Chirongwa ichi chakaongorora data kubva mukuyedza kukuru kuviri kwaisanganisira kupfapfaidza kwepyrethroid mukati menguva yemakore maviri muguta reIquitos muPeru. Takagadzira modhi yematanho akasiyana-siyana kuti tione zvikonzero zvekuderera kwehuwandu hweAedes aegypti kwakakonzerwa ne (i) kushandiswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene mudzimba munguva pfupi yapfuura (ULV) uye (ii) kushandiswa kweULV mudzimba dziri pedyo kana dziri pedyo. Takaenzanisa kukodzera kwemodhi nemhando dzakasiyana dzezviyero zvekupfapfaidza zvine simba zvichibva pamabasa akasiyana ekuora kwenguva nenguva uye kwenzvimbo kuti tibate migumisiro yakasara yemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene muULV.
Zvakabuda muongororo yedu zvinoratidza kuti kudzikira kwehuwandu hweA. aegypti mumhuri kwakakonzerwa nekupfapfaidza mumhuri imwe chete, nepo kupfapfaidza mumhuri dziri pedyo kusina chimwe chinobatsira. Kubudirira kwemabasa ekupfapfaidza kunofanirwa kuongororwa zvichienderana nenguva kubva pakupfapfaidza kwekupedzisira, sezvo tisina kuwana mhedzisiro yakawanda kubva mukupfapfaidza kwakatevedzana. Zvichibva pamuenzaniso wedu, takafungidzira kuti kushanda kwekupfapfaidza kwakaderera ne50% mazuva angangoita makumi maviri nemasere mushure mekupfapfaidza.
Kuderera kwehuwandu hweumhutu hwemhuri hweAedes aegypti kwainyanya kuenderana nehuwandu hwemazuva kubva pakurapwa kwekupedzisira mumhuri, zvichiratidza kukosha kwekupfapfaidza munzvimbo dzine njodzi huru, nekupfapfaidza kakawanda zvichienderana nekupararira kweutachiona munzvimbo iyoyo.
Aedes aegypti ndiyo inonyanya kukonzera mavhairasi akawanda e arbovirus anogona kukonzera zvirwere zvikuru, kusanganisira dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus, uye Zika virus. Rudzi urwu rweumhutu runodya vanhu zvakanyanya uye runowanzo dya vanhu. Rwakajairwa zvakanaka nenzvimbo dzemaguta [1,2,3,4] uye rwakapararira munzvimbo dzakawanda munzvimbo dzinopisa nedzinopisa [5]. Munzvimbo zhinji idzi, dengue inopararira inowanzoitika nguva nenguva, zvichikonzera kuti vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni mazana matatu nemakumi mapfumbamwe pagore [6, 7]. Kana pasina mushonga kana mushonga unoshanda uye unowanikwa zvakanyanya, kudzivirira nekudzivirira kutapurirana kwedengue kunoenderana nekuderedza huwandu hweumhutu kuburikidza nematanho akasiyana-siyana ekudzora, kazhinji kupfapfaidza mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inorwisa umhutu hwakura [8].
Muchidzidzo ichi, takashandisa data kubva mumiedzo miviri mikuru, yakadzokororwa mumunda yekupfapfaidza pyrethroid mukati meimba muguta reIquitos, muPeruvian Amazon [14], kuti tifungidzire migumisiro yekupfapfaidza pyrethroid mukati meimba ine huwandu hwakaderera hwemvura mumhuri iri kunze kwemhuri. Chidzidzo chekare chakaongorora mhedzisiro yekurapa pyrethroid mukati meimba zvichienderana nekuti mhuri dziri mukati kana kunze kwenzvimbo yakakura yekupindira. Muchidzidzo ichi, takatsvaga kuparadzanisa mhedzisiro yekurapa padanho rakaderera, padanho remhuri yega yega, kuti tinzwisise mupiro wekurapa mukati memhuri tichienzanisa nekurapa mumhuri dziri pedyo. Kwenguva pfupi, takafungidzira mhedzisiro yekuwedzera kwekupfapfaidza kudzokorora tichienzanisa neyazvino kupfapfaidza pakuderedza kuwanda kweAedes aegypti mumhuri kuti tinzwisise kuwanda kwekupfapfaidza kunodiwa uye kuongorora kudzikira kwekushanda kwekupfapfaidza nekufamba kwenguva. Kuongorora uku kunogona kubatsira mukuvandudza nzira dzekudzora vector uye kupa ruzivo rwekuenzanisa mamodheru kuti vafanotaura kushanda kwawo [22, 23, 24].
Mufananidzo wechiratidzo chedaro remudenderedzwa chinoshandiswa kuverenga huwandu hwemhuri dziri mudenderedzwa padaro rakatarwa kubva kumhuri i dzakarapwa nemishonga yezvipembenene muvhiki yapfuura t (mhuri dzese i dziri mukati me1000 m kubva panzvimbo yebuffer). Mumuenzaniso uyu kubva kuL-2014, mhuri i yaive munzvimbo yakarapwa uye ongororo yevakuru yakaitwa mushure mekupfapfaidza kwechipiri. Mhete dzedaro dzakavakirwa padaro iro umhutu hweAedes aegypti hunozivikanwa nekubhururuka naro. Mhete dzedaro B dzakavakirwa pakupararira kwakafanana kwemamita zana ega ega.
Takaedza chiyero chiri nyore che b nekuverenga huwandu hwemhuri dziri mukati me ring padaro rakatarwa kubva kumhuri i dzakarapwa nemishonga yezvipembenene muvhiki yapfuura t (Faira rekuwedzera 1: Tafura 4).
apo h iri nhamba yemhuri dziri mu ring r, uye r iri daro riri pakati pe ring nemhuri i. Madaro ari pakati pe ring anotsanangurwa tichifunga nezvezvinhu zvinotevera:
Kuenderana kwemuenzaniso webasa rekushandisa spray effect rakatarwa nenguva. Mitsetse mitsvuku yakakora inomiririra mhando dzinonyatsokodzera, uko mutsetse wakakora unomiririra mhando dzinonyatsokodzera uye mimwe mitsetse yakakora inomiririra mhando dzine WAIC isina kusiyana zvakanyanya neWAIC yemuenzaniso unokodzera. Basa reB Decay rakashandiswa kumazuva kubva pakupfapfaidza kwekupedzisira kwaive mumamodeli mashanu akanakisa, akarongwa neavhareji yeWAIC mukuyedza kwese kuri kuviri.
Kuderedzwa kunofungidzirwa kwehuwandu hweAedes aegypti pamhuri imwe neimwe kwakabatana nehuwandu hwemazuva kubva pakaputswa kwekupedzisira. Equation yakapihwa inoratidza kudzikiswa sechiyero, apo chiyero chemuyero (RR) chiri chiyero chemamiriro ekupfapfaidza kune baseline isina kupfapfaidzwa.
Modhi iyi yakafungidzira kuti kushanda kwemushonga wekupfapfaidza kwakaderera ne50% mazuva makumi maviri nemasere mushure mekupfapfaidza, nepo huwandu hwemushonga weAedes aegypti hwakanga hwava pedyo nekupora mazuva angangoita makumi mashanu kusvika makumi matanhatu mushure mekupfapfaidza.
Muchidzidzo chino, tinotsanangura migumisiro yekupfapfaidza pyrethroid mumba ine huwandu hwakaderera hweAedes aegypti zvichienderana nenguva nenzvimbo yekupfapfaidza pedyo nemba. Kunzwisisa zviri nani nguva nenzvimbo yemigumisiro yekupfapfaidza pahuwandu hweAedes aegypti kuchabatsira kuona zvinangwa zvakanakisisa zvekufukidza nzvimbo uye kuwanda kwekupfapfaidza kunodiwa panguva yekupindira kwevector control uye kubatsira mukuenzanisa nzira dzakasiyana dzekudzora vector. Zvatakawana zvinoratidza kuti kudzikira kwehuwandu hweAedes aegypti mukati memba imwe chete kwakakonzerwa nekupfapfaidza mukati memba imwe chete, nepo kupfapfaidza mumhuri dziri pedyo hakuna kuwedzera mhedzisiro. Migumisiro yekupfapfaidza pahuwandu hweAedes aegypti mumhuri yainyanya kutsamira panguva kubva pakupfapfaidza kwekupedzisira uye zvishoma nezvishoma kwakadzikira kwemazuva makumi matanhatu. Hapana kumwe kudzikira kwehuwandu hweAedes aegypti kwakaonekwa nekuda kwemhedzisiro yekupfapfaidza kwemhuri dzakawanda. Muchidimbu, huwandu hweAedes aegypti hwadzikira. Huwandu hweumhutu hweAedes aegypti mumhuri hunonyanya kutsamira panguva yakapfuura kubva pakupfapfaidza kwekupedzisira mumhuri iyoyo.
Chinhu chakakosha pakudzidza kwedu ndechekuti hatina kudzora zera reumhutu hweAedes aegypti hwakaunganidzwa. Ongororo dzakapfuura dzekuedza uku [14] dzakawana mafambiro ekupararira kwevakadzi vakuru vachiri vadiki (kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwevakadzi vasina kubatwa) munzvimbo dzakarapwa neL-2014 zvichienzaniswa nenzvimbo yekudzivirira. Saka, kunyangwe tisina kuwana imwe tsananguro yekupfapfaidza mumhuri dziri pedyo pahuwandu hweA. aegypti mumhuri yakati, hatigone kuva nechivimbo chekuti hapana mhedzisiro yenzvimbo pahuwandu hweA. aegypti munzvimbo dzinowanzoitika kupfapfaidza.
Zvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvechidzidzo chedu zvinosanganisira kusakwanisa kutaura nezvekupfapfaidza kwechimbichimbi kwakaitwa neBazi reHutano mwedzi miviri isati yasvika L-2014 yekupfapfaidza nekuda kwekushaikwa kweruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro penzvimbo yayo nenguva yayo. Ongororo dzakapfuura dzakaratidza kuti mapfapfaidzo aya aiva nemigumisiro yakafanana munzvimbo yese yechidzidzo, zvichiumba hwaro hwakajairika hwekuwanda kweAedes aegypti; zvechokwadi, huwandu hweAedes aegypti hwakatanga kupora apo kupfapfaidza kwekuyedza kwakaitwa [14]. Uyezve, musiyano wemhedzisiro pakati penguva mbiri dzechidzidzo unogona kunge uri nekuda kwekusiyana kwekugadzirwa kwechidzidzo uye kukanganiswa kwakasiyana kweAedes aegypti ne cypermethrin, neS-2013 iri nyore kunzwisisa kupfuura L-2014 [14]. Tinoshuma mhedzisiro yakafanana kubva muzvidzidzo zviviri uye tinosanganisira modhi yakagadzirirwa kuyedza L-2014 semodhi yedu yekupedzisira. Tichifunga kuti dhizaini yekuyedza yeL-2014 yakakodzera zvakanyanya pakuongorora kukanganiswa kwekupfapfaidza kwakaitwa munguva pfupi yapfuura pahuwandu hweumhutu hweAedes aegypti, uye kuti huwandu hweAedes aegypti hwemunharaunda hwakanga hwava nekudzivirira kubatwa nepyrethroids pakupera kwa2014 [41], takaona modhi iyi sesarudzo yekuchengetedza zvakanyanya uye yakakodzera kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvechidzidzo ichi.
Kutsetseka kwakati sandara kwe spray decay curve kwakaonekwa muchidzidzo ichi kunogona kunge kuri nekuda kwekusanganiswa kwehuwandu hwekuora kwe cypermethrin uye mosquito population dynamics. Cypermethrin insecticide yakashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi ipyrethroid inokanganisa zvakanyanya kuburikidza ne photolysis uye hydrolysis (DT50 = 2.6–3.6 days) [44]. Kunyangwe pyrethroids ichiwanzoonekwa seyakaora nekukurumidza mushure mekushandiswa uye kuti masara ari mashoma, huwandu hwekuora kwe pyrethroids hunononoka zvikuru mukati memba kupfuura kunze, uye zvidzidzo zvakati wandei zvakaratidza kuti cypermethrin inogona kuramba iri mumhepo neguruva mukati kwemwedzi yakati wandei mushure mekupfapfaidza [45,46,47]. Dzimba dziri muIquitos dzinowanzo kuvakwa mumakoridho ane rima, matete ane mahwindo mashoma, izvo zvinogona kutsanangura huwandu hwekuora hwakaderera nekuda kwe photolysis [14]. Pamusoro pezvo, cypermethrin ine chepfu yakanyanya kuumhutu hweAedes aegypti hunogona kubatwa nehutachiona pahuwandu hwakaderera (LD50 ≤ 0.001 ppm) [48]. Nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwemvura kwe residual cypermethrin, hazvigone kukanganisa mabuu emumhutu emumvura, zvichitsanangura kupora kwevakuru kubva munzvimbo dzinogara mabuu nekufamba kwenguva sezvakatsanangurwa muchidzidzo chekutanga, nehuwandu hwakawanda hwevakadzi vasiri mazai munzvimbo dzakarapwa kupfuura munzvimbo dzinochengeterwa zvinhu [14]. Hupenyu hweumhutu hweAedes aegypti kubva muzai kuenda kumunhu mukuru hunogona kutora mazuva manomwe kusvika gumi zvichienderana nekupisa uye mhando dzeumhutu.[49] Kunonoka kupora kwehuwandu hweumhutu hwevakuru kunogona kutsanangurwa zvakare nekuti residual cypermethrin inouraya kana kudzinga vamwe vakuru vatsva uye vamwe vakuru vakaunzwa kubva munzvimbo dzisina kumborapwa, pamwe nekudzikira kwekuisa mazai nekuda kwekudzikira kwehuwandu hwevakuru [22, 50].
Mamodheru aisanganisira nhoroondo yese yekupfapfaidza mudzimba dzekare aive nekururama kwakashata uye fungidziro dzisina simba dzemhedzisiro pane mamodheru aisanganisira zuva rekupfapfaidza razvino chete. Izvi hazvifanirwe kutorwa sehumbowo hwekuti mhuri imwe neimwe haifanirwe kurapwazve. Kupora kwehuwandu hweA. aegypti hwakaonekwa muchidzidzo chedu, pamwe nemuzvidzidzo zvekare [14], nguva pfupi mushure mekupfapfaidza, zvinoratidza kuti mhuri dzinofanirwa kurapwazve kakawanda zvichienderana nemafambiro ekutapurirana kwenzvimbo kuti dzidzore kudzvinyirirwa kweA. aegypti. Kuwanda kwekupfapfaidza kunofanirwa kuve kwakanangana nekuderedza mukana wekubatwa kweAedes aegypti yechikadzi, iyo ichatsanangurwa nehurefu hunotarisirwa hwenguva yekufukidzwa kwekunze (EIP) - nguva inotora kuti venous yakadya ropa rine hutachiona ipararire kune mumwe munhu anotevera. Nekudaro, EIP zvinoenderana nerudzi rwehutachiona, tembiricha, nezvimwe zvinhu. Semuenzaniso, kana paine dengue fever, kunyangwe kupfapfaidza zvipembenene kuchiuraya zvipembenene zvese zvevanhu vakuru vane hutachiona, huwandu hwevanhu hunogona kuramba huchipararira kwemazuva gumi nemana uye hunogona kutapurira umhutu huchangobuda [54]. Kudzora kupararira kwechirwere chedengue, nguva dziri pakati pekupfapfaidza dzinofanira kunge dziri pfupi pane nguva dziri pakati pekurapwa kwezvipembenene kuti utsi huchangobva kubuda hunogona kuruma mhuka dzine utachiona husati hwagona kutapurira humwe utsi. Mazuva manomwe anogona kushandiswa senhungamiro uye chiyero chiri nyore chekuyera kune masangano ekudzivirira zvipembenene. Saka, kupfapfaidza zvipembenene vhiki nevhiki kwemavhiki matatu (kufukidza nguva yese yehutachiona hwemunhu wacho) kwaizokwana kudzivirira kutapurirana kwechirwere chedengue, uye zvatakawana zvinoratidza kuti kushanda kwekupfapfaidza kwakapfuura hakuzodziki zvakanyanya panguva iyoyo [13]. Zvechokwadi, muIquitos, vakuru vezvehutano vakabudirira kuderedza kutapurirana kwechirwere chedengue panguva yekupararira kwechirwere nekuita katatu kupfapfaidza zvipembenene zvine huwandu hwakaderera munzvimbo dzakavharwa kwemavhiki akati wandei kusvika kumwedzi yakati wandei.
Pakupedzisira, zvatakawana zvinoratidza kuti kukanganiswa kwekupfapfaidza mumba kwakagumira kumhuri dzaiitwa, uye kupfapfaidza mumhuri dziri pedyo hakuna kuderedza huwandu hweAedes aegypti. Umhutu hweAedes aegypti hwakakura hunogona kuramba huri pedyo kana mukati memba mahunobuda, huchiungana kusvika 10 m, uye huchifamba avhareji ye106 m.[36] Saka, kupfapfaidza nzvimbo yakatenderedza imba kungasave nemhedzisiro yakakura pahuwandu hweAedes aegypti mumba imomo. Izvi zvinotsigira zvakawanikwa kare zvekuti kupfapfaidza kunze kana pedyo nedzimba hakuna mhedzisiro [18, 55]. Zvisinei, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, panogona kunge paine mhedzisiro yenzvimbo pahuwandu hweA. aegypti iyo modhi yedu isingakwanise kuona.
Nguva yekutumira: Kukadzi-06-2025