Biopesticides chimwe chezvishandiso zvakakosha zvekushandisa "Green Chikafu System zano" muJapan.Iri bepa rinotsanangura tsananguro uye chikamu chebiopesticides muJapan, uye rinoisa kunyoreswa kwebiopesticides muJapan, kuitira kuti ripe referensi yekuvandudza nekushandiswa kwebiopesticides mune dzimwe nyika.
Nekuda kwenzvimbo shoma yeminda yekurima inowanikwa muJapan, zvinodikanwa kuisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakawanda nefetereza kuti tiwedzere goho panharaunda.Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwenhamba yakawanda yemishonga yemishonga yemakemikari kwakawedzera mutoro wezvakatipoteredza, uye zvakakosha zvikuru kuchengetedza ivhu, mvura, zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana, nzvimbo dzekumaruwa uye kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu kuti uwane kubudirira kwekurima nekusimudzira zvakatipoteredza.Nezvisaririra zvemishonga yezvipembenene muzvirimwa zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwezvirwere zveveruzhinji, varimi neveruzhinji vanowanzo shandisa mishonga yakachengeteka uye inochengetedza nharaunda.
Zvakafanana neEuropean farm-to-Fork initiative, hurumende yeJapan muna Chivabvu 2021 yakagadzira "Green Chikafu System Strategy" ine chinangwa chekudzikisa huremu hwekushandiswa kwemakemikari ekuuraya zvipembenene ne50% panosvika 2050 uye kuwedzera nzvimbo yekurima organic kusvika. 1 miriyoni hm2 (yakaenzana ne25% yenzvimbo yepurazi yeJapan).Urongwa uhwu hunoda kukwidziridza kugadzirwa uye kusimba kwechikafu, kurima, masango uye hove kuburikidza nehunyanzvi Resilience matanho (MeaDRI), kusanganisira yakasanganiswa kutonga kwezvipembenene, nzira dzakavandudzwa dzekushandisa uye kuvandudza dzimwe nzira nyowani.Pakati pavo, chinonyanya kukosha kusimudzira, kushandisa uye kusimudzirwa kweiyo integrated pest management (IPM), uye biopesticides chimwe chezvishandiso zvakakosha.
1. Tsanangudzo uye chikamu chebiopesticides muJapan
Biopesticides inoenderana nemakemikari kana ekugadzira zvipembenene, uye kazhinji inoreva mishonga yezvipembenene yakachengeteka kana hushamwari kuvanhu, nharaunda uye ecology vachishandisa kana zvichibva pane zviwanikwa zvebiology.Maererano nekwakabva zvinhu zvinoshanda, biopesticides inogona kugoverwa muzvikamu zvinotevera: kutanga, microbial source mishonga yezvipembenene, kusanganisira mabhakitiriya, fungi, mavhairasi uye mhuka dzepakutanga dzehupenyu (genetically modified) microbial organisms uye metabolites yavo yakavanzwa;Chechipiri mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inobva pachirimwa, inosanganisira zvirimwa mhenyu nezvinotorwa zvawo, chirimwa chakamisikidzwa chinodzivirira (zvinomera zvakagadziridzwa zvirimwa);Chechitatu, mishonga yezvipembenene kubva kumhuka, kusanganisira mhenyu entomopathetic nematodes, parasitic uye mhuka dzinodya uye mhuka dzakatorwa (senge pheromones).United States nedzimwe nyika dzinoisawo zvicherwa zvezvipembenene zvakaita semafuta emaminerari sebiopesticides.
SEIJ yekuJapan inoisa biopesticides kuita zvipenyu zvipenyu uye biogenic zvinhu zvinouraya zvipembenene, uye inoisa mapheromones, microbial metabolites (agricultural antibiotics), zvinomera zvezvirimwa, mishonga inouraya zvipembenene, zvipfuyo zvemhuka (zvakadai seArthropod venom), nanoantibodies, uye chirimwa chakamisikidzwa chekudzivirira sebiogenic agents. zvinhu zvinouraya zvipembenene.The Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives yeJapan inoisa mishonga yeJapan biopesticides kuita arthropods muvengi chaiwo, nematodes muvengi wechisikigo, microorganisms uye biogenic zvinhu, uye inoisa isina activated Bacillus thuringiensis sehutachiona uye isingabatanidze mishonga yekurima kubva muboka rebiopesticides.Nekudaro, mukutonga kwezvipembenene, maJapan biopesticides anotsanangurwa padiki sezvipembenene zvipenyu zvipenyu, kureva, "biological control agents senge antagonistic microorganisms, chirimwa pathogenic microorganisms, insect pathogenic microorganisms, insect parasitic nematodes, parasitic uye predatory arthropods inoshandiswa kudzora zvipukanana”.Mune mamwe mazwi, Japanese biopesticides mishonga yezvipembenene inoshambadzira zvipenyu zvakaita sema microorganisms, entomopathetic nematodes uye zvisikwa zvevavengi sezvinhu zvinoshanda, nepo mhando nemhando dzebiological source zvinhu zvakanyoreswa muJapan hazvisi zveboka rebiopesticides.Pamusoro pezvo, maererano neJapan "Matanho eMarapirwo eMigumisiro Yekuchengetedzwa Kwekuongorora bvunzo dzine chekuita nekunyorera Kunyoreswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene", tupukanana tune genetically modified microorganisms uye zvidyarwa hazvisi pasi pekutarisirwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene muJapan.Mumakore achangopfuura, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries yakatangawo hurongwa hwekuongororazve mishonga yebiopesticides uye yakagadzira mitsva mitsva yekusanyoreswa kwebiopesticides kudzikisa mukana wekuti kushandiswa uye kupararira kwebiopesticides kunogona kukonzera kukanganisa kwakakura kwenzvimbo. kana kukura kwemhuka nemiti munzvimbo inorarama.
Iyo ichangobva kuburitswa "Rondedzero yeOganic yekudyara maInputs" neJapan Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries muna 2022 inovhara ese biopesticides uye mamwe emishonga yezvipembenene.MaJapan biopesticides anosunungurwa kubva pakugadzwa kweAllowable Daily Intake (ADI) uye yakanyanya Residue miganho (MRL), ese ari maviri anogona kushandiswa mukugadzira zvigadzirwa zvekurima pasi peJapan Organic Agriculture Standard (JAS).
2. Muchidimbu kunyoreswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene muJapan
Senyika inotungamira mukuvandudza nekushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene, Japan ine hurongwa hwekunyoreswa kwezvipembenene hwakakwana uye huwandu hwakawanda hwekunyoresa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene.Zvinoenderana nenhamba dzemunyori, kubva muna 2023, kune 99 gadziriro yemishonga yezvipembenene yakanyoreswa uye inoshanda muJapan, inosanganisira makumi mana nenomwe zvinosanganisa, zvinoverengera zvingangoita 8.5% yezvese zvinoshanda zvemishonga yezvipembenene yakanyoreswa.Pakati pavo, 35 zvigadzirwa zvinoshandiswa kune zvipembenene (kusanganisira 2 nematocides), 12 zvigadzirwa zvinoshandiswa pakuita sterilization, uye hapana mishonga yesora kana zvimwe zvinoshandiswa (Mufananidzo 1).Kunyangwe mapheromone asiri echikamu chebiopesticides muJapan, anowanzo kusimudzirwa uye kushandiswa pamwe chete nebiopesticides sezvekudyara kwekudyara.
2.1 Biological mishonga yezvipembenene yevavengi venyama
Kune makumi maviri nembiri anoshanda emidziyo yeakasikwa muvengi biopesticides akanyoreswa muJapan, anogona kupatsanurwa kuita tupukanana, tumbuyu uye mhute dzinodya maringe nemhando dzebiological uye maitiro ekuita.Pakati pazvo, zvipembenene zvinodya uye zvipembenene zvinodya zvinodya zvipembenene zvinokuvadza kuti zvive zvokudya, uye zvipembenene zveparasitic zvinokandira mazai mutwupukanana tupukanana uye makonye azvo akachochonywa anodya muenzi wacho uye anokura kuti auraye muenzi wacho.Zvipembenene zve hymenoptera, senge aphid nyuchi, aphid nyuchi, aphid nyuchi, aphid nyuchi, hemiptera nyuchi uye Mylostomus japonicus, akanyoreswa kuJapan, anonyanya kushandiswa kudzora hove, nhunzi nenhunzi chena pamiriwo inorimwa mugreenhouse. uye mhuka dzinobata chrysoptera, bug bug, ladybug uye thrips dzinonyanya kushandiswa kudzora hove, thrips uye whiteflies pamiriwo inorimwa mugreenhouse.Mhuka dzinodyiwa dzinonyanya kushandiswa kudzora spider tsvuku, mashizha mite, tyrophage, pleurotarsus, thrips uye whitefly pamiriwo, maruva, miti yemichero, bhinzi uye mbatatisi inorimwa mugreenhouse, pamwe nemiriwo, miti yemichero uye tii yakasimwa mukati. minda.Anicetus beneficus, Pseudaphycus mali⁃nus, E. eremicus, Dacnusa Sibirica sibirica, Diglyphus isaea, Bathyplectes anurus, degenerans (A. (=Iphiseius) degenerans, A. cucumeris Kunyoreswa kwevavengi venyama vakaita saO. sauteri hakuna kuvandudzwa.
2.2 Mishonga Yezvipembenene
Kune marudzi makumi maviri nenhatu emushonga wezvipembenene unoshanda wakanyoreswa kuJapan, unogona kukamurwa kuita mishonga yezvipembenene/fungicides, mishonga yetupukanana/fungicides yemabhakitiriya nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene/fungicides maererano nemhando uye mashandisirwo eutachiona.Pakati pawo, mishonga inouraya tupukanana inouraya kana kudzora tupukanana nekutapurira, kuwanda uye kuburitsa chepfu.Microbial fungicides inodzora mabhakitiriya epathogenic kuburikidza nemakwikwi ekukoloni, kuvharwa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kana yechipiri metabolites, uye kuiswa kwekupikisa kwemiti [1-2, 7-8, 11].Fungi (predation) nematocides Monacrosporium phymatopagum, Microbial fungicides Agrobacterium radiobacter, Pseudomonas sp.CAB-02, non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and the Pepper mild mottle virus attenuated strain, Uye kunyoreswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene neprmonasvthorisv. Drechslera monoceras haina kuvandudzwa.
2.2.1 Mishonga inouraya zvipembenene
Mishonga yezvipembenene yegranular nenuclear polyhedroid virus yakanyoreswa kuJapan inonyanya kushandiswa kudzora twupukanana twakadai semaapuro ringworm, tea ringworm uye tea longleaf ringworm, pamwe neStreptococcus aureus pazvirimwa zvakaita semichero, miriwo nebhinzi.Sechipembenene chebhakitiriya chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya, Bacillus thuringiensis inonyanya kushandiswa kudzora tumbuyu repidoptera nehemiptera pazvirimwa zvakaita semuriwo, michero, mupunga, mbatatisi uye turf.Pakati pezvipembenene zvakanyoreswa fungal, Beauveria bassiana inonyanya kushandiswa kudzora zvipembenene zvinotsenga uye zvinobaya zvemuromo senge thrips, tupukanana, whiteflies, mite, zvipembenene, madhaimondi nemaaphid pamiriwo, michero, mapaini uye tii.Beauveria brucei inoshandiswa kudzora zvipembenene zvecoleoptera zvakaita semalongiceps uye zvipembenene mumiti yemichero, miti, angelica, cherry blossoms nehowa hweshiitake.Metarhizium anisopliae inoshandiswa kudzora thrips mukurima greenhouse yemiriwo uye mango;Paecilomyces furosus nePaecilopus pectus zvakashandiswa kudzora whitefly, aphid uye dandemutande dzvuku mune greenhouse inorimwa muriwo nemastrawberries.Iyo fungus inoshandiswa kudzora whiteflies uye thrips mukurima greenhouse yemiriwo, mango, chrysanthemums uye lisiflorum.
Seyo chete microbial nematocide yakanyoreswa uye inoshanda muJapan, Bacillus Pasteurensis punctum inoshandiswa kudzora midzi mapfundo nematode mumuriwo, mbatatisi nemaonde.
2.2.2 Mishonga inouraya utachiona
Utachiona hwakafanana nefungicide zucchini yellowing Mosaic virus attenuated strain yakanyoreswa kuJapan yakashandiswa kudzora hosha yeMosaic uye fusarium wilt inokonzerwa nehutachiona hunoenderana nemakaka.Pakati pemishonga inouraya fungicides yakanyoreswa kuJapan, Bacillus amylolitica inoshandiswa kudzora zvirwere zvefungal zvakadai sebrown rot, grey mold, black blight, white star disease, powdery mildew, black mold, mashizha, chirwere chemavara, white rust uye mashizha. pamiriwo, michero, maruva, hop uye fodya.Bacillus simplex yakashandiswa kudzivirira uye kurapwa kwebhakitiriya wilt uye bhakitiriya blight yemupunga.Bacillus subtilis inoshandiswa kudzora zvirwere zvebhakitiriya uye fungal senge grey mold, powdery mildew, black star disease, rice blast, leaf mildew, black blight, mashizha mashizha, chivara chichena, tsvina, chirwere cheganda, blight, chirwere chemafu. chirwere chebrown spot, black leaf blight uye chirwere chebhakitiriya chemuriwo, michero, mupunga, maruva nezvinomera zvinoshongedza, bhinzi, mbatatisi, hop, fodya nehowa.Iwo asiri-pathogenic strains eErwenella soft rot carrot subspecies anoshandiswa kudzora nyoro uye chirwere checanker pamiriwo, citrus, cycleen uye mbatatisi.Pseudomonas fluorescens inoshandiswa kudzora kuora, kusviba, kuora kwebhakitiriya uye kuora kwemaruva pamiriwo yemashizha.Pseudomonas roseni inoshandiswa kudzora kuora kwakapfava, kusviba, kuora, maruva anoora, nzvimbo yebhakitiriya, bhakitiriya dema, bhakitiriya perforation, bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem blight, bacterial branch blight uye bacterial canker pamiriwo nemichero.Phagocytophage mirabile inoshandiswa kudzora midzi kuzvimba chirwere checruciferous miriwo, uye yellow basket mabhakitiriya anoshandiswa kudzora powdery mildew, black mold, anthrax, mashizha mold, grey mold, rice blast, bacterial blight, bacterial wilt, brown streak. , hosha yakaipa yembesa nembeu blight pamuriwo, sitiroberi nemupunga, uye zvinokurudzira kukura kwemidzi yezvirimwa.Lactobacillus plantarum inoshandiswa kudzora kuora kwakapfava pamiriwo uye mbatatisi.Pakati pemishonga inouraya fungicides yakanyoreswa muJapan, Scutellaria microscutella yakashandiswa kudzivirira nekudzora sclerotium rot mumiriwo, black rot rot mumascallions negariki.Trichoderma viridis inoshandiswa kudzora zvirwere zvebhakitiriya nefungal zvakaita se rice blight, bacterial brown streak disease, leaf blight uye rice blast, pamwe neasparagus purple streak disease uye fodya white silk disease.
2.3 Entomopathogenic nematodes
Kune mhando mbiri dzeentomopathogenic nematodes dzakanyoreswa zvinobudirira muJapan, uye nzira dzadzo dzekuuraya zvipembenene [1-2, 11] dzinonyanya kusanganisira kukanganisa kwemuchina, kudyiwa kwekudya uye kuparara kwemasero ekuparara, uye symbiotic mabhakitiriya anoburitsa chepfu.Steinernema carpocapsae uye S. glaseri, yakanyoreswa muJapan, inonyanya kushandiswa pambambaira, maorivhi, maonde, maruva nemashizha emiti, maruva echerry, plums, peaches, mabheri matsvuku, maapuro, howa, miriwo, turf uye ginkgo Kudzora zvipembenene. akadai Megalophora, olive weestro, Grape Black Weestro, Red Palm Weestro, Yellow Star Longicornis, Peach Neck-neck Weestro, Udon Nematophora, Double tufted Lepidophora, Zoysia Oryzae, Scirpus oryzae, Dipteryx japonica, Japanese Cherry Tree Peach Borer diki chikafu, , aculema Japonica uye Red fungus.Kunyoreswa kwe entomopathogenic nematode S. kushidai hakuna kuvandudzwa.
3. Pfupiso uye maonero
MuJapan, mishonga yekuuraya zvipenyu yakakosha pakuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu, kuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza uye kusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu, uye kuchengetedza budiriro yekurima.Kusiyana nenyika nenzvimbo dzakaita seUnited States, European Union, China neVietnam [1, 7-8], mishonga yekuJapan biopesticides inotsanangurwa nepadiki seasina genetically modified biocontrol agents anogona kushandiswa seyakasimwa kudyara.Parizvino, kune makumi mana nemanomwe emishonga yezvipembenene yakanyoreswa uye inoshanda muJapan, inova yevavengi venyama, tupukanana uye tupembenene pathogenic nematodes, uye inoshandiswa kudzivirira uye kutonga kweanokuvadza arthropods, chirimwa cheparasitic nematodes uye hutachiona pakurima kwegreenhouse uye zvirimwa zvemumunda zvakadai. semiriwo, michero, mupunga, miti yetii, miti, maruva nezvinomera zvinoshongedza nelawn.Kunyangwe aya ma biopesticides ane zvakanakira kuchengetedzeka kwakanyanya, njodzi yakaderera yekuramba zvinodhaka, kuzvitsvaga kana kudzokororwa kubviswa kwezvipembenene pasi pemamiriro akanaka, nguva yakareba yekushanda uye kuponesa kwevashandi, vanewo zvakaipira sekusagadzikana, kunonoka kushanda, kusawirirana. , kudzora spectrum uye nhete kushandisa hwindo nguva.Nekune rimwe divi, huwandu hwezvirimwa uye zvinhu zvekudzora zvekunyoresa uye kushandiswa kwebiopesticides muJapan zvakare zvishoma, uye haigone kutsiva kemikari yezvipembenene kuti ibudirire zvizere.Zvinoenderana nenhamba [3], muna 2020, kukosha kwebiopesticides yakashandiswa muJapan yakangoita 0.8% chete, iyo yaive yakadzikira zvakanyanya kupfuura chikamu chenhamba yakanyoreswa yezvishandiso zvinoshandiswa.
Senzira huru yekusimudzira indasitiri yemishonga yezvipembenene mune ramangwana, biopesticides iri kuongororwa zvakanyanya uye kugadzirwa uye kunyoreswa kugadzirwa kwekurima.Yakabatana nekufambira mberi kwesainzi yebhayoloji uye tekinoroji uye mukurumbira wemubhadharo mukana wekutsvaga nekusimudzira biopesticide, kuvandudzwa kwekuchengetedza chikafu uye mhando, mutoro wezvakatipoteredza uye zvinodiwa zvekusimudzira zvekurima, musika weJapan biopesticide uri kuramba uchikura nekukurumidza.Inkwood Research inofungidzira kuti misika yeJapan biopesticide ichakura pamwero wepagore wekukura kwe22.8% kubva 2017 kusvika 2025, uye inotarisirwa kusvika $729 miriyoni muna 2025. Nekuitwa kwe "Green Food System Strategy", biopesticides iri kushandiswa. muvarimi vokuJapan
Nguva yekutumira: May-14-2024