Cheni yezvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza zvirimwa inogona kukamurwa kuita zvina zvinoti: "zvinhu zvekugadzira - zvepakati - mishonga yekutanga - kugadzirira". Kumusoro kune indasitiri yepetroleum/makemikari, iyo inopa zvinhu zvekugadzira zvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza zvirimwa, kunyanya zvinhu zvemakemikari zvisina organic zvakaita seyero phosphorus ne liquid chlorine, uye zvinhu zvemakemikari zveorganic zvakaita semethanol ne "tribenzene".
Indasitiri yepakati inosanganisira mishonga inoshanda. Mishonga inoshanda ndiyo hwaro hwekugadzirwa kwemishonga inoshanda, uye mishonga inoshanda yakasiyana inoda mishonga yakasiyana-siyana mukugadzirwa kwayo, iyo inogona kukamurwa kuita mishonga ine fluorine, mishonga ine cyano, uye mishonga inoshanda ine heterocyclic. Mushonga wekutanga ndiwo mushonga wekupedzisira unoumbwa nezvinhu zvinoshanda uye tsvina inowanikwa mukugadzirwa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene. Zvichienderana nechinhu chekutonga, unogona kukamurwa kuita mishonga inouraya zvipembenene, mishonga inouraya zvipembenene, mishonga inouraya fungi nezvimwewo.
Maindasitiri ari pasi pemvura anonyanya kubata zvigadzirwa zvemishonga. Nekuda kwekusanyungudika mumvura uye huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinhu zvinoshanda, mishonga yakawanda inoshanda haigone kushandiswa zvakananga, inoda kuwedzera zvimwe zvinodiwa (senge zvinonyungudutsa, zvinosanganisa, zvinoparadzira, nezvimwewo) zvinogadziriswa kuita mhando dzakasiyana dzemuyero, zvinoshandiswa mukurima, masango, kurima mhuka, hutano nedzimwe nzvimbo.
01Mamiriro ekukura kwemusika wemishonga inouraya zvipembenene muChina
Mushonga wezvipembeneneIndasitiri yemishonga yepakati iri pakati peindasitiri yemishonga yezvipembenene, makambani epasi rose anodzora kutsvaga nekugadzira mishonga yezvipembenene nenzira itsva uye nzira dzekutengesa dzekugadzirira mishonga yezvipembenene, vazhinji vemishonga yepakati nevamiririri vanoshanda vanosarudza kutenga kubva kuChina, India nedzimwe nyika, China neIndia dzave nzvimbo huru dzekugadzira mishonga yezvipembenene nevamiririri vanoshanda pasi rose.
Kubuda kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene muChina kwakaramba kuri padanho rekukura rakaderera, neavhareji yekukura kwegore negore ye1.4% kubva muna 2014 kusvika 2023. Makambani emishonga inouraya zvipembenene muChina anokanganiswa zvikuru nemutemo uyu, uye huwandu hwese hwekushandisa mishonga hwakaderera. Mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inogadzirwa muChina inogona kusangana nezvinodiwa neindasitiri yemishonga inouraya zvipembenene, asi mimwe mishonga inouraya zvipembenene ichiri kuda kupinzwa munyika. Mimwe yacho inogadzirwa muChina, asi huwandu kana mhando hazvigone kusangana nezvinodiwa pakugadzira; Rimwe divi reChina harisati rakwanisa kugadzira.
Kubva muna 2017, kudiwa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene muChina kwadzikira zvakanyanya, uye kudzikira kwehukuru hwemusika kwaderera pane kudzikira kwekuda. Zvikuru nekuda kwekushandiswa kwekusakura kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene nefetereza, huwandu hwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene uye kugadzirwa kwemishonga isina kugadzirwa muChina hwadzikira zvikuru, uye kudiwa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene kwadzikirawo zvikuru. Panguva imwe chete, zvichikanganiswa nemirau yekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, mutengo wemusika wemishonga inouraya zvipembenene yakawanda wakakwira nekukurumidza muna 2017, zvichiita kuti hukuru hwemusika weindasitiri huve hwakagadzikana, uye mutengo wemusika wakadzikira zvishoma nezvishoma kubva muna 2018 kusvika 2019 sezvo huwandu hwemishonga hwakadzokera zvishoma nezvishoma kune zvakajairika. Zvichienderana nehuwandu, kusvika muna 2022, hukuru hwemusika wemishonga inouraya zvipembenene muChina hunosvika mabhiriyoni 68.78 eyuan, uye avhareji yemutengo wemusika ungangoita 17,500 yuan/tani.
02Mamiriro ekugadzirwa kwemusika wekugadzira mishonga yezvipembenene muChina
Kugoverwa kwepurofiti yemuchina wemishonga inouraya zvipembenene kunoratidza hunhu hwe "smile curve": kugadzirira kunotora 50%, pakati nepakati 20%, mishonga yekutanga 15%, masevhisi 15%, uye kutengeswa kwemishonga yekupedzisira ndiyo purofiti huru, ichitora nzvimbo yakakwana mukugoverwa kwepurofiti yemuchina wemishonga inouraya zvipembenene. Kana tichienzanisa nekugadzirwa kwemuchina wekutanga, uyo unosimbisa tekinoroji yekugadzira uye kudzora mutengo, kugadzirira kuri pedyo nemusika wekupedzisira, uye kugona kwebhizinesi kwakazara.
Pamusoro pekutsvagisa nekuvandudza tekinoroji, basa rekugadzirira rinosimbisawo nzira dzekugadzira mhando, sevhisi mushure mekutengesa, uye makwikwi akasiyana-siyana uye kukosha kwakawedzerwa. Nekuda kwekushandiswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene nefetereza kuti isakure, kudiwa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene muChina kwakaramba kuchiderera, izvo zvakakanganisa zvakananga kukura kwemusika nekumhanya kwekukura kweindasitiri. Parizvino, kudzikira kwekuda kweChina kwakakonzera dambudziko guru rekuwandisa kwesimba, izvo zvakawedzera kukwikwidzana mumusika uye zvakakanganisa purofiti yemabhizinesi nekukura kweindasitiri.
Huwandu hwemishonga inotengeswa kunze kwenyika neChina pamwe nehuwandu hwemishonga inogadzirwa kubva kunze kwenyika hwakakwira zvikuru kupfuura zvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika, zvichigadzira huwandu hwekutengeserana hwakawanda. Kubva muna 2020 kusvika 2022, kutengeswa kwemishonga inogadzirwa kunze kwenyika yeChina kuchagadzirisa, kuchichinja uye kuchavandudza kukwira nekudzika. Muna 2023, huwandu hwemishonga inogadzirwa kunze kwenyika yeChina hwaive mamiriyoni 974 emadhora ekuAmerica, kuwedzera kwe1.94% kubva panguva imwe chete gore rapfuura, uye nyika huru dzinotenga mishonga inotengeswa kunze kwenyika dzaive Indonesia, Japan neGermany. Zvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika zvakasvika mabhiriyoni 8.087 emadhora, zvakaderera ne27.21% pagore, nenzvimbo huru dzinotengeswa kunze kwenyika dziri Brazil (18.3%), Australia neUnited States. 70%-80% yemishonga inogadzirwa muChina inotengeswa kunze kwenyika, zvinhu zviri mumusika wepasi rose zvinofanirwa kucheneswa, uye mutengo wemishonga inogadzirwa pamusoro pemishonga wakaderera zvakanyanya, chinova chikonzero chikuru chekudzikira kwehuwandu hwemishonga inotengeswa kunze kwenyika muna 2023.
Nguva yekutumira: Chikunguru-22-2024