Kunyange hazvo zvipembenene zvinoparadzira zvirimwa zviri munjodzi dzezvipembenene zvinoparadzira zvirimwa, hazvisi zvipembenene zvinomera, asi zvirwere zvezvirimwa.
Mudzi wemukobvu (Meloidogyne) ndiwo mudzi wemukobvu unopararira zvakanyanya uye unokuvadza pasi rose. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mhando dzemiti dzinopfuura 2000 pasi rose, kusanganisira dzinenge dzese zvirimwa zvinorimwa, dzinonyanya kubatwa nehutachiona hwemukobvu. Mudzi wemukobvu unotapukira mumasero emidzi yemuti kuti ugadzire bundu, zvichikanganisa kunwa kwemvura nezvinovaka muviri, zvichikonzera kukura kwezvirimwa zvishoma nezvishoma, kuita zvidimbu zvidiki, kuita yero, kuoma, kupeta kwemashizha, kuremara kwemichero, uye kutofa kwechirimwa chose, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwezvirimwa pasi rose.
Mumakore achangopfuura, kudzora chirwere chenematode kwave kuri chinhu chinonyanya kukosheswa nemakambani epasi rose ekudzivirira zvirimwa nemasangano ekutsvagisa. Soybean cyst nematode chikonzero chakakosha chekudzikira kwekugadzirwa kwesoya muBrazil, United States nedzimwe nyika dzinokosha dzinotengesa soya kunze kwenyika. Parizvino, kunyangwe dzimwe nzira dzepanyama kana matanho ekurima akashandiswa kudzora chirwere chenematode, senge: kuongorora mhando dzinotsungirira, kushandisa midzi inotsungirira, kutenderera kwezvirimwa, kuvandudza ivhu, nezvimwewo, nzira dzakakosha dzekudzivirira dzichiri kudzora makemikari kana kudzora zvipenyu.
Maitiro ekuita kwekubatana kwemidzi
Nhoroondo yehupenyu hwe root-knot nematode inosanganisira zai, gonye rekutanga re instar, gonye rechipiri re instar, gonye rechitatu re instar, gonye rechina re instar uye gonye guru. Gonye iri rakaita sehonye diki, gonye guru rakasiyana, gonye rechirume rakatsetseka, uye gonye rechikadzi rakaita sepeya. Gonye rechipiri re instar rinogona kufamba mumvura yevhu, kutsvaga mudzi wemuti unogamuchira kuburikidza ne alleles dzinonzwa dzemusoro, kupinda mumuti unogamuchira nekubaya epidermis kubva munzvimbo yakarebesa yemudzi unogamuchira, uye wobva wafamba nepakati penzvimbo yemasero, woenda kumucheto wemudzi, wosvika pamucheto wemudzi. Mushure mekunge gonye rechipiri re instar rasvika pamucheto wemudzi, gonye rinodzokera kudivi re vascular bundle uye rosvika panzvimbo ye xylem development. Pano, gonye rechipiri re instar rinobaya masero emuiti netsono yemuromo uye robaya ma secretions e esophageal gland mumasero emidzi unogamuchira. Auxin nema enzyme akasiyana-siyana ari mumasero egurokuro anogona kukonzera masero emubatsiri kuti achinje kuita "masero makuru" ane nuclei dzakawanda, akapfuma mu suborganelles uye metabolism yakasimba. Masero e cortical akakomberedza masero makuru anokura uye anokura uye anozvimba pasi pesimba remasero makuru, zvichigadzira zviratidzo zvemidzi pamusoro pemidzi. Makonye echipiri anoshandisa masero makuru senzvimbo dzekudyisa kuti atore zvinovaka muviri nemvura uye haafambi. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akakodzera, makonye echipiri e instar anogona kukurudzira mubatsiri kuti agadzire masero makuru maawa makumi maviri nemana mushure mehutachiona, uye kukura kuita makonye makuru mushure mekuora katatu mumazuva makumi maviri anotevera. Mushure meizvozvo varume vanofamba uye vanosiya midzi, hadzi dzinoramba dzakamira uye dzinoramba dzichikura, dzichitanga kuisa mazai pamazuva angangoita makumi maviri nemasere. Kana tembiricha yave pamusoro pe10 ℃, mazai anobuda mumudzi wekonye, makonye ekutanga e instar mumazai, makonye echipiri e instar anoburitsa mazai, anosiya mubatsiri muvhu zvakare hutachiona.
MaNematode emidzi ane mhando dzakasiyana dzemaNematode, anogona kupararira pamarudzi anopfuura 3 000 emarudzi ezvirimwa, zvakaita semiriwo, zvirimwa zvekudya, zvirimwa zvekutengesa, miti yemichero, zvirimwa zvekushongedza nemasora. Midzi yemiriwo inokanganiswa nemidzi yemiti inotanga kuumba maburi ane saizi dzakasiyana, ayo anova machena semukaka pakutanga uye matsvuku padanho rekupedzisira. Mushure mekutapukirwa nemidzi yemiti, zvirimwa zviri muvhu zvaive zvipfupi, matavi nemashizha zvakapera simba kana kuti zvakatsvuka, kukura kwacho kwakanga kusina kusimba, ruvara rwemashizha rwakanga rwakajeka, uye kukura kwezvirimwa zvairwara zvakanyanya kwakanga kusina kusimba, zvirimwa zvakasvava munguva yekusanaya kwemvura, uye chirimwa chose chakafa zvakanyanya. Pamusoro pezvo, kudzora mhinduro yekudzivirira, kudzivirira uye kukuvara kwematishu kunokonzerwa nemaNematode emidzi pazvirimwa zvakaitawo kuti pave nezvirwere zvinotapukira muvhu zvakaita sefusarium wilt uye root rot bacteria, nokudaro zvichigadzira zvirwere zvakaoma uye zvichikonzera kurasikirwa kukuru.
Matanho ekudzivirira nekudzora
Mishonga yechinyakare yekubvisa tsvina inogona kukamurwa kuita mishonga yekufukisa neisiri yekufukisa zvichienderana nenzira dzakasiyana dzekushandisa.
Fumigant
Inosanganisira halogenated hydrocarbons uye isothiocyanates, uye zvisiri zvinofuridzira zvinosanganisira organophosphorus uye carbamates. Parizvino, pakati pezvipembenene zvakanyoreswa muChina, bromomethane (chinhu chinopedza ozone, chiri kurambidzwa zvishoma nezvishoma) uye chloropicrin pane halogenated hydrocarbon compounds, izvo zvinogona kudzivirira kugadzirwa kweprotein uye biochemical reactions panguva yekufema kweroot knot nematodes. Zvipfungaidzo zviviri izvi imethyl isothiocyanate, iyo inogona kuora nekuburitsa methyl isothiocyanate nezvimwe zvipfungaidzo zvidiki zvemamorekuru muvhu. Methyl isothiocyanate inogona kupinda mumuviri weroot knot nematode uye kusunga kune oxygen carrier globulin, nokudaro ichidzivisa kufema kweroot knot nematode kuti iwane mhedzisiro inouraya. Pamusoro pezvo, sulfuryl fluoride uye calcium cyanamide zvakanyoreswawo sefumigants yekudzora root knot nematodes muChina.
Kunewo mamwe ma halogenated hydrocarbon fumigants asina kunyoreswa muChina, akadai se1, 3-dichloropropylene, iodomethane, nezvimwewo, ayo akanyoreswa mune dzimwe nyika muEurope neUnited States seanotsiva bromomethane.
Haipendi mushonga wekuuraya zvipembenene
Kusanganisira organophosphorus necarbamates. Pakati pemishonga yekuuraya utachiona isina kufukidzwa yakanyoreswa munyika medu, phosphine thiazolium, Methanophos, phoxiphos nechlorpyrifos ndezve organophosphorus, nepo carboxanil, aldicarb ne carboxanil butathiocarb dziri dze carbamate. Mishonga yekuuraya utachiona isina kufukidzwa inokanganisa mashandiro etsinga dze root knot nematodes nekusunga ku acetylcholinesterase mu synapses ye root knot nematodes. Kazhinji hadziuraye root knot nematodes, asi dzinongoita kuti root knot nematodes irasikirwe nekugona kwayo kuwana muridzi wayo nekutapurira, saka dzinowanzonzi "nematodes paralyzers". Mishonga yekurapa isina kufukidzwa nemishonga yechinyakare ine chepfu yakawanda, ine mashandiro akafanana pamhuka dzine mapfupa emusana ne arthropods seye nematodes. Saka, pasi pemitemo yezvakatipoteredza uye yemagariro evanhu, nyika dzakabudirira zvikuru pasi rose dzakaderedza kana kumisa kugadzirwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene inonzi organophosphorus necarbamate, uye dzakashandisa mimwe mishonga mitsva yezvipembenene inoshanda zvakanyanya uye isina chepfu yakawanda. Mumakore achangopfuura, pakati pemishonga mitsva yezvipembenene isiri carbamate/organophosphorus yakawana kunyoreswa kweEPA ndeiyi spiralate ethyl (yakanyoreswa muna 2010), difluorosulfone (yakanyoreswa muna 2014) uye fluopyramide (yakanyoreswa muna 2015).
Asi kutaura chokwadi, nekuda kwehupfu hwakanyanya, kurambidzwa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inonzi organophosphorus, hapana mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakawanda iripo pari zvino. Mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene 371 yakanyoreswa muChina, iyo 161 yaive chinhu chinoshanda cheabamectin uye 158 yaive chinhu chinoshanda chethiazophos. Zvinhu zviviri izvi zvinoshanda ndizvo zvaive zvinhu zvakakosha pakudzora zvipembenene muChina.
Parizvino, hapana mishonga mitsva yakawanda yenematocides, pakati payo inonzi fluorene sulfoxide, spiroxide, difluorosulfone uye fluopyramide ndiyo inotungamira. Pamusoro pezvo, maererano nemishonga yezvipembenene, Penicillium paraclavidum naBacillus thuringiensis HAN055 zvakanyoreswa neKono zvine mukana wakasimba wemusika.
Patent yepasi rose yekutonga nematode yemidzi yesoya
Soybean root knot nematode ndeimwe yezvikonzero zvikuru zvekudzikira kwegoho resoya munyika dzinotengesa soya, kunyanya kuUnited States neBrazil.
Mapatenti ekudzivirira zvirimwa anosvika 4287 ane chekuita ne root-knot nematodes e soya akaendeswa pasi rose mumakore gumi apfuura. Soya root-knot nematode yepasi rose inonyanya kunyorera mapatenti munzvimbo nenyika, yekutanga iEuropean Bureau, yechipiri iChina, neUnited States, nepo nzvimbo yakanyanya ye soya root-knot nematode, Brazil, ine mapatenti 145 chete. Uye mazhinji acho anobva kumakambani epasi rose.
Parizvino, abamectin nephosphine thiazole ndizvo zvinonyanya kukonzera hutachiona hwemidzi muChina. Uye chigadzirwa chine patent chinonzi fluopyramide chatotangawo kupararira.
Avermectin
Muna 1981, abamectin yakaunzwa kumusika senzira yekudzivirira tupukanana twemudumbu mumhuka dzinoyamwisa, uye muna 1985 semushonga wezvipembenene. Avermectin ndeimwe yemishonga yezvipembenene inoshandiswa zvakanyanya nhasi.
Phosphine thiazate
Phosphine thiazole mushonga mutsva, unoshanda uye une spectrum yakafara we organophosphorus usingafukidzwe nemiti wakagadzirwa neIshihara Company muJapan, uye wakaiswa pamusika munyika dzakawanda dzakadai seJapan. Ongororo dzekutanga dzakaratidza kuti phosphine thiazolium ine endosorption uye kutakura mumiti uye ine broad-spectrum activity kurwisa parasitic nematodes nezvipembenene. Plant parasitic nematodes inokuvadza zvirimwa zvakawanda zvakakosha, uye hunhu hwebiological uye physical uye chemical hwephosphine thiazole hwakakodzera kushandiswa muvhu, saka chinhu chakanaka chekudzivirira parasitic nematodes yezvirimwa. Parizvino, phosphine thiazolium ndeimwe ye nematocides chete yakanyoreswa pamiriwo muChina, uye ine kunyudzwa kwakanaka mukati, saka haingogone kushandiswa chete kudzora nematodes nezvipembenene pamusoro pevhu, asiwo inogona kushandiswa kudzora mashizha nezvipembenene pamusoro pemashizha. Nzira huru yekushanda kwephosphine thiazolides ndeyekudzivirira acetylcholinesterase yechinhu chiri kutsvagwa, izvo zvinokanganisa ecology ye nematode 2nd larval stage. Phosphine thiazole inogona kudzivirira kushanda, kukuvara uye kuchekwa kwe nematodes, saka inogona kudzivirira kukura nekubereka kwe nematodes.
Fluopyramide
Fluopyramide mushonga wefungi wepyridyl ethyl benzamide, wakagadzirwa uye wakatengeswa neBayer Cropscience, uyo uchiri munguva yekupa patent. Fluopyramide ine basa rekuuraya zvipembenene, uye yakanyoreswa kudzora root knot nematode muzvirimwa, uye parizvino mushonga wekuuraya zvipembenene unonyanya kufarirwa. Maitiro ayo ndeekudzivirira kufema kwemitochondrial nekudzivirira kutamiswa kwemaerekitironi e succinic dehydrogenase mucheni yekufema, uye kudzivirira matanho akati wandei ekukura kwebhakitiriya rinopararira kuti kubudirire kuzadzisa chinangwa chekudzora bhakitiriya rinopararira.
Chinhu chinoshanda chefluropyramide muChina chichiri munguva yekupa patent. Pakushandiswa kwayo kwepatent muma nematodes, matatu anobva kuBayer, uye mana anobva kuChina, ayo anosanganiswa ne biostimulants kana zvimwe zvinhu zvinoshanda kudzora nematodes. Kutaura zvazviri, zvimwe zvinhu zvinoshanda mukati menguva yekupa patent zvinogona kushandiswa kuita mamwe marongero epatent pachine nguva kuti zvitore musika. Zvakadai sezvipembenene zve lepidoptera zvakanaka uye thrips agent ethyl polycidin, anopfuura 70% yema patent ekushandisa emuno anonyorerwa nemabhizinesi emuno.
Mishonga yezvipembenene yebhayoloji yekudzivirira nematode
Mumakore achangopfuura, nzira dzekudzivirira zvipembenene dzinotsiva makemikari ekudzivirira root knot nematodes dzave dzichinyanya kutariswa munyika nekune dzimwe nyika. Kuparadzanisa nekuongorora zvipembenene zvine simba guru rekurwisa root-knot nematodes ndizvo zvinonyanya kukonzera kurwiswa zvipembenene. Mhando huru dzakataurwa pamusoro pezvipembenene zvinorwisa root knot nematodes dzaive Pasteurella, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Bacillus naRhizobium. Zvisinei, Myrothecium, Paecilomyces naTrichoderma, zvimwe zvipembenene zvaive zvakaoma kushandisa mhedzisiro yazvo yekurwisa root knot nematodes nekuda kwekuoma kwekurima kwekugadzira kana kusagadzikana kwekutonga zvipembenene mumunda.
Paecilomyces lavviolaceus iparasite inoshanda yemazai e southern root-node nematode neCystocystis albicans. Mwero weparasite yemazai e southern root-node nematode nematode wakakwira kusvika 60% ~ 70%. Nzira yekudzivirira Paecilomyces lavviolaceus kurwisa root-knot nematodes ndeyekuti mushure mekunge Paecilomyces lavviolaceus yasangana ne line worm oocysts, mu viscous substrate, mycelium ye biocontrol bacteria inokomberedza zai rese, uye mugumo we mycelium unova gobvu. Pamusoro pezai rinotyoka nekuda kwemabasa e exogenous metabolites ne fungal chitinase, uye fungi dzinopinda nekuritsiva. Inogona zvakare kuburitsa chepfu dzinouraya nematodes. Basa rayo guru kuuraya mazai. Kune mishonga misere inonyoreswa muChina. Parizvino, Paecilomyces lilaclavi haina fomu remushonga unotengeswa, asi dhizaini yayo yepatenti muChina ine patent yekubatanidza nezvimwe zvipembenene kuti iwedzere kushanda kwekushandisa.
Chinyorwa chezvirimwa
Zvigadzirwa zvezvirimwa zvechisikigo zvinogona kushandiswa zvakachengeteka kudzora root knot nematode, uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvezvirimwa kana zvinhu zvinokonzerwa nemiti kudzora zvirwere zve root knot nematode kunoenderana zvakanyanya nezvinodiwa zvekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu.
Zvikamu zvemiti zvine nematoidal zviripo munhengo dzese dzemuti uye zvinogona kuwanikwa nekunyungudutsa mumhepo, kubvisa organic, kuunganidzwa kwemidzi, nezvimwewo. Zvichienderana nehunyanzvi hwazvo hwemakemikari, zvinonyanya kukamurwa kuita zvinhu zvisingachinjiki zvine mvura inonyunguduka kana kuti organic inonyunguduka uye organic inonyunguduka, pakati pazvo zvinhu zvisingachinjiki zvinoumba zvakawanda. Zvikamu zvemiti zvine nematoidal zvinogona kushandiswa kudzora root knot nematode mushure mekubviswa kuri nyore, uye kuwanikwa kwezvinobuda mumiti kuri nyore zvichienzaniswa nemakemikari matsva anoshanda. Zvisinei, kunyangwe zvine simba rekuuraya zvipembenene, chinhu chaicho chinoshanda uye musimboti wekuuraya zvipembenene hazviwanzo kujeka.
Parizvino, neem, matrine, veratrine, scopolamine, tea saponin nezvimwewo ndizvo zvinonyanya kushandiswa mukutengesa mishonga yekuuraya nematode, izvo zvishoma, uye zvinogona kushandiswa mukugadzira zvirimwa zvinodzivirira nematode nekudyara pamwe chete kana kuperekedza.
Kunyangwe kusanganiswa kwezvinotorwa nemiti kuti zvidzore root knot nematode kuchaita kuti pave nemhedzisiro iri nani yekurwisa nematode, hazvisati zvanyatsotengeswa padanho razvino, asi zvichiri kupa pfungwa itsva yezvinotorwa nemiti kuti zvidzore root knot nematode.
Fetereza yebioorganic
Chinokosha chefetereza yebio-organic ndechekuti tupukanana tunorwisa tupukanana tunogona kuwanda muvhu here kana muvhu rerhizosphere. Zvakabuda zvinoratidza kuti kushandisa zvimwe zvinhu zveorganic zvakaita seshrimp necrab shells uye mafuta ekudya kunogona kuvandudza zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga simba rekutonga root knot nematode. Kushandisa tekinoroji yekuvirisa solid kuvirisa tupukanana tunopesana netupukanana uye organic fertilizer kugadzira bio-organic fertilizer inzira itsva yekudzivirira tupukanana tunopesana netupukanana twemidzi.
Mukudzidza kwekudzora zvipembenene zvemuriwo nefetereza yebio-organic, zvakaonekwa kuti zvipembenene zvinopikisa zviri mufetereza yebio-organic zvine simba rakanaka rekudzora zvipembenene zvine root-knot, kunyanya fetireza yeorganic yakagadzirwa nekuvirisa zvipembenene zvinopikisa uye fetireza yeorganic kuburikidza netekinoroji yekuvirisa yakasimba.
Zvisinei, simba rekutonga kwembesa yeorganic pamidzi ine hukama hwakanaka nenzvimbo uye nguva yekushandiswa kwayo, uye kushanda kwayo zvakanaka kwakaderera pane kwemishonga yezvipembenene yechinyakare, uye zvakaoma kuitengesa.
Zvisinei, sechikamu chekudzora mishonga nefetereza, zvinokwanisika kudzora nematodes nekuwedzera mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene nekubatanidza mvura nefetereza.
Nekuwanda kwemhando dzembeu imwe chete (dzakadai sembatatisi, soya, nezvimwewo) dzakadyarwa munyika nekune dzimwe nyika, kuwanda kwembeu kuri kuramba kuchikwira, uye kudzora mbeu kuri kutarisanawo nedambudziko guru. Parizvino, mhando zhinji dzemishonga inouraya zvipembenene dzakanyoreswa muChina dzakagadzirwa makore ekuma1980 asati asvika, uye mishonga mitsva inoshanda haikwani zvachose.
Mishonga yemuzvarirwo ine zvakanakira zvakasiyana mukushandiswa kwayo, asi haishande zvakanaka semishonga yemakemikari, uye kushandiswa kwayo kunogumira pazvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwepatent yakakodzera, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti kukura kwemishonga yemuzvarirwo ichiripo pakubatanidzwa kwezvigadzirwa zvekare, kugadzirwa kwemishonga yemuzvarirwo, uye kubatanidzwa kwemvura nefetereza.
Nguva yekutumira: Chivabvu-20-2024