Mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene ndeimwe yezvishandiso zvakakosha zvekushandisa "chirongwa cheGreen Food System" muJapan. Pepa iri rinotsanangura tsananguro neboka remishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene muJapan, uye rinoisa muzvikamu kunyoreswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene muJapan, kuitira kupa ruzivo rwekuvandudzwa nekushandiswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene mune dzimwe nyika.
Nekuda kwenzvimbo shoma yekurima iripo muJapan, zvakakosha kuisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene nefetereza yakawanda kuti goho rezvirimwa riwedzere panzvimbo imwe neimwe. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakawanda kwakawedzera mutoro wezvakatipoteredza, uye zvakakosha zvikuru kuchengetedza ivhu, mvura, zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana, nzvimbo dzekumaruwa uye kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu kuti pave nebudiriro yekurima nenharaunda inoenderera mberi. Nekuwanda kwezvisaririra zvemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene muzvirimwa zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwezvirwere zveveruzhinji, varimi neveruzhinji vanowanzo shandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakachengeteka uye isingakuvadzi nharaunda.
Kufanana nechirongwa cheEuropean farm-to-Fork, hurumende yeJapan muna Chivabvu 2021 yakagadzira "Green Food System Strategy" ine chinangwa chekuderedza kushandiswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene ine njodzi ne50% panosvika 2050 uye kuwedzera nzvimbo yekurima organic kusvika miriyoni imwe chete hm2 (yakaenzana ne25% yenzvimbo yekurima yeJapan). Chirongwa ichi chinotsvaga kusimudzira kugadzirwa uye kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu, kurima, masango nehove kuburikidza nematanho matsva eResilience (MeaDRI), kusanganisira manejimendi ezvipembenene akabatanidzwa, nzira dzakavandudzwa dzekushandisa uye kugadzira dzimwe nzira itsva. Pakati padzo, chinonyanya kukosha ndechekugadzira, kushandisa uye kukurudzira manejimendi ezvipembenene akabatanidzwa (IPM), uye mishonga yezvipembenene ndeimwe yezvishandiso zvakakosha.
1. Tsanangudzo uye rudzi rwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene muJapan
Mishonga yekuuraya utachiona inoenderana nemishonga yemakemikari kana yekugadzira, uye inowanzoreva mishonga yekuuraya utachiona yakachengeteka kana kuti ine hushamwari kuvanhu, nharaunda uye nharaunda vachishandisa kana zvichibva pazviwanikwa zvehupenyu. Zvichienderana nekwakabva zvinhu zvinoshanda, mishonga yekuuraya utachiona inogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zvinotevera: chekutanga, mishonga yekuuraya utachiona inobva kuhutachiona, kusanganisira mabhakitiriya, fungi, mavhairasi uye mhuka dzepakutanga dzehupenyu (dzakagadziriswa majini) zvipenyu zvipenyu uye metabolites yazvo inoburitswa; Chechipiri mishonga yekuuraya utachiona inobva kuzvirimwa, kusanganisira zvirimwa zvipenyu uye zvakatorwa kubva kwavari, zvinodzivirira zvirimwa (zvirimwa zvakagadziriswa majini); Chechitatu, mishonga yekuuraya utachiona inobva kumhuka, kusanganisira nematodes mhenyu e entomopathetic, mhuka dzinoparadzira nedzinodya mhuka uye zvakatorwa kubva kumhuka (senge mapheromones). United States nedzimwe nyika dzinoisawo mishonga yekuuraya utachiona yechisikigo senge mafuta emineral semishonga yekuuraya utachiona.
SEIJ yekuJapan inoisa mishonga yekuuraya utachiona muzvikamu zvezvipembenene zvipenyu uye mishonga yekuuraya utachiona, uye inoisa mapheromones, ma microbial metabolites (mishonga yekurima inorwisa utachiona), zvinotorwa mumiti, mishonga yekuuraya utachiona inobva muzvicherwa, zvinotorwa mumhuka (senge arthropod venom), nanoantibodies, uye zvinodzivirira zvirimwa semishonga yekuuraya utachiona. Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives of Japan inoisa mishonga yekuuraya utachiona yeJapan muzvikamu zvezvipembenene zvemuvengi, nematodes emuvengi, nematodes nezvinhu zvebiogenic, uye inoisa Bacillus thuringiensis isina kushanda sezvipembenene uye haibatanidzi mishonga yekurapa kubva muchikamu chemishonga yekuuraya utachiona. Zvisinei, mukutarisira mishonga yekuuraya utachiona, mishonga yekuuraya utachiona yeJapan inotsanangurwa zvishoma semishonga yekuuraya utachiona yebiological, kureva kuti, "mishonga yekudzivirira zvipembenene zvakaita sezvipembenene zvinopikisa, zvipembenene zvinokanganisa zvirimwa, zvipembenene zvinokanganisa zvipembenene, nematodes ezvipembenene zvinoparadzira, nematodes ezvipembenene zvinoparadzira uye zvinodya zvipembenene zvinoshandiswa kudzora zvipembenene". Nemamwe mashoko, mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yekuJapan mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inotengeserana zvipenyu zvakaita setupukanana tudiki, tunouraya tupukanana tunokonzera entomopathetic nematodes uye zvisikwa zvemuvengi sezvinhu zvinoshanda, nepo mhando nemarudzi ezvinhu zvehupenyu zvakanyoreswa muJapan zvisiri zvemuboka remishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene. Pamusoro pezvo, maererano ne "Measures for the Treatment of the Results of Safety Assessment tests related to application for Registration of microbial pesticides", tupukanana twakagadziriswa majini nemiti hazvisi pasi pekutarisira mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene muJapan. Mumakore achangopfuura, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries yakatangawo maitiro ekuongororazve mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene uye yakagadzira mwero mutsva wekusanyoreswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene kuderedza mukana wekuti kushandiswa nekupararira kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene kunogona kukonzera kukuvara kukuru kunzvimbo yekugara kana kukura kwemhuka nemiti munzvimbo yekugara.
Chinyorwa chitsva che "Organic planting inputs" chakabudiswa neJapan Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries muna 2022 chinosanganisira mishonga yese yezvipembenene ine makemikari uye mimwe mishonga yezvipembenene inobva kuzvinhu zvipenyu. Mishonga yezvipembenene ine makemikari muJapan haibatanidzwi neAllowable Daily Intake (ADI) uye maximum Residue limit (MRL), zvese izvi zvinogona kushandiswa mukugadzira zvigadzirwa zvekurima pasi peJapanese Organic Agriculture Standard (JAS).
2. Pfupiso yekunyoreswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene muJapan
Senyika inotungamira mukugadzira nekushandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, Japan ine hurongwa hwakakwana hwekunyoresa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene uye mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekunyoresa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene. Sekureva kwehuwandu hwevanyori, kusvika muna 2023, kune mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene 99 yakanyoreswa uye inoshanda muJapan, inosanganisira zvinhu zvinoshanda 47, zvichiita 8.5% yezvinhu zvese zvinoshanda zvemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakanyoreswa. Pakati pazvo, zvinhu 35 zvinoshandiswa pakuuraya zvipembenene (kusanganisira nematocides 2), zvinhu 12 zvinoshandiswa pakuuraya zvipembenene, uye hapana mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene kana mamwe mashandisirwo (Mufananidzo 1). Kunyangwe mapheromones asiri emuboka remishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene muJapan, anowanzo kukurudzirwa uye kushandiswa pamwe chete nemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene sezvinhu zvinodyarwa organic.
2.1 Mishonga yezvipembenene inouraya vavengi vezvisikwa
Kune zvinhu makumi maviri nezviviri zvinoshanda zvemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yemuvengi yakanyoreswa muJapan, iyo inogona kukamurwa kuita zvipembenene zvinoparadzira, zvipembenene zvinodya mhuka uye zvikwekwe zvinodya mhuka zvichienderana nemhando dzezvisikwa uye maitiro azvo. Pakati pazvo, zvipembenene zvinodya mhuka uye zvikwekwe zvinodya zvipembenene zvinokuvadza sechikafu, uye zvipembenene zvinoparadzira mhuka zvinoisa mazai muzvipembenene zvinoparadzira mhuka uye mabuu avo akatorwa anodya mhuka yacho uye anokura kuti auraye mhuka yacho. Zvipembenene zvehymenoptera, zvakaita seaphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, hemiptera bee uye Mylostomus japonicus, zvakanyoreswa muJapan, zvinonyanya kushandiswa kudzora aphids, nhunzi ne whiteflies pamiriwo inorimwa mugreenhouse, uye prey chrysoptera, bug bug, ladybug uye thrips zvinonyanya kushandiswa kudzora aphids, thrips ne whiteflies pamiriwo inorimwa mugreenhouse. Zvipembenene zvinodya mhuka zvinonyanya kushandiswa kudzora dandemutande dzvuku, zvipembenene zvemashizha, tyrophage, pleurotarsus, thrips ne whitefly pamiriwo, maruva, miti yemichero, bhinzi nembatatisi dzinorimwa mugreenhouse, pamwe nemiriwo, miti yemichero netii yakadyarwa muminda. Anicetus beneficus, Pseudaphycus mali⁃nus, E. eremicus, Dacnusa Sibirica sibirica, Diglyphus isaea, Bathyplectes anurus, degenerans (A. (=Iphiseius) degenerans, A. cucumeris Kunyoreswa kwevavengi vechisikigo vakaita saO. sauteri hakuna kuvandudzwa.
2.2 Mishonga yezvipembenene ine utachiona
Kune mhando makumi maviri nematatu dzezvinhu zvinoshanda zvezvipembenene zvinouraya zvipembenene zvakanyoreswa muJapan, izvo zvinogona kukamurwa kuita zvipembenene zvinouraya zvipembenene zvinouraya zvipembenene zvinouraya zvipembenene zvichienderana nerudzi uye mashandisirwo azvo. Pakati pazvo, zvipembenene zvinouraya zvipembenene zvinouraya kana kudzora zvipembenene nekutapurira, kuwanda uye kuburitsa chepfu. Mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inouraya zvipembenene zvinouraya zvipembenene kuburikidza nekukwikwidzana kwekugara muzvirimwa, kuburitsa mishonga inouraya zvipembenene kana metabolites yechipiri, uye kuunza kusasimba kwemiti [1-2, 7-8, 11]. Fungi (predation) nematocides Monacrosporium phymatopagum, Microbial fungicides Agrobacterium radiobacter, Pseudomonas sp.CAB-02, non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum uye Pepper mild mottle virus attenuated strain, Uye kunyoreswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene zvakaita seXan⁃thomonas campestris pv.retroflexus naDrechslera monoceras hazvina kuvandudzwa.
2.2.1 Mishonga yezvipembenene inouraya utachiona
Mishonga yezvipembenene inonzi granular nenuclear polyhedroid virus yakanyoreswa muJapan inonyanya kushandiswa kudzora zvipembenene zvakaita se apple ringworm, tea ringworm ne tea longleaf ringworm, pamwe ne Streptococcus aureus pazvirimwa zvakaita semichero, miriwo nebhinzi. Semushonga wezvipembenene unonyanya kushandiswa nebhakitiriya, Bacillus thuringiensis inonyanya kushandiswa kudzora zvipembenene zve lepidoptera ne hemiptera pazvirimwa zvakaita semiriwo, michero, mupunga, mbatatisi neuswa. Pakati pemishonga yezvipembenene inonzi fungus yakanyoreswa, Beauveria bassiana inonyanya kushandiswa kudzora zvipembenene zvinotsenga uye zvinobaya pamuromo zvakaita se thrips, zvipembenene zvescale, whiteflies, mites, beetles, diamonds ne aphids pamiriwo, michero, mapaini netii. Beauveria brucei inoshandiswa kudzora zvipembenene zve coleoptera zvakaita se longiceps ne beetles mumiti yemichero, miti, angelica, cherry flowers ne shiitake mushrooms. Metarhizium anisopliae inoshandiswa kudzora thrips pakurima miriwo nemango mugreenhouse; Paecilomyces furosus nePaecilopus pectus zvakashandiswa kudzora nhunzi chena, aphids ne red spider mumiriwo inorimwa mugreenhouse nemastrawberry. Howa hunoshandiswa kudzora nhunzi chena ne thrips mukurima miriwo, mango, chrysanthemums ne lisiflorum mugreenhouse.
Sezvo iriyo chete hutachiona hwemabhakitiriya hwakanyoreswa uye hunoshanda muJapan, Bacillus Pasteuris punctum inoshandiswa kudzora root knot nematode mumiriwo, mbatatisi nemaonde.
2.2.2 Mishonga yekuuraya utachiona
Mhando yefungus yakaita semavhairasi inonzi zucchini yellowing Mosaic virus attenuated strain yakanyoreswa muJapan yakashandiswa kudzora chirwere cheMosaic nefusarium wilt inokonzerwa nehutachiona hunokonzerwa necucumber. Pakati pemishonga yefungicides inonyoreswa muJapan, Bacillus amylolitica inoshandiswa kudzora zvirwere zvefungus zvakaita sekuora kwebrown, gray mold, black blight, white star disease, powdery mildew, black mold, leaf mold, spot disease, white rust uye leaf blight pamiriwo, michero, maruva, hops nefodya. Bacillus simplex yakashandiswa kudzivirira nekurapa bacterial wilt uye bacterial blight yemupunga. Bacillus subtilis inoshandiswa kudzora zvirwere zvebhakitiriya nefungus zvakaita segrey mold, powdery mildew, black star disease, rice blast, leaf mildew, black blight, leaf blight, white spot, speckle, canker disease, blight, black mold disease, brown spot disease, black leaf blight uye bacterial spot disease yemuriwo, michero, mupunga, maruva nemiti yekushongedza, bhinzi, mbatatisi, hops, fodya nehowa. Mhando dzekaroti dzinonzi Erwenella soft rot subspecies dzinoshandiswa kudzora kuora kwemuviri nechirwere chekenza pamiriwo, citrus, cycleen nembatatisi. Pseudomonas fluorescens inoshandiswa kudzora kuora kwemuviri, kuora kwemuviri nechirwere chekenza pamiriwo yemashizha. Pseudomonas roseni inoshandiswa kudzora kuora kwemuviri, kuora kwemuviri nechirwere chekenza pamiriwo yemashizha. Pseudomonas roseni inoshandiswa kudzora kuora kwemuviri nechirwere chekenza pamiriwo nembatatisi. Lactobacillus plantarum inoshandiswa kudzora kuora kwemuviri nembatatisi. Pakati pemishonga inouraya fungi yakanyoreswa muJapan, Scutellaria microscutella yakashandiswa kudzivirira nekudzora kuora kwe sclerotium mumiriwo, kuora kwe black rot mu scallions negariki. Trichoderma viridis inoshandiswa kudzora zvirwere zvebhakitiriya nefungus zvakaita se rice blight, bacterial brown streak disease, leaf blight ne rice blast, pamwe ne asparagus purple streak disease ne tobacco white silk disease.
2.3 Matumbu anokonzera zvipembenene
Kune mhando mbiri dzema nematode e entomopathogenic akanyoreswa zvinobudirira muJapan, uye nzira dzawo dzekuuraya zvipembenene [1-2, 11] dzinosanganisira kukuvara kwemuchina wekupinda, kudya zvinovaka muviri uye kuparara kwemasero emuviri, uye mabhakitiriya anoburitsa chepfu. Steinernema carpocapsae naS. glaseri, akanyoreswa muJapan, anonyanya kushandiswa pambatatisi, maorivhi, maonde, maruva nemashizha, maruva echerry, ma plum, mapichi, ma red berries, maapuro, howa, miriwo, turf neginkgo Kudzora zvipembenene zvakaita seMegalophora, olive weestro, Grape Black Weestro, Red Palm Weestro, Yellow Star Longicornis, Peach Neck-neck Weestro, Udon Nematophora, Double tufted Lepidophora, Zoysia Oryzae, Scirpus oryzae, Dipteryx japonica, Japanese Cherry Tree Borer, Peach small food worm, aculema Japonica neRed fungus. Kunyoreswa kwe entomopathogenic nematode S. kushidai hakuna kuvandudzwa.
3. Pfupiso nemaonero
MuJapan, mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakakosha pakuona kuti chikafu chakachengeteka, kuchengetedza nharaunda nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana, uye kuchengetedza budiriro yekurima inoenderera mberi. Kusiyana nenyika nenzvimbo dzakadai seUnited States, European Union, China neVietnam [1, 7-8], mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yeJapan inotsanangurwa zvishoma semishonga yekudzivirira zvipembenene isina kugadziriswa majini inogona kushandiswa sekudyara organic. Parizvino, kune mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene ye47 yakanyoreswa uye inoshanda muJapan, iyo iri yevavengi vechisikigo, tupukanana netupukanana tunokonzera zvipembenene, uye inoshandiswa kudzivirira nekudzora arthropods dzinokuvadza, tupukanana tunokonzera zvipembenene uye tupukanana pakurima greenhouse nezvirimwa zvemumunda zvakaita semiriwo, michero, mupunga, miti yetii, miti, maruva nemiti yekushongedza neuswa. Kunyangwe mishonga iyi yekuuraya zvipembenene ine zvakanakira zvekuchengetedzwa kwakanyanya, njodzi shoma yekusagona kushandisa mishonga, kuzvitsvaga wega kana kubvisa tupukanana kakawanda mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka, nguva yakareba yekushanda uye kuchengetedza vashandi, inewo zvayakaipira zvakaita sekugadzikana kusina kunaka, kushanda zvishoma nezvishoma, kusaenderana zvakanaka, kutonga kwakashata uye nguva shoma yekushandiswa. Kune rumwe rutivi, huwandu hwezvirimwa nezvinhu zvekudzora kunyoreswa nekushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene muJapan hwakaganhurirwawo, uye haigone kutsiva mishonga inouraya zvipembenene yemakemikari kuti ishande zvizere. Zvichienderana nehuwandu [3], muna 2020, kukosha kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene yakashandiswa muJapan kwaingova 0.8% chete, iyo yaive yakaderera zvikuru pane huwandu hwakanyoreswa hwezvinhu zvinoshanda.
Senzira huru yekusimudzira indasitiri yemishonga yezvipembenene mune ramangwana, mishonga yezvipembenene yebiopesticides iri kutsvakurudzwa zvakanyanya, kugadzirwa uye kunyoreswa kuti ishandiswe mukurima. Pamwe chete nekufambira mberi kwesainzi yezvebhayoloji netekinoroji uye kukosha kwemari yekutsvagisa mishonga yebiopesticides, kuvandudzwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwechikafu nemhando, mutoro wezvakatipoteredza uye zvinodiwa mukusimudzira kurima, musika wemishonga yebiopesticides muJapan uri kuramba uchikura nekukurumidza. Inkwood Research inofungidzira kuti musika wemishonga yebiopesticides muJapan uchakura nekukura kwegore negore kwe22.8% kubva muna 2017 kusvika 2025, uye unotarisirwa kusvika $729 miriyoni muna 2025. Nekushandiswa kwe "Green Food System Strategy", mishonga yebiopesticides iri kushandiswa muvarimi vekuJapan.
Nguva yekutumira: Chivabvu-14-2024