Citrus, chirimwa chemhuri yeArantioideae yemhuri yeRutaceae, chimwe chezvirimwa zvakakosha zvekutengesa pasi rose, chichiita chikamu chimwe muzvina chemichero yose inoburitswa pasi rose. Kune mhando dzakawanda dzecitrus, dzinosanganisira citrus dzakakura, orenji, pomelo, grapefruit, remoni neremoni. Munyika dzinopfuura 140 nenzvimbo, dzinosanganisira China, Brazil neUnited States, nzvimbo yekudyara citrus yakasvika 10.5530 miriyoni hm2, uye goho raive 166.3030 miriyoni matani. China ndiyo nyika yakakura kwazvo yekudyara nekutengesa citrus pasi rose, mumakore achangopfuura, nzvimbo yekudyara negoho rayo rinoramba richikwira, muna 2022, nzvimbo inosvika 3,033,500 hm2, goho rematani mamiriyoni 6,039. Zvisinei, indasitiri yecitrus yeChina yakakura asi haina kusimba, uye United States neBrazil nedzimwe nyika dzine mukaha mukuru.
Citrus ndiwo muti wemichero une nzvimbo yakakura yekurima uye chinzvimbo chakakosha chehupfumi kumaodzanyemba kweChina, icho chine kukosha kwakakosha mukuderedza urombo mumaindasitiri uye kumutsiridza kumaruwa. Nekuvandudzwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye ruzivo rwehutano uye kukura kwekudyidzana kwenyika dzese uye ruzivo rweindasitiri yecitrus, citrus yegirini neyeorganic iri kuva nzvimbo inonyanya kufarirwa nevanhu, uye kudiwa kwehuwandu hwepamusoro, hwakasiyana-siyana uye hwegore negore hwakaenzana kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera. Zvisinei, mumakore achangopfuura, indasitiri yecitrus muChina iri kukanganiswa nezvinhu zvechisikigo (tembiricha, mvura, mhando yevhu), tekinoroji yekugadzira (mhando dzakasiyana-siyana, tekinoroji yekurima, zvekushandisa zvekurima) uye maitiro ekutarisira, nezvimwe zvinhu, kune matambudziko akadai semhando dzakasiyana dzezvakanaka nezvakaipa, kugona kushaya simba kwekudzivirira zvirwere nezvipembenene, ruzivo rwemhando haruna kusimba, maitiro ekutarisira ari kumashure uye kutengesa michero kwemwaka kwakaoma. Kuti tikurudzire kukura kweindasitiri yecitrus yegirini uye yepamusoro, zvakakosha kusimbisa tsvakiridzo yekuvandudza mhando, musimboti uye tekinoroji yekuderedza uremu nekuderedza mishonga, kuvandudza mhando nekushanda zvakanaka. Mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inoita basa rakakosha mukutenderera kwekugadzirwa kwecitrus uye inokanganisa zvakananga goho uye mhando yecitrus. Mumakore achangopfuura, kusarudzwa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene mukurima miti yemichero yecitrus kwave kwakaoma zvikuru nekuda kwemamiriro ekunze akaipisisa uye zvipembenene neuswa.
Kutsvaga kwakaitwa mudhatabhesi rekunyoreswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene yeChina Pesticide Information Network kwakawana kuti kusvika musi wa24 Nyamavhuvhu, 2023, kwaive nemishonga yezvipembenene inosvika 3,243 yakanyoreswa inoshanda pamichero yecitrus muChina. Kwaive ne1515mishonga yezvipembenene, zvichiita 46.73% yehuwandu hwese hwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakanyoreswa. Kwaive nemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene 684, zvichiita 21.09%; mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene 537, inoita 16.56%; mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene 475, inoita 14.65%; Kwaive ne132vanodzora kukura kwezvirimwa, inokwana 4.07%. Huturu hwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene munyika medu hwakakamurwa kuita mazinga mashanu kubva pakakwirira kusvika pakaderera: ine chepfu yakawanda, ine chepfu yakawanda, ine chepfu iri pakati nepakati, ine chepfu shoma uye ine chepfu shoma. Paiva nezvinhu 541 zvine chepfu iri pakati nepakati, zvichiita 16.68% yemishonga yese yakanyoreswa. Paiva nezvinhu 2,494 zvine chepfu shoma, zvichiita 76.90% yehuwandu hwemishonga yese yakanyoreswa. Paiva nezvinhu 208 zvine chepfu zvishoma, zvichiita 6.41% yehuwandu hwemishonga yese yakanyoreswa.
1. Mamiriro ekunyoreswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene yecitrus/acaricides
Kune mhando 189 dzemishonga inoshanda yezvipembenene inoshandiswa mukugadzira citrus muChina, iyo 69 yacho inoshanda nedosi imwe chete uye 120 iri mishonga inoshanda yakasanganiswa. Huwandu hwemishonga yezvipembenene yakanyoreswa hwakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura mamwe marudzi, hunosvika 1,515. Pakati pazvo, huwandu hwezvigadzirwa 994 zvakanyoreswa mudosi imwe chete, uye mishonga yezvipembenene 5 yepamusoro yaive acetamidine (188), avermectin (100), spiroxylate (58), mineral oil (53) uye ethozole (51), zvichiita 29.70%. Huwandu hwezvigadzirwa 521 hwakasanganiswa, uye mishonga yezvipembenene 5 yepamusoro muhuwandu hwakanyoreswa hwaive actinospirin (zvigadzirwa 52), actinospirin (zvigadzirwa 35), actinospirin (zvigadzirwa 31), actinospirin (zvigadzirwa 31) uye dihydrazide (zvigadzirwa 28), zvichiita 11.68%. Sezvatinoona kubva paTafura 2, pakati pezvigadzirwa 1515 zvakanyoreswa, kune mafomu gumi nemapfumbamwe emushonga, ayo matatu epamusoro ari emulsion products (653), suspension products (518) uye wettable powders (169), zvichiita huwandu hwe88.45%.
Kune mhando 83 dzemishonga inoshanda yeacaricides inoshandiswa mukugadzira citrus, kusanganisira mhando 24 dzemishonga inoshanda imwe chete uye mhando 59 dzemishonga yakasanganiswa inoshanda. Huwandu hwezvinhu zvinouraya zvipembenene zvinosvika 684 zvakanyoreswa (zviri zvechipiri kune mishonga yezvipembenene), izvo 476 zvaive mishonga imwe chete, sezvakaratidzwa muTafura 3. Mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene mina yepamusoro muhuwandu hwemishonga yakanyoreswa yaive acetylidene (126), triazoltin (90), chlorfenazoline (63) uye phenylbutin (26), inokwana 44.59% muhuwandu hwese. Huwandu hwezvigadzirwa 208 zvakasanganiswa, uye mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene mina yepamusoro muhuwandu hwakanyoreswa yaive aviculin (27), dihydrazide · ethozole (18), aviculin · mineral oil (15), uye Aviculin · mineral oil (13), inokwana 10.67%. Pakati pezvigadzirwa 684 zvakanyoreswa, paive nemafomu gumi nerimwe emushonga, ayo matatu epamusoro aive emulsion products (330), suspension products (198) uye wettable powders (124), zvichiita 95.32% zvese.
Mhando nehuwandu hwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene/acaricidal imwe chete (kunze kwemushonga unomiswa, microemulsion, suspended emulsion uye aqueous emulsion) dzaive dzakawanda kupfuura dzakasanganiswa. Paiva nemhando gumi nemasere dzemishonga inomiswa kamwe chete uye mhando pfumbamwe dzemishonga yakasanganiswa. Kune mhando gumi neimwe yemishonga inomiswa kamwe chete uye shanu dzakasanganiswa dzeacaricides. Zvinhu zvinodzora mishonga inosanganiswa ndeyePsyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacida (spider tsvuku), Gall mite (rust tick, rust spider), Whitefly (White whitefly, whitefly, black spiny whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Aphididae (orange aphid, aphids), practical fly (Orange Macropha), leaf miner moth (leaf miner), weevil (grey weevil) nezvimwe zvipembenene. Zvinhu zvikuru zvinodzora dose imwe chete ndiPsyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (dandemutande dzvuku), Pisolidae (Rusteckidae), Whiteflidae (Whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Ceracidae (Red Ceratidae), Aphididae (Aphididae), nhunzi dzinoshanda (Tangeridae, Tangeridae), varimi vemashizha (leafleafers), varimi vemashizha (Tangeridae), Papiliidae (citrus papiliidae), uye Longicidae (Longicidae). Uye zvimwe zvipembenene. Zvinhu zvinodzora maacaricides akanyoreswa zvinonyanya kuve zvikwekwe zve phyllodidae (dandemutande dzvuku), Aspidococcus (Aracidae), Cerococcus (Red Cerococcus), Psyllidae (Psyllidae), varimi vemashizha (leaf miner), Pall mite (rust tick), aphid (aphids) nezvimwewo. Kubva kumarudzi ezvipembenene zvakanyoreswa uye maacaricides, zvipembenene zvemakemikari, mhando 60 ne21, zvichiteerana. Kwaiva nemhando pfumbamwe chete dzezvirimwa nezvicherwa, kusanganisira neem (2) uye matrine (3) kubva mumiti nemhuka, uye Bacillus thuringiensis (8), Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 (1), Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 (1) uye avermectin (103) kubva muzvipembenene. Zvicherwa zvinobva mumafuta emineral (62), musanganiswa wesarufa wematombo (7), uye mamwe marudzi isodium rosin (6).
2. Kunyoreswa kwemishonga yefungi yemichero yecitrus
Kune mhando 117 dzezvinhu zvinoshanda zvemishonga yefungi, mhando 61 dzezvinhu zvinoshanda chimwe chete uye mhando 56 dzezvinhu zvakasanganiswa zvinoshanda. Paiva nezvigadzirwa zvefungi zvine chekuita nazvo 537, izvo 406 zvaive doses imwe chete. Mishonga yezvipembenene 4 yepamusoro yakanyoreswa yaive imidamine (64), mancozeb (49), copper hydroxide (25) uye copper king (19), zvichiita 29.24% zvese. Huwandu hwezvigadzirwa 131 hwakasanganiswa, uye mishonga yezvipembenene 4 yepamusoro yakanyoreswa yaive Chunlei · Wang copper (17), Chunlei · quinoline copper (9), azole · deisen (8), uye azole · imimine (7), inoita 7.64% zvese. Sezvatinoona kubva paTafura 2, kune mhando 18 dzemishonga yefungi 537, pakati padzo mhando nhatu dzepamusoro dzine huwandu hwakakura ihupfu hwemvura (159), chigadzirwa chekumisikidza (148) uye granule yakapararira nemvura (86), inoita 73.18% zvese. Kune mhando gumi nematanhatu dzemushonga wefungicide pamwe chete nemhando nomwe dzakasanganiswa dzemushonga.
Zvinhu zvinodzivirira fungicides zvinosanganisira powdery mildew, ganda, dema (nyeredzi nhema), grey mold, canker, resin disease, anthrax uye zvirwere zvenguva yekuchengetera (kuora kwemidzi, kuora kwenhema, penicillium, green mold uye acid rot). Mishonga yefungicides inonyanya kushandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, kune mhando makumi mana nerimwe dzemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakagadzirwa nemakemikari, uye mhando gumi nemapfumbamwe chete dzezvinhu zvipenyu nezvicherwa zvakanyoreswa, pakati pazvo zvinomera nemhuka zvinosanganisira berberine (1), carvall (1), sopranoginseng extract (2), allicin (1), D-limonene (1). Zvinhu zvinodzivirira hutachiona zvaive mesomycin (4), priuremycin (4), avermectin (2), Bacillus subtilis (8), Bacillus methylotrophicum LW-6 (1). Zvinhu zvinodzivirira hutachiona ndezve cuprous oxide (1), king copper (19), stone sulfur mixture (6), copper hydroxide (25), calcium copper sulfate (11), sulfur (6), mineral oil (4), basic copper sulfate (7), Bordeaux liquid (11).
3. Kunyoreswa kwemishonga yekurapa sora yemichero yecitrus
Kune mhando makumi maviri dzemishonga inoshanda semushonga wesora, mhando gumi nemana dzemishonga inoshanda semushonga wesora uye mhando nhanhatu dzemishonga inoshanda semushonga wesora. Huwandu hwemishonga yesora yakanyoreswa inosvika 475, kusanganisira mishonga imwe chete inosvika 467 uye mishonga yakasanganiswa 8. Sezvakaratidzwa muTafura 5, mishonga yesora yepamusoro 5 yakanyoreswa yaive glyphosate isopropylamine (169), glyphosate ammonium (136), glyphosate ammonium (93), glyphosate (47) uye fine glyphosate ammonium ammonium (6), iyo inosvika 94.95% yese. Sezvatinoona kubva muTafura 2, kune mhando nomwe dzemishonga yesora, iyo mitatu yekutanga iri mvura (302), soluble granule products (78) uye soluble powder products (69), inosvika 94.53% yese. Panyaya yemhando, mishonga yese yesora makumi maviri yakagadzirwa nemakemikari, uye hapana mishonga yebhayoloji yakanyoreswa.
4. Kunyoreswa kwevanodzora kukura kwemichero yemichero yemichero
Kune mhando makumi matatu neshanu dzezvinhu zvinoshanda zvezvinodzora kukura kwezvirimwa, zvinosanganisira mhando gumi nemapfumbamwe dzezvinodzora kukura kwezvirimwa uye mhando gumi nematanhatu dzezvinodzora kukura kwezvirimwa. Kune zvigadzirwa zana nemakumi matatu nembiri zvezvinodzora kukura kwezvirimwa, izvo zana zviri dose imwe chete. Sezvakaratidzwa muTafura 6, zvinodzora kukura kwemichero zvishanu zvepamusoro zvakanyoreswa zvaive gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) uye S-inducidin (5), zvichiita 59.85% zvese. Zvigadzirwa makumi matatu nembiri zvakasanganiswa, uye zvigadzirwa zvitatu zvepamusoro zvakanyoreswa zvaive benzylmine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) uye 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), zvichiita 10.61% zvese. Sezvatinoona kubva paTafura 2, kune huwandu hwe13 hwezvinodzora kukura kwezvirimwa, pakati pazvo zvitatu zvepamusoro zviri zvigadzirwa zvinonyungudika (52), zvigadzirwa zvekirimu (19) uye zvigadzirwa zveupfu zvinonyungudika (13), zvichireva 63.64% zvese. Mabasa evanodzora kukura kwezvirimwa anonyanya kudzorwa kudzora kukura, kudzora kumera, kuchengetedza michero, kukurudzira kukura kwemichero, kuwedzera, kupenda, kuwedzera kugadzirwa uye kuchengetedzwa. Zvichienderana nemarudzi akanyoreswa, vanodzora kukura kwezvirimwa vakuru vaive makemikari, ane huwandu hwemarudzi gumi nemana, uye marudzi mashanu chete ezvinobva muhupenyu, pakati pawo manyuko ehutachiona aive S-allantoin (5), uye zvigadzirwa zvebiochemical zvaive gibberellanic acid (42), benzyl aminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) uye brassinolactone (1).
4. Kunyoreswa kwevanodzora kukura kwemichero yemichero yemichero
Kune mhando makumi matatu neshanu dzezvinhu zvinoshanda zvezvinodzora kukura kwezvirimwa, zvinosanganisira mhando gumi nemapfumbamwe dzezvinodzora kukura kwezvirimwa uye mhando gumi nematanhatu dzezvinodzora kukura kwezvirimwa. Kune zvigadzirwa zana nemakumi matatu nembiri zvezvinodzora kukura kwezvirimwa, izvo zana zviri dose imwe chete. Sezvakaratidzwa muTafura 6, zvinodzora kukura kwemichero zvishanu zvepamusoro zvakanyoreswa zvaive gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) uye S-inducidin (5), zvichiita 59.85% zvese. Zvigadzirwa makumi matatu nembiri zvakasanganiswa, uye zvigadzirwa zvitatu zvepamusoro zvakanyoreswa zvaive benzylmine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) uye 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), zvichiita 10.61% zvese. Sezvatinoona kubva paTafura 2, kune huwandu hwe13 hwezvinodzora kukura kwezvirimwa, pakati pazvo zvitatu zvepamusoro zviri zvigadzirwa zvinonyungudika (52), zvigadzirwa zvekirimu (19) uye zvigadzirwa zveupfu zvinonyungudika (13), zvichireva 63.64% zvese. Mabasa evanodzora kukura kwezvirimwa anonyanya kudzorwa kudzora kukura, kudzora kumera, kuchengetedza michero, kukurudzira kukura kwemichero, kuwedzera, kupenda, kuwedzera kugadzirwa uye kuchengetedzwa. Zvichienderana nemarudzi akanyoreswa, vanodzora kukura kwezvirimwa vakuru vaive makemikari, ane huwandu hwemarudzi gumi nemana, uye marudzi mashanu chete ezvinobva muhupenyu, pakati pawo manyuko ehutachiona aive S-allantoin (5), uye zvigadzirwa zvebiochemical zvaive gibberellanic acid (42), benzyl aminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) uye brassinolactone (1).
Nguva yekutumira: Chikumi-24-2024