Mushonga wezvipembeneneKusakwanisa kurwisa ma arthropods ane zvirwere, zvakakosha mukurima, sainzi yemhuka, uye hutano hwevanhu, kune njodzi huru kuzvirongwa zvepasi rose zvekudzora mavectors. Zvidzidzo zvekare zvakaratidza kuti ma arthropods anosveta ropa anofa zvakanyanya kana akadya ropa rine zvinodzivirira 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD, enzyme yechipiri munzira ye tyrosine metabolic). Chidzidzo ichi chakaongorora kushanda kweHPPD inhibitors mu β-triketone herbicides kurwisa mhando nhatu huru dze mosquito vectors, kusanganisira idzo dzinoparadzira zvirwere zvechinyakare zvakaita semalaria, zvirwere zvinotapukira zviri kubuda senge dengue fever neZika virus, uye njodzi dziri kubuda dzehutachiona dzakadai se oropuche virus ne ursutu virus.Mhando idzi dzaisanganisira umhutu hunogona kubatwa nepyrethroid uye husingabatwi nepyrethroid.
Nitisidone chete (kwete mesotrione, sulfadiazine, kana thiamethoxam) ndiyo yakaratidza kushanda kwakakosha mukudzora umhutu apo umhutu hunosveta ropa hwakasangana nenzvimbo dzakarapwa. Hapana musiyano wakakosha mukukanganiswa kwenitisidone kwakawanikwa pakati peumhutu hweAnopheles gambiae hunogona kuuraya zvipembenene uye mhando dzeumhutu dzine nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekudzivirira. Mushonga uyu wakaratidza kushanda kwakasimba pakurwisa mhando dzese nhatu dzeumhutu dzakaedzwa, zvichiratidza kushanda kwakawanda pakurwisa zvirwere zvikuru.
Chidzidzo ichi chinoratidza kuti nitisidone ine nzira itsva yekushanda, yakasiyana neInsecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) iripo, yakanangana nekugaya ropa. Kushanda kweNitisidone pakurwisa marudzi asingapindi mishonga uye kugona kwayo kubatanidzwa nematanho aripo ekudzora zvipembenene, akadai semambure eumhutu akarapwa uye kupfapfaidza zvipembenene mumba, zvinoita kuti ive mukana wakanaka wekuwedzera nzira dzekudzivirira nekudzivirira malaria, dengue fever, chirwere cheZika virus, nezvimwe zvirwere zviri kubuda.
Zvinofadza kuti, bvunzo dzepasi rose dzekuongorora zvipembenene dzinoshandisa umhutu hunodya shuga chete kuti uedze huwandu hwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene iyo inogona kunge isingauraye umhutu hunoyamwa ropa.[38] Izvi zvinoratidza kukosha kwekufunga nezvekusiyana kunogona kuitika pakati pemhutu dzinoyamwa ropa nedzisingayamwi ropa, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa kushanda zvakanaka uye kukura kwekusagona kurwisa zvipembenene. Kunyangwe madhigirii akasiyana (DDs) achiwanzoonekwa zvichienderana neLD99 values yemhutu dzinoyamwa ropa, kusiyana kwemuviri wezvipembenene kunogona kukanganisa kugona kwadzo, uye nekudaro kuyedza umhutu hunoyamwa ropa chete kunogona kusaratidza zvizere huwandu hwemazinga ekusagona kurwisa zvipembenene.
Chidzidzo ichi chakatarisa pakushanda kwemhando nhatu dzeumhutu—Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti, naCulex quinquefasciatus—mukuyedza kusveta ropa, uko kunotevedzera kumhara kweumhutu pamadziro uye kunoshanda sechinangwa chekurapa mumba nemishonga yezvipembenene inogara kwenguva refu (IRS). Umhutu hwese hwechikadzi hwakaurayiwa kana hwasangana nenzvimbo dzakaputirwa nenitisidone, asi kwete nedzimwe HPPD β-triketone inhibitors. Kushandisa makumbo eumhutu kutora HPPD inhibitors kunomiririra nzira yakanaka yekukunda kuramba zvipembenene nekuvandudza kudzora zvipembenene. Chidzidzo ichi chinotsigira kudiwa kwekutsvaga nekuvandudza nitisidone yekurapa mumba nemishonga yezvipembenene inogara kwenguva refu seimwe nzira yekurapa zvipembenene zviripo.
Nzira nhatu dzekuongorora kushanda kwenitisidone semushonga wezvipembenene wekunze dzakaenzaniswa. Musiyano wakaongororwa pakati pemiedzo uchishandisa mushonga wepamusoro, mushonga wezvipembenene, uye mushonga webhodhoro, pamwe nenzira yekushandiswa, nzira yekuendesa mushonga wezvipembenene, uye nguva yekusangana nawo.
Zvisinei, pasinei nemusiyano wehuwandu hwekufa pakati peNew Orleans neMukhza pahuwandu hwepamusoro, huwandu hwese hwese hwakashanda zvakanyanya muNew Orleans (hunogona kubatwa nechirwere) pane muMukhza (husingarapike) mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana.
Kuti tiongorore nzira itsva dzekudzora zvipembenene, nzira yakanaka yekuwana mishonga mitsva inouraya zvipembenene ndeyekuwedzera tsvakurudzo kupfuura zvinangwa zvetsika dzetsinga uye majini ekubvisa chepfu kuti asanganise nzira dzekusveta ropa nezvipembenene. Zvidzidzo zvekare zvakaratidza kuti nitisidone ine chepfu mushure mekumedzwa nezvipembenene zvinosveta ropa kana mushure mekusveta epidermal mushure mekuiswa pamusoro (uchishandisa solvent).
Kubatanidza data kubva munzira dzakawanda dzekuongorora zvipembenene kunogona kuvandudza kuvimbika kwekuongorora kushanda kwezvipembenene. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti panzira nhatu dziri kufungwa, nzira yekushandiswa pamusoro peganda ndiyo isinganyanyi kuenzaniswa nemamiriro chaiwo emumunda. Kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene zvakananga pachipfuva cheumhutu uchishandisa mvura inoyerera hakufananidzi kusangana kwakajairika neAnopheles gambiae sl. [47], kunyangwe zvingaratidza kuti Anopheles anogona kubatwa nechinhu chakati. Kunyangwe nzira dzegirazi nebhodhoro dzichiyera mashandiro emuviri kuburikidza nekubata makumbo, mhedzisiro yadzo haina kufanana zvakananga. Kusiyana kwenguva yekuonekwa uye kufukidza pamusoro kunogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya kufa kunoonekwa nenzira yega yega yekuona zvipembenene; saka, kusarudza nzira yakakodzera yekuona kwakakosha pakuongorora kushanda kwemishonga yezvipembenene nemazvo.
Kupfapfaidza mishonga yezvipembenene inosara (RIA) kunoshandisa maitiro eumhutu anenge arara mushure mekudyisa, zvichiita kuti unwe mishonga yezvipembenene kana wasangana nenzvimbo dzakarapwa. Kuparadzwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene, kusakwana kwekupfapfaidza, uye kubata nzvimbo dzakarapwa (semuenzaniso, kushambidza madziro mushure mekurapwa) zvinogona kuderedza zvakanyanya kushanda kweRIA. Matambudziko aya anotungamira kumatambudziko maviri: (1) umhutu hunogona kurarama huchisangana nedosi dzisingauraye; uye (2) kunyangwe kuramba kuchikonzereswa nekusarudza kunouraya, kuramba uchisangana nedosi dzisingauraye kunogona kukurudzira kushanduka kwekusagona kudzivirira nekubvumira vamwe vanhu vasingauraye kuti vararame uye kuchengetedza alleles dzine chekuita nekudzikira kwehutachiona [54]. Nekuti takashandisa umhutu hunodyisa ropa panzvimbo peumhutu hunodyisa shuga, kuenzanisa zvakananga nedata rakaburitswa kare hakuna kukwanisika. Zvisinei, kuenzanisa dosi inosiyanisa (DD) uye chimiro chenitisidone chedosi-mhinduro nedata remamwe macompounds [47] kunokurudzira. Dosi inosiyanisa inobatanidza nguva yakatarwa yekusangana nehuwandu hwezvipembenene zvinoshandiswa mubhodhoro, nehuwandu hwemushonga wakanyungudutswa zvichienderana nenguva chaiyo yekusangana patsoka. Zvichibva pamhedzisiro iyi, nitisidone ine simba kupfuura thiamethoxam, spinosad, mefenoxam, uye dinotefuran [47], zvichiita kuti ive yakakodzera mishonga mitsva yezvipembenene yemumba inoda kugadziriswa zvakanyanya. Tichifunga nezvekutsveyama kwedose-response curve (iyo yakafungidzirwa nekuverenga LC95 neLC50 slopes muMufananidzo 3), nitisidone yaive ne steep curve yakanyanya, zvichiratidza kushanda kwayo kwepamusoro. Izvi zvinoenderana nezvidzidzo zvekare zve nitisidone mukudyisa ropa uye bvunzo dzepamusoro pane imwe dipteran vector, tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans morsitans) [26]. Takaedza kwenguva pfupi kushanda kwe nitisidone (tichishandisa girazi plate test) nekuisa umhutu hweKissou (Mufananidzo S1A) kana umhutu hweNew Orleans (Mufananidzo S1B) ku nitisidone tisati tadya. Nitisidone yakaramba ichishanda pamakumbo, ichitevedzera mamiriro eumhutu hwakamhara pamadziro hwakarapwa ne nitisidone usati wadya, izvo zvinoda kuongororwa kwakawanda. Kushanda kwe nitisidone (nezvimwe zvinodzivirira HPPD) pamakumbo kunogona kuwedzerwa nekushandiswa pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinodzivirira zvakaita se rapeseed methyl ester (RME), sezvakatsanangurwa kune zvimwe zvinouraya zvipembenene [44, 55]. Nekuyedza mhedzisiro yeRME pa *Gnaphalium affine* tisati tadya (Mufananidzo S2), takaona kuti pahuwandu hwe5 mg/m², kusanganiswa kwezvinodzivirira zvakaita seRME kwakawedzera zvakanyanya kufa kweumhutu.
Kufa kweumhutu ne nitisidone isina kugadzirwa mumarudzi akasiyana-siyana anodzivirira kurwara kunonakidza. Kufa kunonoka kwemhando yeVK7 2014 kunogona kunge kuri nekuda kweganda rakakora, kudyiwa kweropa kwakaderera, kana kugaya ropa nekukurumidza—zvinhu zvatisina kuongorora. Nitisidone yakaratidza chepfu shoma kune mhando yeumhutu inodzivirira yeCulex muheza, zvichiratidza kuti panofanira kuitwa zvimwe zvidzidzo pahuwandu hwakanyanya (25 kusvika 125 mg/m²). Uyezve, zvakafanana neCulex, umhutu hweAedes hahunyanyi kunzwa nitisidone kupfuura Anopheles, izvo zvinogona kuratidza mutsauko wemuviri pakati pemarudzi maviri aya maererano nekushandiswa kweropa uye mwero wekugaya [27]. Misiyano iyi inoratidza kukosha kwekunzwisisa hunhu hwemhando dzakasiyana pakuongorora mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inokonzereswa neropa. Pasinei nekushanda kwayo kunoenderana neropa uye kunonoka, nitisidone inogona kuva nekubatsira kwakanaka nekuti inogona kushanda umhutu husati hwaisa mazai kana kuderedza kubereka kwahwo. Nekuda kwemaitiro ayo akasiyana, achinanga panzira yekuparadza tyrosine nekudzivisa 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), nitisidone ine vimbiso sechikamu chehurongwa hwakazara hwekudzora vector. Zvisinei, mukana wekuvandudza kusakwanisa kushandisa mishonga nekuda kwekuchinja kwenzvimbo yakanangwa kana kugadziriswa kwemetabolism unofanirwa kufungwa nezvawo, uye kumwe kutsvagurudza kuri kuitwa pari zvino kuti tiongorore mashandiro aya.
Zvakawanikwa zvedu zvinoratidza kuti nitisidone inouraya umhutu hunosveta ropa kuburikidza nekubata makumbo, nzira isingaonekwe nemesotrione, sulfadiazine, uye thiamethoxam. Kuuraya uku hakusaruri pakati pemhando dzeumhutu dzinonzwa kana kuti dzisingapindi mishonga yezvipembenene, kusanganisira pyrethroids, organochlorides, uye potential carbamates. Uyezve, kushanda zvakanaka kwe nitisidone mu epidermal hakungogumiri kumarudzi eAnopheles chete; izvi zvinosimbiswa nekushanda kwayo pakurwisa Culex pipiens pallens neAedes aegypti. Data redu rinotsigira kudiwa kwekutsvaga kwakawedzerwa kuti kuwedzere kushandiswa kwe nitisidone, semuenzaniso, nekuwedzera kushandiswa kwemakemikari mu epidermal kana kushandisa adjuvants. Kuburikidza nekushanda kwayo kwakasiyana, nitisidone inoshandisa zvinobudirira maitiro ekusveta ropa eumhutu hwechikadzi. Izvi zvinoita kuti ive mukana wakanaka wekushandisa sprays itsva dzemumba dzinouraya zvipembenene uye mambure eumhutu ane simba rekuuraya zvipembenene kwenguva refu, kunyanya munzvimbo umo nzira dzechinyakare dzekudzivirira umhutu dzinoderedzwa nekupararira nekukurumidza kwekusadzivirira pyrethroid.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-23-2025