Citrus, chirimwa chiri chemhuri yeArantioideae yemhuri yeRutaceae, chimwe chezvirimwa zvekutengesa zvakakosha pasi rose, zvichiita chikamu chimwe muzvina chemichero yose yepasi rose. Kune akawanda marudzi ecitrus, anosanganisira yakakura-peel citrus, orenji, pomelo, grapefruit, ndimu uye ndimu. Munyika dzinopfuura 140 nematunhu, kusanganisira China, Brazil neUnited States, nzvimbo yekudyara yecitrus yakasvika 10.5530 miriyoni hm2, uye yakabuda yaive 166.3030 miriyoni matani. China ndiyo nyika yakakura kwazvo yekugadzira uye kutengesa nyika, mumakore achangopfuura, nzvimbo yekudyara uye inobuda inoramba ichiwedzera, muna 2022, nzvimbo inosvika 3,033,500 hm2, kubuda kwe6,039 miriyoni matani. Nekudaro, indasitiri yeCitrus yeChina yakakura asi haina kusimba, uye United States neBrazil nedzimwe nyika dzine mukaha mukuru.
Citrus muti wemichero une nzvimbo yakakura yekurima uye yakakosha mamiriro ehupfumi kumaodzanyemba kweChina, iyo ine kukosha kwakakosha mukupedza hurombo hwemaindasitiri uye kumutsiridza kumaruwa. Nekuvandudzwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye ruzivo rwehutano uye kusimudzira kwekudyidzana nedzimwe nyika uye kuzivisa indasitiri yecitrus, girinhi uye organic citrus zvishoma nezvishoma iri kuita nzvimbo inopisa yekudyiwa kwevanhu, uye kudiwa kwemhando yepamusoro, kwakasiyana uye kwepagore kwakaringana kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera. Nekudaro, mumakore achangopfuura, indasitiri yeCitrus yeChina inobatwa nezvinhu zvakasikwa (tembiricha, kunaya, kunaka kwevhu), tekinoroji yekugadzira (mhando dzakasiyana, tekinoroji yekurima, yekurima yekuisa) uye manejimendi maitiro, uye zvimwe zvinhu, kune matambudziko akadai semhando dzezvakanaka nezvakaipa, kushaya simba kwekudzivirira zvirwere uye zvipembenene, ruzivo rwemhando haruna kusimba, manejimendi maitiro ari kumashure uye mumwaka kutengesa michero kwakaoma. Kuti tisimudzire girinhi uye yemhando yepamusoro kusimudzira kweindasitiri yecitrus, zvinokasira kusimbisa tsvagiridzo yekuvandudza kwakasiyana, musimboti uye tekinoroji yekurasikirwa nehuremu uye kuderedza zvinodhaka, kunaka uye kuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi. Mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inoita basa rakakosha mukugadzirwa kwecitrus uye inokanganisa zvakananga goho uye kunaka kwemacitrus. Mumakore achangopfuura, kusarudzwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene mukugadzirwa kwegiredhi yecitrus kwakanyanya kunetsa nekuda kwekunyanyisa kwemamiriro ekunze uye zvipembenene nehuswa.
Tsvakiridzo mudura rekunyoresa mishonga yezvipembenene yeChina Pesticide Information Network yakawana kuti kubva Nyamavhuvhu 24, 2023, pakanga paine 3,243 mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakanyoreswa mumamiriro ekushanda ecitrus kuChina. Paiva ne1515mishonga yezvipembenene, inosvika 46,73% yenhamba yese yemishonga yezvipembenene yakanyoreswa. Paive ne684 acaricides, inoverengera 21.09%; 537 fungicides, inoverengera 16.56%; 475 mishonga yesora, inoita 14,65%; Paiva ne132chirimwa kukura regulators4.07 %. Kupisa kwemishonga yezvipembenene munyika yedu yakakamurwa kuita nhanho 5 kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi: ine muchetura, yakakwira muchetura, yepakati muchetura, yakaderera muchetura uye munyoro muchetura. Paive ne541 zvigadzirwa zvine muchetura zvine mwero, zvichiverengera 16.68% yezvese zvakanyoreswa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene. Paive ne2,494 pasi-chepfu zvigadzirwa, zvichiverengera 76.90% yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemishonga yezvipembenene yakanyoreswa. Paive ne208 zvigadzirwa zvine muchetura zvinyoro, zvichiverengera 6.41% yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemishonga yezvipembenene yakanyoreswa.
1. Mamiriro ekunyoreswa kwemishonga yemacitrus/acaricides
Kune 189 mhando dzemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inoshandiswa mukugadzira citrus kuChina, iyo makumi matanhatu nepfumbamwe iine dozi rimwechete rinoshanda zvinhu uye 120 yakasanganiswa inoshanda zvinhu. Huwandu hwemishonga yezvipembenene hwakanyoreswa hwakanga hwakanyanya kudarika mamwe mapoka, hunosvika 1,515. Pakati pavo, zvigadzirwa zve994 zvakanyoreswa mune imwechete dosi, uye yepamusoro 5 mishonga yezvipembenene yaive acetamidine (188), avermectin (100), spiroxylate (58), mineral oil (53) uye ethozole (51), accounting ye29.70%. Zvigadzirwa zve521 zvakasanganiswa, uye zvishanu zvemishonga yezvipembenene muhuwandu hwakanyoreswa yaive actinospirin (52 zvigadzirwa), actinospirin (35 zvigadzirwa), actinospirin (31 zvigadzirwa), actinospirin (31 zvigadzirwa) uye dihydrazide (28 zvigadzirwa), accounting ye11.68%. Sezvinoonekwa kubva Tafura 2, pakati 1515 vakanyoreswa zvigadzirwa, pane 19 dosage mafomu, iyo yepamusoro 3 ari emulsion zvigadzirwa (653), suspension zvigadzirwa (518) uye wettable poda (169), accounting yehuwandu hwe88.45%.
Kune makumi masere nenhatu emhando dzemhando dzinoshanda dzeacaricides dzinoshandiswa mukugadzira citrus, kusanganisira makumi maviri nemana emhando imwechete inoshanda zvinosanganisa uye makumi mashanu nepfumbamwe emhando dzakasanganiswa dzinoshanda. Zvose zve 684 acaricidal zvigadzirwa zvakanyoreswa (yechipiri chete kune zvipembenene), izvo 476 vaiva vashandi vasina kuroorwa, sezvakaratidzwa muTebhu 3. Mishonga yepamusoro ye 4 muhuwandu hwemishonga inouraya yakanyoreswa yaiva acetylidene (126), triazoltin (90), chlorfenazoline (63) uye 244% phenyl. Zvose zvezvigadzirwa zve 208 zvakasanganiswa, uye 4 mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene munhamba yakanyoreswa yaiva aviculin (27), dihydrazide · ethozole (18), aviculin · mineral oil (15), uye Aviculin · mineral oil (13), inoverengera 10.67%. Pakati pezvigadzirwa 684 zvakanyoreswa, pakanga paine mafomu gumi nerimwe emuyero, ayo matatu epamusoro aive emulsion zvigadzirwa (330), kusimiswa zvigadzirwa (198) uye wettable poda (124), accounting ye95.32% yakazara.
Mhando uye huwandu hweinsecticidal / acaricidal single-dose formulations (kunze kwekumisikidzwa mumiriri, microemulsion, suspended emulsion uye aqueous emulsion) yaive yakawanda kupfuura yakasanganiswa. Paive nemhando gumi nesere dzekuumbwa kwedosi rimwe chete uye 9 marudzi eakasanganiswa maumbirwo. Kune 11 imwe-dose uye 5 yakasanganiswa dosage mafomu eacaricides. Zvinhu zvinodzora zvezvipembenene zvakasanganiswa Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (spider tsvuku), Gall mite (rust tick, rust spider), Whitefly (whitefly, whitefly, black spiny whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Aphididae (orange aphira aphid aphid) (leaf miner), chipfukuto (grey weevil) nezvimwe zvipembenene. Zvinhu zvikuru zvinodzora zvedoro rimwe chete Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (dandemutande dzvuku), Pisolidae (Rusteckidae), Whiteflidae (Whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Ceracidae (Red Ceratidae), Aphididae (Aphids), nhunzi dzinoshanda, Tafleida (Tafleida) mashizha emashizha (Tangeridae), Papiliidae (citrus papiliidae), uye Longicidae (Longicidae). Nezvimwe zvipembenene. Zvinhu zvinodzora zveacaricides zvakanyoreswa zvinonyanya kuita mite ye phyllodidae (dandemutande dzvuku), Aspidococcus (Aracidae), Cerococcus (Red Cerococcus), Psyllidae (Psyllidae), leaf miner moth (leaf miner), Pall mite (rust tick), aphid (aphid). Kubva kumhando dzemishonga yezvipembenene yakanyoreswa uye acaricides inonyanya kushandisa mishonga yemakemikari, 60 ne21 marudzi, zvichiteerana. Paingova nemhando dze9 chete kubva kune biological uye mineral sources, kusanganisira neem (2) uye matrine (3) kubva kuzvirimwa nemhuka, uye Bacillus thuringiensis (8), Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 (1), Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 (1) uye avermectin (103) kubva kune microbial sources. Zvicherwa zviwanikwa zvicherwa oiri (62), dombo sarufa musanganiswa (7), uye mamwe mapoka ari sodium rosin (6).
2. Kunyoresa fungicides ecitrus
Kune 117 marudzi ezvishandiso zvinoshandiswa zvezvigadzirwa zvefungicide, 61 marudzi eimwe chete inoshanda zvinongedzo uye makumi mashanu nenhanhatu emhando dzakasanganiswa dzinoshanda. Paive ne537 zvine chekuita nefungicide zvigadzirwa, izvo makumi mana nematanhatu zvaive zvimwechete. Mishonga ina yepamusoro yakanyoreswa yekuuraya zvipembenene yaive imidamine (64), mancozeb (49), copper hydroxide (25) uye copper king (19), inoverengera 29.24% yese. Zvose zvezvigadzirwa zve131 zvakasanganiswa, uye 4 mishonga yepamusoro yakanyoreswa yaiva Chunlei · Wang copper (17), Chunlei · quinoline copper (9), azole · deisen (8), uye azole · imimine (7), inoverengera 7.64% yose. Sezvinoonekwa kubva Tafura 2, pane 18 dosage mafomu 537 fungicide zvigadzirwa, pakati pacho mhando 3 dzepamusoro nenhamba huru ivhu rakanyorova (159), suspension product (148) uye mvura-yakaparadzirwa granule (86), inoverengera 73.18% yakazara. Kune gumi nematanhatu dosage mafomu efungicide uye manomwe akasanganiswa dosage mafomu.
Fungicides control zvinhu i powdery mildew, scab, black spot (black star), grey mold, canker, resin disease, anthrax uye kuchengetedza nguva zvirwere (root rot, black rot, penicillium, green mold uye acid rot). Mafungicides anonyanya kushandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, kune makumi mana nemhando dzemakemikari ekuuraya zvipembenene, uye marudzi gumi nemapfumbamwe chete ezvinyorwa zvipenyu uye zvicherwa zvakanyoreswa, pakati pechirimwa nemhuka zviwanikwa berberine (1), carvall (1), sopranoginseng extract (2), allicin (1), D-limonene (1). Mikrobial masosi aive mesomycin (4), priuremycin (4), avermectin (2), Bacillus subtilis (8), Bacillus methylotrophicum LW-6 (1). Mamineral sources cuprous oxide (1), king copper (19), stone sulfur musanganiswa (6), copper hydroxide (25), calcium copper sulfate (11), sulfur (6), mineral oil (4), basic copper sulfate (7), Bordeaux liquid (11).
3. Kunyoreswa kwemishonga yesora yemacitrus
Kune marudzi makumi maviri emishonga yesora inoshanda, gumi nemana emhando imwechete inoshanda uye 6 marudzi emusanganiswa anoshanda zvinosanganisa. Mishonga yesora inosvika 475 yakanyoreswa, kusanganisira 467 single agents uye 8 mixed agents. Sezvinoratidzwa muTable 5, epamusoro 5 herbicides akanyoreswa aive glyphosate isopropylamine (169), glyphosate ammonium (136), glyphosate ammonium (93), glyphosate (47) uye yakanaka glyphosate ammonium ammonium (6), inoverengera 94.95% yese. Sezvinoonekwa kubva Tafura 2, kune 7 dosage mafomu emishonga yesora, iyo yekutanga 3 zvigadzirwa zvemvura (302), soluble granule zvigadzirwa (78) uye soluble poda zvigadzirwa (69), accounting ye94.53% yakazara. Panyaya yemarudzi, mishonga yese yesora makumi maviri yakagadzirwa nemakemikari, uye hapana zvigadzirwa zvebiology zvakanyoreswa.
4. Kunyoreswa kwevatongi vekukura kwecitrus
Kune makumi matatu neshanu emhando dzezvishandiso zvinosanganisirwa zvinodzora kukura kwechirimwa, kusanganisira gumi nepfumbamwe emhando dzeamiriri imwechete uye gumi nematanhatu emhando dzakasanganiswa. Kune 132 chirimwa chekukura zvigadziriso zvigadzirwa zvakazara, izvo zana dhesi imwe chete. Sezvinoratidzwa muTable 6, yepamusoro 5 yakanyoreswa macitrus kukura regulators aive gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) uye S-inducidin (5), inoverengera 59.85% yakazara. Zvose zvezvigadzirwa zve32 zvakasanganiswa, uye zvigadzirwa zvepamusoro zve3 zvakanyoreswa zvaive benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) uye 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), inoverengera 10.61% muhuwandu. Sezvinoonekwa kubva Tafura 2, kune huwandu hwe13 dosage mafomu ezvinomera kukura regulators, pakati peiyo yepamusoro 3 ndeye solubilizable zvigadzirwa (52), cream zvigadzirwa (19) uye soluble poda zvigadzirwa (13), accounting ye63.64% yakazara. Mabasa ekugadzirisa kukura kwemiti anonyanya kugadzirisa kukura, kudzora kupfura, kuchengetedza michero, kukurudzira kukura kwezvibereko, kuwedzera, kuisa mavara, kuwedzera kugadzirwa nekuchengetedza. Zvinoenderana nemhando dzakanyoreswa, iyo huru yekukura kwechirimwa regulators yaive makemikari synthesis, ine huwandu hwemarudzi gumi nemana, uye marudzi mashanu chete ezvinyorwa zvipenyu, pakati pawo mabviro ehutachiona aive S-allantoin (5), uye zvigadzirwa zvebiochemical zvaive gibberellanic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) uye brassinolactone (1).
4. Kunyoreswa kwevatongi vekukura kwecitrus
Kune makumi matatu neshanu emhando dzezvishandiso zvinosanganisirwa zvinodzora kukura kwechirimwa, kusanganisira gumi nepfumbamwe emhando dzeamiriri imwechete uye gumi nematanhatu emhando dzakasanganiswa. Kune 132 chirimwa chekukura zvigadziriso zvigadzirwa zvakazara, izvo zana dhesi imwe chete. Sezvinoratidzwa muTable 6, yepamusoro 5 yakanyoreswa macitrus kukura regulators aive gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) uye S-inducidin (5), inoverengera 59.85% yakazara. Zvose zvezvigadzirwa zve32 zvakasanganiswa, uye zvigadzirwa zvepamusoro zve3 zvakanyoreswa zvaive benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) uye 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), inoverengera 10.61% muhuwandu. Sezvinoonekwa kubva Tafura 2, kune huwandu hwe13 dosage mafomu ezvinomera kukura regulators, pakati peiyo yepamusoro 3 ndeye solubilizable zvigadzirwa (52), cream zvigadzirwa (19) uye soluble poda zvigadzirwa (13), accounting ye63.64% yakazara. Mabasa ekugadzirisa kukura kwemiti anonyanya kugadzirisa kukura, kudzora kupfura, kuchengetedza michero, kukurudzira kukura kwezvibereko, kuwedzera, kuisa mavara, kuwedzera kugadzirwa nekuchengetedza. Zvinoenderana nemhando dzakanyoreswa, iyo huru yekukura kwechirimwa regulators yaive makemikari synthesis, ine huwandu hwemarudzi gumi nemana, uye marudzi mashanu chete ezvinyorwa zvipenyu, pakati pawo mabviro ehutachiona aive S-allantoin (5), uye zvigadzirwa zvebiochemical zvaive gibberellanic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) uye brassinolactone (1).
Nguva yekutumira: Jun-24-2024