi.
Chidzidzo ichi chakapihwa mvumo yetsika kubva kuCurtin University Human Research Ethics Committee (HRE2020-0440) uye chakaitwa zvichienderana ne2007 National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research 46. Varimi nenyanzvi dzezvekurima vakambobvuma kutaurwa navo nezvekutarisira fungicide resistance management vava kukwanisa kugovana ruzivo nezvemaitiro avo ekutarisira. Vatori vechikamu vakapihwa gwaro reruzivo nefomu remvumo vasati vatora chikamu. Mvumo yakaziviswa yakawanikwa kubva kune vese vatori vechikamu vasati vatora chikamu muchidzidzo ichi. Nzira huru dzekuunganidza data dzaive kubvunzurudzwa kwakadzama nefoni uye ongororo dzepamhepo. Kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti zvinoenderana, mibvunzo yakafanana yakazadzwa kuburikidza nemibvunzo yakazvimirira yakaverengwa shoko rimwe chete kune vatori vechikamu vachipedzisa ongororo yefoni. Hapana rumwe ruzivo rwakapihwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti nzira dzese dziri mbiri dzekuongorora dzakarurama.
Chidzidzo ichi chakapihwa mvumo yetsika kubva kuCurtin University Human Research Ethics Committee (HRE2020-0440) uye chakaitwa zvichienderana ne2007 National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research 46. Mvumo yeruzivo yakawanikwa kubva kune vese vatori vechikamu vasati vapinda muchidzidzo ichi.
Vagadziri vezvirimwa vanosvika 137 vakapinda muchidzidzo ichi, avo 82% vakapedza kubvunzurudzwa nefoni uye 18% vakapedzawo mibvunzo vega. Zera revatori vechikamu raive pakati pemakore 22 kusvika 69, neavhareji yezera remakore 44. Ruzivo rwavo muchikamu chekurima rwaive pakati pemakore 2 kusvika 54, neavhareji yemakore 25. Paavhareji, varimi vakadyara mahekita 1,122 ebhari mumadhaka gumi. Vagadziri vazhinji vakarima mhando mbiri dzebhari (48%), nekugoverwa kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana kubva pamhando imwe chete (33%) kusvika kumhando shanu (0.7%). Kugoverwa kwevatori vechikamu muongororo kunoratidzwa muMufananidzo 1, wakagadzirwa uchishandisa QGIS version 3.28.3-Firenze47.
Mepu yevatori vechikamu muongororo nenhamba yepositi nenzvimbo dzekunaya kwemvura: yakaderera, yepakati, yepamusoro. Saizi yechiratidzo inoratidza huwandu hwevatori vechikamu muWestern Australian Grain Belt. Mepu iyi yakagadzirwa uchishandisa software yeQGIS version 3.28.3-Firenze.
Data remhando yepamusoro rakazonyorwa nemaoko uchishandisa ongororo yezviri mukati, uye mhinduro dzakatanga dzavhurwa48. Ongorora zviri mukati nekuverenga zvakare uye kunyora chero dingindira riri kubuda kuti ritsanangure zvikamu zvezviri mukati49,50,51. Mushure mekuita kwekubvisa, dingindira rakaonekwa rakaiswa muzvikamu zvepamusoro-soro51,52. Sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 2, chinangwa chekuongorora uku kwakarongeka ndechekuwana ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pezvinhu zvikuru zvinopesvedzera zvinodiwa nevarimi nezvezvishandiso zvekuchengetedza fungicide, nokudaro zvichijekesa maitiro ekuita sarudzo ane chekuita nekutonga kwezvirwere. dingindira rakaonekwa rinoongororwa uye rinokurukurwa zvakadzama muchikamu chinotevera.
Mukupindura Mubvunzo 1, mhinduro dzeruzivo rwemhando yepamusoro (n=128) dzakaratidza kuti nyanzvi dzezvekurima ndidzo dzainyanya kushandiswa, nevarimi vanopfuura 84% vachiti nyanzvi dzezvekurima ndidzo dzainyanya kushandiswa pakupa ruzivo rwekudzivirira fungi (n=108). Zvinofadza kuti, nyanzvi dzezvekurima handidzo chete dzainyanya kutaurwa nezvadzo, asiwo ndidzo chete dzainyanya kutaurwa nezvadzo pakupa ruzivo rwekudzivirira fungi kune chikamu chikuru chevarimi, nevarimi vanopfuura 24% (n=31) vachivimba chete kana kuti vakataura nezvenyanzvi dzezvekurima senzvimbo chete. Vazhinji vevarimi (kureva, 72% yemhinduro kana n=93) vakaratidza kuti vanowanzovimba nenyanzvi dzezvekurima kuti vawane mazano, kuverenga tsvakurudzo, kana kubvunza vezvenhau. Midhiya ine mukurumbira yepamhepo neyekudhindwa yaiwanzotaurwa senzvimbo dzinofarirwa dzekupa ruzivo rwekudzivirira fungi. Pamusoro pezvo, varimi vaivimba nemishumo yeindasitiri, mapepanhau emunharaunda, magazini, midhiya yekumaruwa, kana nzvimbo dzekutsvagisa dzisina kuratidza kuti vanowana mukana wekuwana. Vagadziri vaiwanzotaura nzvimbo dzakawanda dzemagetsi nedzekudhindwa, vachiratidza kuedza kwavo kuwana nekuongorora zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana.
Imwe nzvimbo inokosha yekuwana ruzivo ihurukuro nemazano kubva kune vamwe vagadziri, kunyanya kuburikidza nekutaurirana neshamwari nevavakidzani. Semuenzaniso, P023: “Kuchinjana kwekurima (shamwari dziri kuchamhembe dzinoona zvirwere kare)” uye P006: “Shamwari, vavakidzani nevarimi.” Pamusoro pezvo, vagadziri vaishandisa mapoka ekurima emunharaunda (n = 16), akadai sevarimi vemunharaunda kana mapoka evagadziri, mapoka espray, uye mapoka ezvekurima. Zvaiwanzotaurwa kuti vanhu vemunharaunda vaibatanidzwa muhurukuro idzi. Semuenzaniso, P020: “Boka rekuvandudza mapurazi emunharaunda nevatauri vevashanyi” uye P031: “Tine boka respray remunharaunda rinondipa ruzivo runobatsira.”
Mazuva ekurima akataurwa seimwe nzira yekuwana ruzivo (n = 12), kazhinji pamwe chete nemazano kubva kune nyanzvi dzezvekurima, mapepanhau uye hurukuro nevamwe vashandi (vemuno). Kune rumwe rutivi, zviwanikwa zvepaindaneti zvakaita seGoogle neTwitter (n = 9), vamiririri vekutengesa uye kushambadza (n = 3) hazvina kunyanya kutaurwa. Mhedzisiro iyi inoratidza kudiwa kwezviwanikwa zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvinowanikwa nyore nyore kuti pave nekudzivirira fungicide, tichifunga nezvezvinodiwa nevarimi uye kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvakasiyana zveruzivo nerutsigiro.
Mukupindura Mubvunzo wechipiri, varimi vakabvunzwa kuti sei vaida ruzivo rwakakosha rwune chekuita nekurapwa kwemishonga inouraya fungi. Kuongorora dingindira kwakaratidza misoro mina mikuru inoratidza kuti sei varimi vachivimba nemashoko chaiwo.
Pakugamuchira mishumo yeindasitiri neyehurumende, vagadziri vanofunga nezvekwakabva ruzivo rwavanoona serwakavimbika, rwakavimbika, uye rwuri rwechizvino-zvino. Semuenzaniso, P115: “Ruzivo rwemazuva ano, rwakavimbika, rwakavimbika, rwemhando yepamusoro” uye P057: “Nekuti zvinhu zvakaongororwa uye zvakasimbiswa. Chinhu chitsva uye chinowanikwa mudura.” Vagadziri vanoona ruzivo kubva kunyanzvi serwakavimbika uye rwemhando yepamusoro. Nyanzvi dzezvekurima, kunyanya, dzinoonekwa senyanzvi dzine ruzivo idzo vagadziri vanogona kuvimba nadzo kuti vape mazano akavimbika uye akanaka. Mumwe mugadziri akati: P131: “[Nyanzvi yangu yezvekurima] anoziva nyaya dzese, inyanzvi mumunda uyu, anopa basa rinobhadharwa, tinotarisira kuti anogona kupa mazano akakodzera” uye imwe P107: “Anowanikwa nguva dzose, nyanzvi yezvekurima ndiye mukuru nekuti ane ruzivo nehunyanzvi hwekutsvagisa.”
Nyanzvi dzezvekurima dzinowanzotsanangurwa sedzakavimbika uye dziri nyore kuvimbwa nevarimi. Pamusoro pezvo, nyanzvi dzezvekurima dzinoonekwa sechisungo pakati pevarimi netsvakiridzo yepamusoro. Dzinoonekwa sedzakakosha mukuvhara musiyano uripo pakati petsvakiridzo isina kujeka ingaita seisina hukama nenyaya dzemuno nenyaya dze 'pasi' kana 'papurazi'. Dzinoita tsvakiridzo yekuti varimi vangave vasina nguva kana zviwanikwa zvekuita nekubatanidza tsvakiridzo iyi kuburikidza nehurukuro dzine musoro. Semuenzaniso, P010: yakati, 'Nzvimbo dzezvekurima dzine chirevo chekupedzisira. Ndidzo chisungo chetsvakiridzo yazvino uye varimi vane ruzivo nekuti vanoziva matambudziko acho uye vari pamari yavo.' Uye P043: yakawedzera kuti, 'Vimba nenyanzvi dzezvekurima neruzivo rwavanopa. Ndinofara kuti chirongwa chekuchengetedza fungicide chiri kuitika - ruzivo isimba uye handizofaniri kushandisa mari yangu yese pamakemikari matsva.'
Kupararira kwezvipembenene zvinotapukira zvinogona kuitika kubva kumapurazi kana nzvimbo dziri pedyo nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, dzakadai semhepo, mvura nezvipembenene. Saka ruzivo rwemunharaunda runoonekwa rwakakosha zvikuru sezvo rwunowanzova nzira yekutanga yekudzivirira matambudziko angangoitika ane chekuita nekurapwa kwekusagadzikana kwefungidzi. Mune imwe nyaya, mutori wechikamu P012: akati, "Mhedzisiro inobva ku [nyanzvi yezvekurima] ndeyemunharaunda, zviri nyore kuti nditaure navo ndiwane ruzivo kubva kwavari." Mumwe mugadziri akapa muenzaniso wekuvimba nepfungwa dzenyanzvi dzezvekurima dzemunharaunda, achisimbisa kuti vagadziri vanoda nyanzvi dziripo munharaunda uye dzine rekodhi yakavimbiswa yekuwana mhedzisiro inodiwa. Semuenzaniso, P022: "Vanhu vanonyepa pasocial media - wedzera mavhiri ako (vimba nevanhu vauri kushanda navo zvakanyanya).
Vagadziri vanokoshesa mazano akanangana nenyanzvi dzezvekurima nekuti vane hushamwari hwemunharaunda uye vanoziva mamiriro enzvimbo. Vanoti nyanzvi dzezvekurima dzinowanzova dzekutanga kuona nekunzwisisa matambudziko angangoitika papurazi asati aitika. Izvi zvinovabvumira kupa mazano akagadzirirwa zvinodiwa nepurazi. Pamusoro pezvo, nyanzvi dzezvekurima dzinowanzo shanyira purazi, zvichiwedzera kugona kwavo kupa mazano akagadzirirwa uye rutsigiro. Semuenzaniso, P044: “Vimba nenyanzvi yezvekurima nekuti ari munzvimbo yese uye achaona dambudziko ndisati ndazviziva. Ipapo nyanzvi yezvekurima inogona kupa mazano akanangana nedambudziko. Nyanzvi yezvekurima inonyatsoziva nzvimbo iyi nekuti iri munzvimbo iyi. Ini ndinowanzo rima. Tine vatengi vakasiyana-siyana munzvimbo dzakafanana.”
Zvakabuda zvinoratidza kuti indasitiri iyi yakagadzirira kuongororwa kwemishonga inorwisa fungi kana masevhisi ekuongorora, uye kudiwa kwekuti masevhisi akadaro asvike padanho rekureruka, rinonzwisisika, uye rinoitwa nenguva. Izvi zvinogona kupa gwara rakakosha sezvo mhedzisiro yekutsvaga mishonga inorwisa fungi uye kuyedzwa kwava chinhu chekutengeserana chinokwanisika.
Chidzidzo ichi chaive nechinangwa chekuongorora maonero evarimi nemaonero avo nezvemabasa ekuwedzera ane chekuita nekurapwa kwemishonga inouraya fungi. Takashandisa nzira yekudzidza yemhando yepamusoro kuti tinzwisise zvakadzama ruzivo rwevarimi nemaonero avo. Sezvo njodzi dzinobatanidzwa nekusabatwa kwemishonga inouraya fungi uye kurasikirwa negoho dzichiri kuramba dzichiwedzera5, zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti varimi vanowana sei ruzivo uye kuona nzira dzinoshanda kwazvo dzekuruparadzira, kunyanya panguva dzekuwanda kwezvirwere.
Takabvunza varimi kuti ndeapi masevhisi ekuwedzera uye zviwanikwa zvavakashandisa kuwana ruzivo rwakabatana nekutonga kwekusabatwa kwefungicide, tichinyanya kutarisa nzira dzinodiwa dzekuwedzera mukurima. Zvakabuda zvinoratidza kuti varimi vazhinji vanotsvaga mazano kubva kune vanoongorora zvirimwa vanobhadharwa, kazhinji pamwe chete neruzivo kubva kuhurumende kana masangano ekutsvagisa. Zvakabuda izvi zvinoenderana nezvidzidzo zvekare zvinoratidza kusarudzwa kwakajairika kwekuwedzera kwezvirimwa pachivande, varimi vachikoshesa hunyanzvi hwevanopa mazano ekurima vanobhadharwa53,54. Chidzidzo chedu chakaonawo kuti nhamba yakakura yevarimi vanotora chikamu mumisangano yepamhepo yakaita semapoka evarimi vemunharaunda uye mazuva akarongwa emunda. Manetwork aya anosanganisirawo masangano ekutsvagisa ehurumende neakazvimirira. Zvakabuda izvi zvinoenderana netsvakurudzo iripo inoratidza kukosha kwenzira dzemunharaunda19,37,38. Nzira idzi dzinobatsira kushandira pamwe pakati pemasangano ehurumende neakazvimirira uye dzinoita kuti ruzivo rwakakodzera ruve nyore kuwanikwa nevarimi.
Takaongororawo kuti sei varimi vachisarudza zvimwe zvinhu zvinogadzirwa, tichitsvaga kuona zvinhu zvinoita kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvinogadzirwa zvivakwezve. Vagadziri vakataura nezvekuda kwekuwana nyanzvi dzinovimbwa dzine chekuita nekutsvagisa (Dingindira 2.1), iro raive rakanangana nekushandiswa kwenyanzvi dzezvekurima. Zvikuru, varimi vakataura kuti kuhaya nyanzvi yezvekurima kunovapa mukana wekutsvaga tsvakurudzo yepamusoro-soro uye yepamusoro pasina kuzvipira kwenguva yakareba, izvo zvinobatsira kukunda zvipingamupinyi zvakaita sekumanikidzwa kwenguva kana kushaya kudzidziswa uye kujairana nenzira dzakatarwa. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinoenderana nekutsvagisa kwakapfuura kunoratidza kuti varimi vanowanzo vimba nenyanzvi dzezvekurima kuti varerutse maitiro akaomarara20.
Nguva yekutumira: Mbudzi-13-2024