Citrus, chirimwa chiri chemhuri yeArantioideae yemhuri yeRutaceae, chimwe chezvirimwa zvekutengesa zvakakosha pasi rose, zvichiita chikamu chimwe muzvina chemichero yose yepasi rose.Kune akawanda marudzi ecitrus, anosanganisira yakakura-peel citrus, orenji, pomelo, grapefruit, ndimu uye ndimu.Munyika dzinopfuura 140 nematunhu, kusanganisira China, Brazil neUnited States, nzvimbo yekudyara yecitrus yakasvika 10.5530 miriyoni hm2, uye yakabuda yaive 166.3030 miriyoni matani.China ndiyo nyika yakakura kwazvo yekugadzira uye kutengesa nyika, mumakore achangopfuura, nzvimbo yekudyara uye inobuda inoramba ichiwedzera, muna 2022, nzvimbo inosvika 3,033,500 hm2, kubuda kwe6,039 miriyoni matani.Nekudaro, indasitiri yeCitrus yeChina yakakura asi haina kusimba, uye United States neBrazil nedzimwe nyika dzine mukaha mukuru.
Citrus muti wemichero une nzvimbo yakakura yekurima uye yakakosha mamiriro ehupfumi kumaodzanyemba kweChina, iyo ine kukosha kwakakosha mukupedza hurombo hwemaindasitiri uye kumutsiridza kumaruwa.Nekuvandudzwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye ruzivo rwehutano uye kusimudzira kwekudyidzana nedzimwe nyika uye kuzivisa indasitiri yemacitrus, girinhi uye organic citrus zvishoma nezvishoma iri kuita nzvimbo inopisa yekudyiwa kwevanhu, uye kudiwa kwemhando yepamusoro, kwakasiyana-siyana uye kwepagore kwakaringana kuenderera mberi. kuwedzera.Nekudaro, mumakore achangopfuura, indasitiri yeCitrus yeChina inobatwa nezvinhu zvakasikwa (tembiricha, kunaya, kunaka kwevhu), tekinoroji yekugadzira (mhando, tekinoroji yekurima, yekurima yekuisa) uye manejimendi maitiro, nezvimwe zvinhu, kune matambudziko akadai semhando dzezvakanaka. uye zvakaipa, kushaya simba kwekudzivirira zvirwere uye zvipembenene, ruzivo rwemhando haruna kusimba, manejimendi maitiro ari kumashure uye mumwaka kutengesa michero kwakaoma.Kuti tisimudzire girinhi uye yemhando yepamusoro kusimudzira kweindasitiri yecitrus, zvinokasira kusimbisa tsvagiridzo yekuvandudza kwakasiyana, musimboti uye tekinoroji yekurasikirwa nehuremu uye kuderedza zvinodhaka, kunaka uye kuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi.Mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inoita basa rakakosha mukugadzirwa kwecitrus uye inokanganisa zvakananga goho uye kunaka kwemacitrus.Mumakore achangopfuura, kusarudzwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene mukugadzirwa kwegiredhi yecitrus kwakanyanya kunetsa nekuda kwekunyanyisa kwemamiriro ekunze uye zvipembenene nehuswa.
Tsvakiridzo mudura rekunyoresa mishonga yezvipembenene yeChina Pesticide Information Network yakawana kuti kubva Nyamavhuvhu 24, 2023, pakanga paine 3,243 mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakanyoreswa mumamiriro ekushanda ecitrus kuChina.Paiva ne1515mishonga yezvipembenene, inosvika 46,73% yenhamba yese yemishonga yezvipembenene yakanyoreswa.Paive ne684 acaricides, inoverengera 21.09%;537 fungicides, inoverengera 16.56%;475 mishonga yesora, inoita 14,65%;Paiva ne132chirimwa kukura regulators4.07 %.Kupisa kwemishonga yezvipembenene munyika yedu yakakamurwa kuita nhanho 5 kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi: ine muchetura, yakakwira muchetura, yepakati muchetura, yakaderera muchetura uye munyoro muchetura.Paive ne541 zvigadzirwa zvine muchetura zvine mwero, zvichiverengera 16.68% yezvese zvakanyoreswa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene.Paive ne2,494 pasi-chepfu zvigadzirwa, zvichiverengera 76.90% yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemishonga yezvipembenene yakanyoreswa.Paive ne208 zvigadzirwa zvine muchetura zvinyoro, zvichiverengera 6.41% yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemishonga yezvipembenene yakanyoreswa.
1. Mamiriro ekunyoreswa kwemishonga yemacitrus/acaricides
Kune 189 mhando dzemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inoshandiswa mukugadzira citrus kuChina, iyo makumi matanhatu nepfumbamwe iine dozi rimwechete rinoshanda zvinhu uye 120 yakasanganiswa inoshanda zvinhu.Huwandu hwemishonga yezvipembenene hwakanyoreswa hwakanga hwakanyanya kudarika mamwe mapoka, hunosvika 1,515.Pakati pavo, zvigadzirwa zve994 zvakanyoreswa mune imwechete dosi, uye yepamusoro 5 mishonga yezvipembenene yaive acetamidine (188), avermectin (100), spiroxylate (58), mineral oil (53) uye ethozole (51), accounting ye29.70 %.Zvigadzirwa zve521 zvakasanganiswa, uye 521 mishonga yepamusoro muhuwandu hwakanyoreswa yaive actinospirin (52 zvigadzirwa), actinospirin (35 zvigadzirwa), actinospirin (31 zvigadzirwa), actinospirin (31 zvigadzirwa) uye dihydrazide (28 zvigadzirwa), accounting 11.68%.Sezvinoonekwa kubva kuTable 2, pakati pezvigadzirwa zvakanyoreswa 1515, pane mafomu gumi nemapfumbamwe emushonga, iwo matatu epamusoro ari emulsion zvigadzirwa (653), suspension products (518) uye wettable powders (169), accounting ye88.45 %.
Kune makumi masere nenhatu emhando dzemhando dzinoshanda dzeacaricides dzinoshandiswa mukugadzira citrus, kusanganisira makumi maviri nemana emhando imwechete inoshanda zvinosanganisa uye makumi mashanu nepfumbamwe emhando dzakasanganiswa dzinoshanda.Zvose zve 684 acaricidal zvigadzirwa zvakanyoreswa (yechipiri chete kune zvipembenene), iyo 476 yaiva imwe chete, sezvakaratidzwa muTebhu 3. Mishonga yepamusoro ye 4 muhuwandu hwemishonga inouraya yakanyoreswa yaiva acetylidene (126), triazoltin (90), chlorfenazoline. (63) uye phenylbutin (26), inoverengera 44.59% muhuwandu.Zvose zvezvigadzirwa zve208 zvakasanganiswa, uye 4 mishonga yepamusoro munhamba yakanyoreswa yaiva aviculin (27), dihydrazide · ethozole (18), aviculin · mineral oil (15), uye Aviculin · mineral oil (13), accounting ye10.67 %.Pakati pezvigadzirwa 684 zvakanyoreswa, pakanga paine mafomu gumi nerimwe emuyero, ayo matatu epamusoro aive emulsion zvigadzirwa (330), kusimiswa zvigadzirwa (198) uye wettable poda (124), accounting ye95.32% yakazara.
Mhando uye huwandu hweinsecticidal / acaricidal single-dose formulations (kunze kwekumisikidzwa mumiriri, microemulsion, suspended emulsion uye aqueous emulsion) yaive yakawanda kupfuura yakasanganiswa.Paive nemhando gumi nesere dzekuumbwa kwedosi rimwe chete uye 9 marudzi eakasanganiswa maumbirwo.Kune 11 imwe-dose uye 5 yakasanganiswa dosage mafomu eacaricides.Zvinhu zvinodzora zvezvipembenene zvakasanganiswa Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (spider tsvuku), Gall mite (rust tick, rust spider), Whitefly (Whitefly, whitefly, black spiny whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Aphididae (orange aphid). , aphids), nhunzi inoshanda (Orange Macropha), leaf miner moth (leaf miner), chipfukuto (grey weevil) nezvimwe zvipembenene.Zvinhu zvikuru zvinodzora zvedosi imwechete Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (spider tsvuku), Pisolidae (Rusteckidae), Whiteflidae (Whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Ceracidae (Red Ceratidae), Aphididae (Aphids), nhunzi dzinoshanda (Tangerida). , Tangeridae), vanochera mashizha (mashizha), mashizha (Tangeridae), Papiliidae (citrus papiliidae), uye Longicidae (Longicidae).Nezvimwe zvipembenene.Zvinhu zvinodzorwa zveacaricides zvakanyoreswa zvinonyanya kuita mite ye phyllodidae (spider tsvuku), Aspidococcus (Aracidae), Cerococcus (Red Cerococcus), Psyllidae (Psyllidae), leaf miner moth (leaf miner), Pall mite (rust tick), aphid (aphid). ) zvichingoenda zvakadaro.Kubva kumhando dzemishonga yezvipembenene yakanyoreswa uye acaricides inonyanya kushandisa mishonga yemakemikari, 60 ne21 marudzi, zvichiteerana.Paingova nemhando dze9 kubva kune zvipenyu nemamineral sources, kusanganisira neem (2) uye matrine (3) kubva kuzvirimwa nemhuka, uye Bacillus thuringiensis (8), Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 (1), Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 (1) uye avermectin ( 103) kubva kune microbial sources.Zvicherwa zviwanikwa zvicherwa oiri (62), dombo sarufa musanganiswa (7), uye mamwe mapoka ari sodium rosin (6).
2. Kunyoreswa kwemacitrus fungicides
Kune 117 marudzi ezvishandiso zvinoshandiswa zvezvigadzirwa zvefungicide, 61 marudzi eimwe chete inoshanda zvinongedzo uye makumi mashanu nenhanhatu emhando dzakasanganiswa dzinoshanda.Paive ne537 zvine chekuita nefungicide zvigadzirwa, izvo makumi mana nematanhatu zvaive zvimwechete.Mishonga ina yepamusoro yakanyoreswa yekuuraya zvipembenene yaive imidamine (64), mancozeb (49), copper hydroxide (25) uye copper king (19), inoverengera 29.24% yese.Zvigadzirwa zve131 zvakasanganiswa, uye mishonga yezvipembenene ina yepamusoro yakanyoreswa yaive Chunlei · Wang copper (17), Chunlei · quinoline copper (9), azole · deisen (8), uye azole · imimine (7), inoverengera 7.64% pamwe chete.Sezvinoonekwa kubva Tafura 2, pane 18 dosage mafomu e537 fungicide zvigadzirwa, pakati pemhando nhatu dzepamusoro dzine huwandu hukuru ihwo hupfu hwakanyorova (159), suspension product (148) uye mvura-yakaparadzirwa granule (86), accounting. 73.18% pamwe chete.Kune gumi nematanhatu dosage mafomu efungicide uye manomwe akasanganiswa dosage mafomu.
Fungicides control zvinhu i powdery mildew, scab, black spot (black star), grey mold, canker, resin disease, anthrax uye kuchengetedza nguva zvirwere (root rot, black rot, penicillium, green mold uye acid rot).Mafungicides anonyanya kuve mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, kune makumi mana nemhando dzemakemikari ekugadzira zvipembenene, uye gumi nepfumbamwe chete marudzi ezvipenyu nemamineral masosi akanyoreswa, pakati pawo chirimwa nemhuka zviri berberine (1), carvall (1), sopranoginseng extract (2 ), allicin (1), D-limonene (1).Mikrobial masosi aive mesomycin (4), priuremycin (4), avermectin (2), Bacillus subtilis (8), Bacillus methylotrophicum LW-6 (1).Zvicherwa zviwanikwa cuprous oxide (1), king mhangura (19), dombo sarufa musanganiswa (6), copper hydroxide (25), calcium copper sulfate (11), sulfur (6), mineral oil (4), basic copper sulfate. (7), Bordeaux liquid (11).
3. Kunyoreswa kwemishonga yesora yemacitrus
Kune marudzi makumi maviri emishonga yesora inoshanda, gumi nemana emhando imwechete inoshanda uye 6 marudzi emusanganiswa anoshanda zvinosanganisa.Mishonga yesora inosvika 475 yakanyoreswa, kusanganisira 467 single agents uye 8 mixed agents.Sezvinoratidzwa muTable 5, epamusoro 5 herbicides akanyoreswa aive glyphosate isopropylamine (169), glyphosate ammonium (136), glyphosate ammonium (93), glyphosate (47) uye yakanaka glyphosate ammonium ammonium (6), inoverengera 94.95% yese.Sezvinoonekwa kubva Tafura 2, kune 7 dosage mafomu emishonga yesora, iyo yekutanga 3 zvigadzirwa zvemvura (302), soluble granule zvigadzirwa (78) uye soluble poda zvigadzirwa (69), accounting ye94.53% yakazara.Panyaya yemarudzi, mishonga yese yesora makumi maviri yakagadzirwa nemakemikari, uye hapana zvigadzirwa zvebiology zvakanyoreswa.
4. Kunyoreswa kwevatongi vekukura kwecitrus
Kune makumi matatu neshanu emhando dzezvishandiso zvinosanganisirwa zvinodzora kukura kwechirimwa, kusanganisira gumi nepfumbamwe emhando dzeamiriri imwechete uye gumi nematanhatu emhando dzakasanganiswa.Kune 132 chirimwa chekukura zvigadziriso zvigadzirwa zvakazara, izvo zana dhesi imwe chete.Sezvinoratidzwa muTable 6, vashanu vepamusoro vakanyoreswa kukura kwecitrus regulators vaive gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) uye S-inducidin (5), inoverengera 59.85% yese .Zvose zvezvigadzirwa zve32 zvakasanganiswa, uye zvigadzirwa zvepamusoro zve3 zvakanyoreswa zvaive benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) uye 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), inoverengera 10.61% mu zvachose.Sezvinoonekwa kubva kuTable 2, kune huwandu hwegumi nematatu emhando yemhando yekukura kwezvirimwa, pakati peiyo yepamusoro 3 ndeye solubilizable zvigadzirwa (52), cream zvigadzirwa (19) uye soluble poda zvigadzirwa (13), accounting ye63.64% pamwe chete.Mabasa ekugadzirisa kukura kwemiti anonyanya kugadzirisa kukura, kudzora kupfura, kuchengetedza michero, kukurudzira kukura kwezvibereko, kuwedzera, kuisa mavara, kuwedzera kugadzirwa nekuchengetedza.Zvinoenderana nemhando dzakanyoreswa, iwo makuru ekukura kwezvirimwa anodzora aive emakemikari synthesis, ane huwandu hwemarudzi gumi nemana, uye marudzi mashanu chete ezvinyorwa zvipenyu, pakati pawo mabviro eiyo S-allantoin (5), uye zvigadzirwa zvebiochemical zvaive gibberellanic acid. (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) uye brassinolactone (1).
4. Kunyoreswa kwevatongi vekukura kwecitrus
Kune makumi matatu neshanu emhando dzezvishandiso zvinosanganisirwa zvinodzora kukura kwechirimwa, kusanganisira gumi nepfumbamwe emhando dzeamiriri imwechete uye gumi nematanhatu emhando dzakasanganiswa.Kune 132 chirimwa chekukura zvigadziriso zvigadzirwa zvakazara, izvo zana dhesi imwe chete.Sezvinoratidzwa muTable 6, vashanu vepamusoro vakanyoreswa kukura kwecitrus regulators vaive gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) uye S-inducidin (5), inoverengera 59.85% yese .Zvose zvezvigadzirwa zve32 zvakasanganiswa, uye zvigadzirwa zvepamusoro zve3 zvakanyoreswa zvaive benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) uye 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), inoverengera 10.61% mu zvachose.Sezvinoonekwa kubva kuTable 2, kune huwandu hwegumi nematatu emhando yemhando yekukura kwezvirimwa, pakati peiyo yepamusoro 3 ndeye solubilizable zvigadzirwa (52), cream zvigadzirwa (19) uye soluble poda zvigadzirwa (13), accounting ye63.64% pamwe chete.Mabasa ekugadzirisa kukura kwemiti anonyanya kugadzirisa kukura, kudzora kupfura, kuchengetedza michero, kukurudzira kukura kwezvibereko, kuwedzera, kuisa mavara, kuwedzera kugadzirwa nekuchengetedza.Zvinoenderana nemhando dzakanyoreswa, iwo makuru ekukura kwezvirimwa anodzora aive emakemikari synthesis, ane huwandu hwemarudzi gumi nemana, uye marudzi mashanu chete ezvinyorwa zvipenyu, pakati pawo mabviro eiyo S-allantoin (5), uye zvigadzirwa zvebiochemical zvaive gibberellanic acid. (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) uye brassinolactone (1).
Nguva yekutumira: Jun-24-2024