Kunyangwe chirimwa cheparasitic nematodes chiri chenematode njodzi, haisi tupukanana, asi zvirwere zvezvirimwa.
Midzi-knot nematode (Meloidogyne) ndiyo yakanyanya kuparadzirwa uye inokuvadza chirimwa cheparasitic nematode pasi rose.Zvinofungidzirwa kuti marudzi ezvirimwa anodarika 2000 pasi rose, kusanganisira mbesa dzinenge dzarimwa, anonetsekana nechirwere che root-knot nematode.Root-knot nematodes inotapurira midzi midzi midzi masero kuita mapundu, zvichikanganisa kunyudzwa kwemvura uye kudya kunovaka muviri, zvichikonzera kukura kwechirimwa, kudikitira, kutsvuka, kuoma, kupeta kwemashizha, kuremara kwemichero, uye kunyange kufa kwechirimwa chose, zvichikonzera kuderedza goho pasi rose.
Mumakore achangopfuura, kudzora kwechirwere chenematode kwave kuri kutarisa kwemakambani epasi rose ekudzivirira zvidyarwa uye masangano ekutsvagisa.Soybean cyst nematode ndicho chikonzero chakakosha chekuderedza kugadzirwa kwesoya bhinzi muBrazil, United States nedzimwe nyika dzakakosha dzekutengesa soya bhinzi.Parizvino, kunyangwe dzimwe nzira dzemuviri kana nhanho dzekurima dzakashandiswa kudzora chirwere chenematode, senge: kuongorora mhando dzisingachinji, kushandisa midzi isingachinji, kutenderedza zvirimwa, kuvandudzwa kwevhu, nezvimwewo, nzira dzakanyanya kukosha dzekudzora dzichiri kudzora kemikari. kudzora zvipenyu.
Mechanism yemidzi-junction chiito
Nhoroondo yehupenyu hwemidzi-knot nematode ine zai, yekutanga instar larva, yechipiri instar larva, yechitatu instar larva, yechina instar larva uye munhu mukuru.Mhungu iduku-kufanana nehonye, mukuru ane heteromorphic, murume ane mutsara, uye mukadzi ane pear-shaped.Yechipiri instar manyoka anogona kutama mumvura yevhu pores, kutsvaga mudzi wechirimwa chemuriwo kuburikidza neanonzwisisa alleles yemusoro, anovhomora chirimwa chemukati nekubaya epidermis kubva kurefu nzvimbo yemudzi wemuenzi, uye obva afamba nepakati. iyo intercellular space, famba kumudzi wetip, uye usvike kune meristem yemudzi.Mushure mechipiri chemukati chemukati chasvika pameristem yemudzi wetip, makonye akadzokera kumashure kune iyo vascular bundle uye akasvika kunzvimbo yekuvandudza xylem.Pano, chechipiri instar larvae Pierce masero anotambira ane muromo tsono uye jekiseni esophageal gland secretions mumasero midzi.Auxin uye ma enzymes akasiyana-siyana ari mune esophageal gland secretions anogona kukwevera masero anotambira kuti ashanduke kuita "mahombe masero" ane nucleated nuclei, akapfuma mune suborganelles uye ine simba metabolism.Maseru ecortical akatenderedza masero makuru anowanda uye anokura uye anozvimba pasi pesimba remaseru makuru, achigadzira zviratidzo zvemapfundo emidzi pamidzi.Chechipiri instar larvae inoshandisa masero makuru semapoinzi ekudyisa kuti atore zvinovaka muviri nemvura uye asafambe.Mumamiriro ezvinhu akakodzera, magonye echipiri anogona kuita kuti muenzi abudise masero makuru maawa makumi maviri nemana mushure mekutapukirwa, uye obva aita makonye akura mushure mezvipembenene zvitatu mumazuva makumi maviri anotevera.Mushure mezvo varume vanofamba uye vachisiya midzi, vakadzi vanoramba vakamira uye vanoramba vachikura, vachitanga kukandira mazai paanenge mazuva makumi maviri nemasere.Kana tembiricha iri pamusoro pe10 ℃, mazai anochochonya mumudziyo, mhute yekutanga mumazai, yechipiri instar mhute inodonha kubva mazai, siya muenzi kune ivhu zvakare hutachiona.
Root-knot nematodes ine mhando dzakasiyana-siyana, iyo inogona kuuraya utachiona pamhando dzinopfuura 3 000 dzemhuka dzakadai semuriwo, zvirimwa zvekudya, zvirimwa zvekutengesa, miti yemichero, miti yekushongedza nesora.Midzi yemiriwo yakakanganiswa nemudzi wepfundo nematodes inotanga kuumba mazamu ehukuru hwakasiyana, ayo akachena mukaka pakutanga uye akacheneruka padanho rinotevera.Mushure mekutapukirwa nemidzi-node nematode, zvirimwa muvhu zvaive zvipfupi, matavi nemashizha zvaive zvakatsvuka kana kuti yero, kukura kwakamira, ruvara rweshizha rwakareruka, uye kukura kwezvinomera zvinorwara zvakanyanya kwaive kushoma, zvirimwa zvaibva. yakasvava nokusanaya kwemvura, uye chirimwa chose chakafa mukuoma kukuru.Pamusoro pezvo, kudzorwa kwemhinduro yekudzivirira, inhibition mhedzisiro uye kukuvara kwematishu kunokonzerwa nemidzi-knot nematodes pazvirimwa zvakare yakagonesa kupinda kwehutachiona hunokonzerwa nevhu senge fusarium wilt uye midzi yekuora mabhakitiriya, zvichigadzira zvirwere zvakaoma uye zvichikonzera kurasikirwa kukuru.
Kudzivirira uye kudzora matanho
Traditional linecides inogona kukamurwa kuita fumigants uye isiri-fumigants zvichienderana nenzira dzakasiyana dzekushandisa.
Fumigant
Inosanganisira halogenated hydrocarbons uye isothiocyanates, uye isiri-fumigants inosanganisira organophosphorus uye carbamates.Parizvino, pakati pezvipembenene zvakanyoreswa kuChina, bromomethane (iyo ozone-depleting substance, iyo iri kurambidzwa zvishoma nezvishoma) uye chloropicrin ihalogenated hydrocarbon compounds, iyo inogona kutadzisa mapuroteni synthesis uye biochemical reactions panguva yekufema kwemidzi knot nematodes.Mishonga miviri iyi inonzi methyl isothiocyanate, inogona kuderedza nekusunungura methyl isothiocyanate uye mamwe madiki mamorekuru emuvhu.Methyl isothiocyanate inogona kupinda mumuviri wemidzi knot nematode uye inosunga kune oxygen inotakura globulin, nokudaro ichivharira kufema kwemidzi knot nematode kuti iite zvinouraya.Pamusoro pezvo, sulfuryl fluoride necalcium cyanamide zvakanyoreswa zvakare semifumiganti yekudzora midzi mapfundo nematodes kuChina.
Kune zvakare mamwe mahalogenated hydrocarbon fumigants asina kunyoreswa kuChina, senge 1, 3-dichloropropylene, iodomethane, nezvimwewo, akanyoreswa mune dzimwe nyika muEurope neUnited States seanotsiva bromomethane.
Non-fumigant
Kusanganisira organophosphorus uye carbamates.Pakati peasina-fumigated lineicides akanyoreswa munyika yedu, phosphine thiazolium, Methanophos, phoxiphos uye chlorpyrifos ndeye organophosphorus, nepo carboxanil, aldicarb uye carboxanil butathiocarb ndeye carbamate.Non-fumigated nematocides inovhiringidza mashandiro etsinga dzemidzi yepfundo nematodes nekusunga kuacetylcholinesterase mumasynapses emidzi mapfundo nematodes.Kazhinji havauraye mudzi mapfundo nematodes, asi vanongoita kuti mudzi mapfundo nematodes varasikirwe nekwaniso yekuwana muenzi uye kutapurira, saka vanowanzonzi "nematodes paralyzers".Traditional non-fumigated nematocides ane muchetura zvikuru tsinga vamiririri, ane zvakafanana nzira chiito pamusoro vertebrates uye arthropods senematodes.Nokudaro, pasi pezvipingamupinyi zvezvakatipoteredza uye zvemagariro evanhu, nyika huru dzakasimukira pasi rose dzakaderedza kana kumisa kugadzirwa kwemishonga ye organophosphorus uye carbamate, uye yakashandura kugadzirwa kwezvimwe zvipembenene zvitsva zvine simba uye zvishoma-chepfu.Mumakore achangopfuura, pakati pezvipembenene zvitsva zvisiri-carbamate / organophosphorus zvakawana kunyoreswa kweEPA spiralate ethyl (yakanyoreswa muna 2010), difluorosulfone (yakanyoreswa muna 2014) uye fluopyramide (yakanyoreswa muna 2015).
Asi chokwadi, nekuda kwehupfu hwakanyanya, kurambidzwa kwemishonga ye organophosphorus, hapana akawanda nematocides aripo iye zvino.371 nematocides yakanyoreswa kuChina, iyo 161 yaive abamectin inoshanda musanganiswa uye 158 yaive thiazophos inoshanda musanganiswa.Izvi zviviri zvinoshanda zvinongedzo ndizvo zvakanyanya kukosha zvekutonga nematode muChina.
Parizvino, hapana akawanda matsva nematocides, pakati pavo fluorene sulfoxide, spiroxide, difluorosulfone uye fluopyramide ndivo vatungamiri.Pamusoro pezvo, maererano nemishonga yekuuraya zvipenyu, Penicillium paraclavidum neBacillus thuringiensis HAN055 yakanyoreswa neKono inewo mukana wakasimba wemusika.
Global patent yesoyabean midzi knot nematode control
Soya bean root knot nematode ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru zvekuderedza goho resoya bhinzi munyika huru dzinotengesa soya bhinzi, kunyanya United States neBrazil.
Huwandu hwe4287 patents ekudzivirira chirimwa ane chekuita nesoya bean mudzi-knot nematodes akaiswa pasi rose mumakore gumi apfuura.Soya bean root-knot nematode yepasi rose inonyanya kuisirwa patents mumatunhu nenyika, yekutanga iEuropean Bureau, yechipiri iChina, neUnited States, nepo nzvimbo yakakomba yesoya bean root-knot nematode, Brazil, ine 145 chete. patent applications.Uye vazhinji vacho vanobva kumakambani emarudzi akawanda.
Parizvino, abamectin uye phosphine thiazole ndiwo anonyanya kudzora midzi nematodes muChina.Uye iyo patented chigadzirwa fluopyramide yatangawo kuisa kunze.
Avermectin
Muna 1981, abamectin yakaunzwa kumusika senzira yekurwisa zvipembenene zvemudumbu mumhuka dzinoyamwisa, uye muna 1985 semushonga wezvipembenene.Avermectin ndeimwe yezvipembenene zvakanyanya kushandiswa nhasi.
Phosphine thiazate
Phosphine thiazole ingano, inoshanda uye yakafara-isina-fumigated organophosphorus mushonga wezvipembenene wakagadzirwa neIshihara Company kuJapan, uye yakaiswa pamusika munyika dzakawanda dzakaita seJapan.Zvidzidzo zvekutanga zvakaratidza kuti phosphine thiazolium ine endosorption uye kutakura muzvirimwa uye ine yakakura-spectrum chiitiko kurwisa parasitic nematodes uye tumbuyu.Plant parasitic nematodes inokuvadza zvirimwa zvakawanda zvakakosha, uye biological and physical and chemical properties yephosphine thiazole yakanyatsokodzera kushandiswa kwevhu, saka ndiyo yakanakira kudzora chirimwa cheparasitic nematodes.Parizvino, phosphine thiazolium ndiyo imwe chete yema nematocides yakanyoreswa pamuriwo muChina, uye ine yakanakisa kunyura mukati, saka haingoshandiswe chete kudzora nematodes uye tumbuyu pamusoro pevhu, asi zvakare inogona kushandiswa kudzora mashizha emashizha nemashizha. pamusoro pezvipembenene.Iyo huru maitiro ekuita kwephosphine thiazolides ndeye kuvharidzira acetylcholinesterase yechinhu chinotarisirwa chipenyu, icho chinokanganisa ecology yenematode 2nd larval stage.Phosphine thiazole inogona kutadzisa kuita, kukuvadzwa nekuchechenywa kwenematodes, saka inogona kutadzisa kukura nekuberekana kwenematodes.
Fluopyramid
Fluopyramide ndeye pyridyl ethyl benzamide fungicide, yakagadzirwa uye inotengeswa neBayer Cropscience, iyo ichiri munguva yepetent.Fluopyramide ine mamwe maitiro ekuita nematicidal, uye yakanyoreswa kudzora midzi mapfundo nematode muzvirimwa, uye parizvino yakakurumbira nematicide.Maitiro echiito chayo kuvharidzira kufema mitochondrial nekuvharira kufambisa erekitironi ye succinic dehydrogenase mucheni yekufema, uye kumisa matanho akati wandei ekukura kweiyo pathogenic bacteria kuzadzisa chinangwa chekudzora pathogenic bacteria.
Mushonga unoshanda wefluropyramide muChina uchiri munguva yemvumo.Pakushandiswa kwayo patent application mumanematodes, 3 anobva kuBayer, uye 4 anobva kuChina, ayo akasanganiswa nemabiostimulants kana akasiyana anoshandiswa kudzora nematodes.Muchokwadi, zvimwe zvinoshanda mukati menguva yepatent zvinogona kushandiswa kuita imwe patent marongerwo epamberi kubata musika.Zvakadai seakanakisa lepidoptera tupukanana uye thrips mumiririri ethyl polycidin, anopfuura makumi manomwe muzana epamusha ekushandisa patent anonyorerwa nemabhizinesi epamba.
Biological pesticides yekudzora nematode
Mumakore achangopfuura, nzira dzekudzora zvipenyu dzinotsiva kemikari kutonga kwemidzi knot nematodes dzakagamuchira kutariswa kwakapararira kumba nekune dzimwe nyika.Kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe uye kuongorora tupukanana tunokwanisa kurwisa midzi-knot nematodes ndiwo mamiriro ekutanga ekudzora zvipenyu.Marudzi makuru akashumwa pamusoro peantagonistic microorganisms of root knot nematodes aiva Pasteurella, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Bacillus uye Rhizobium.Myrothecium, Paecilomyces neTrichoderma, zvisinei, mamwe ma microorganisms akange akaoma kushandisa mhedzisiro yawo pamidzi mapfundo nematodes nekuda kwekuomerwa netsika yekugadzira kana kusagadzikana kwebiological control effect mumunda.
Paecilomyces lavviolaceus chirwere chinoshanda chemazai ekumaodzanyemba mudzi-node nematode uye Cystocystis albicans.Hutachiona hwemazai ekumaodzanyemba mudzi-node nematode nematode hunosvika 60%~70%.Iyo inhibition mechanism yePaecilomyces lavviolaceus kurwisa midzi-knot nematodes ndeyekuti mushure mePaecilomyces lavviolaceus kusangana neline worm oocysts, mune viscous substrate, mycelium yebiocontrol mabhakitiriya anotenderedza zai rose, uye kupera kwemycelium kunova gobvu.Iyo pamusoro pegoko rezai yakatyoka nekuda kwezviitiko zveexogenous metabolites uye fungal chitinase, uyezve fungi dzinopinda nekuitsiva.Inogonawo kuburitsa chepfu inouraya nematodes.Basa rayo guru kuuraya mazai.Kune vanhu vasere vakanyoreswa mishonga yezvipembenene muChina.Parizvino, Paecilomyces lilaclavi haina fomu remushonga rinotengeswa, asi marongero ayo patent muChina ane patent yekubatanidza nezvimwe zvipembenene kuwedzera basa rekushandisa.
Plant extract
Zvigadzirwa zvezvirimwa zvechisikigo zvinogona kushandiswa zvakachengeteka midzi knot nematode control, uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvezvirimwa kana nematoidal zvinhu zvinogadzirwa nezvirimwa kudzora midzi knot nematode zvirwere zvakanyanya kuenderana nezvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza ecological uye kuchengetedza chikafu.
Nematoidal zvikamu zvezvirimwa zviripo munhengo dzose dzechirimwa uye zvinogona kuwanikwa nemhepo inoputika, organic extraction, kuunganidza midzi yezvidziviriro, etc. Maererano nemakemikari avo, vanonyanya kugoverwa muzvinhu zvisingagadziriswi nemvura inonyunguduka kana kuti organic solubility. uye volatile organic compounds, pakati pezvisina-volatile zvinhu zvinoumba ruzhinji.Izvo zvikamu zvenematoidal zvezvirimwa zvakawanda zvinogona kushandiswa midzi knot nematode control mushure mekutora nyore, uye kuwanikwa kwezvinomera kuri nyore kana zvichienzaniswa neanoshanda makomisheni matsva.Zvisinei, kunyange zvazvo iine insecticidal effect, iyo chaiyo inoshandiswa chigadziro uye insecticidal musimboti kazhinji haina kujeka.
Parizvino, neem, matrine, veratrine, scopolamine, tea saponin uye zvichingodaro ndiyo mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yezvirimwa ine nematode inouraya basa, ishoma, uye inogona kushandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemiti inodzivirira nematode nekudyara kana kuperekedza.
Kunyangwe musanganiswa wezvinomera zvechirimwa kudzora midzi knot nematode icharidza zvirinani nematode control effect, haisati yanyatsotengeswa padanho razvino, asi ichiri kupa pfungwa nyowani yezvinotorwa chirimwa kudzora mudzi knot nematode.
Bio-organic fertilizer
Kiyi yebio-organic fetiraiza ndeyekuti hutachiona hunopesana hunogona kuwanda muvhu kana muvhu rerhizosphere.Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti kushandiswa kwezvimwe zvinhu zvakasikwa senge shrimp uye magakanje makungu uye chikafu chemafuta zvinogona zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga kuvandudza biological control mhedzisiro yemidzi knot nematode.Kushandisa tekinoroji yakasimba yekuvirisa kuvirisa antagonistic microorganism uye organic fetireza kugadzira bio-organic fetiraiza inzira itsva yekudzora zvipenyu kudzora midzi mapfundo nematode chirwere.
Muchidzidzo chekudzora nematodes yemuriwo nebio-organic fetiraiza, zvakaonekwa kuti antagonistic microorganisms mubio-organic fetireza aive nekutonga kwakanaka pamidzi-knot nematodes, kunyanya organic fetireza inogadzirwa kubva mukuvirisa kweantagonistic microorganisms uye organic fetireza. kuburikidza neiyo yakasimba yekuvirisa tekinoroji.
Nekudaro, kudzora mhedzisiro ye organic fetireza pamidzi-knot nematodes ine hukama hukuru nenharaunda uye nguva yekushandisa, uye kugona kwayo kutonga kwakaderera pane kwechinyakare mishonga yezvipembenene, uye zvakaoma kutengeserana.
Nekudaro, sechikamu chekudzora zvinodhaka uye fetiraiza, zvinokwanisika kudzora nematodes nekuwedzera mishonga yezvipembenene nekubatanidza mvura nefetereza.
Nehuwandu hukuru hwemhando dzechirimwa chimwe chete (sembambaira, soya bhinzi, nezvimwewo) zvakarimwa kumusha nekune dzimwe nyika, kuitika kwenematode kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera, uye kutonga kwenematode kuri kutarisanawo nedambudziko guru.Parizvino, mhando dzemishonga yezvipembenene dzakanyoreswa kuChina dzakagadzirwa makore ekuma1980 asati asvika, uye mishonga mitsva inoshanda haina kukwana.
Biological agents vane mabhenefiti akasiyana mukuita kwekushandisa, asi haashande semakemikari, uye kushandiswa kwawo kunoganhurwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana.Kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwakakodzera patent, zvinogona kuoneka kuti kuvandudzwa kwezvino nematocides kuchiri kutenderedza musanganiswa wezvigadzirwa zvekare, kugadzirwa kwebiopesticides, nekubatanidzwa kwemvura nefetereza.
Nguva yekutumira: May-20-2024