Muchirongwa chekare chekuedza mafekitori ekugadzira chikafu emuno muThailand, mafuta anokosha (EOs) eCyperus rotundus, galangal nesinamoni akawanikwa aine simba rakanaka rekudzivirira umhutu kurwisa Aedes aegypti. Mukuedza kuderedza kushandiswa kwemishonga yechinyakare.mishonga yezvipembeneneuye kuvandudza kudzora huwandu hweumhutu husingaurayi, chidzidzo ichi chaive nechinangwa chekuona kubatana kunogona kuitika pakati pemhedzisiro ye ethylene oxide inouraya vanhu vakuru uye chepfu ye permethrin kune umhutu hweAedes. aegypti, kusanganisira mhando dzinoramba pyrethroid uye dzinonzwa kurwara.
Kuongorora kuumbwa kwemakemikari uye kuuraya kweEO yakatorwa kubva kumarhizomes eC. rotundus neA. galanga uye bark reC. verum richirwisa hutachiona hunogona kubatwa nehutachiona hweMuang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) uye hutachiona husingapindi hwePang Mai Dang (PMD-R). ) Ae. Aedes aegypti yevakuru. Kuongororwa kweEO-permethrin yevakuru kwakaitwawo paumhutu hweAedes kuti vanzwisise kushanda kwayo pamwe chete.
Kutsanangurwa kwemakemikari uchishandisa nzira yekuongorora yeGC-MS kwakaratidza kuti makemikari makumi mana nemasere akawanikwa kubva muEOs dzeC. rotundus, A. galanga naC. verum, zvichiita 80.22%, 86.75% uye 97.24% yezvikamu zvese, zvichiteerana. Cyperene (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%), uye cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) ndizvo zvikamu zvikuru zveoiri yecyperus, oiri yegalangal, uye oiri yebalsamic, zvichiteerana. Mukuongorora kwekuuraya kwevakuru, C. rotundus, A. galanga naC. verum EVs dzakashanda mukuuraya Ae. aegypti, MCM-S uye PMD-R LD50 values dzaive 10.05 na 9.57 μg/mg yemukadzi, 7.97 na 7.94 μg/mg yemukadzi, uye 3.30 na 3.22 μg/mg yemukadzi, zvichiteerana. Kushanda zvakanaka kweMCM-S nePMD-R Ae mukuuraya vanhu vakuru. Aegypti muEO idzi yaive pedyo nepiperonyl butoxide (PBO values, LD50 = 6.30 uye 4.79 μg/mg yemukadzi, zvichiteerana), asi kwete sepermethrin (LD50 values = 0.44 uye 3.70 ng/mg yemukadzi zvichiteerana). Zvisinei, kusanganiswa kwebioassays kwakawana kubatana pakati peEO nepermethrin. Kubatana kwakakosha nepermethrin kurwisa mhando mbiri dzeumhutu hweAedes. Aedes aegypti yakaonekwa muEM yeC. rotundus neA. galanga. Kuwedzerwa kwemafuta eC. rotundus neA. galanga kwakaderedza zvakanyanya kukosha kweLD50 yepermethrin paMCM-S kubva pa0.44 kusvika pa0.07 ng/mg uye 0.11 ng/mg muvakadzi, zvichiteerana, ne synergy ratio (SR) kukosha kwe6.28 ne4.00 zvichiteerana. Pamusoro pezvo, C. rotundus neA. galanga EOs zvakaderedzawo zvakanyanya kukosha kweLD50 yepermethrin paPMD-R kubva pa3.70 kusvika pa0.42 ng/mg uye 0.003 ng/mg muvakadzi, zvichiteerana, neSR kukosha kwe8.81 ne1233.33, zvichiteerana. .
Kushanda pamwe chete kwemusanganiswa weEO-permethrin kuwedzera chepfu yevakuru pakurwisa mhando mbiri dzeumhutu hweAedes. Aedes aegypti inoratidza basa rakanaka re ethylene oxide sekubatsirana mukuwedzera kushanda kwekudzivirira umhutu, kunyanya kana mishonga yechinyakare isingashande kana kuti isina kukodzera.
Utunga hweAedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) ndihwo hunokonzera dengue fever nezvimwe zvirwere zvinotapukira zvakaita seyellow fever, chikungunya neZika virus, zvichikonzera njodzi huru uye inogara iripo kuvanhu[1, 2]. . Dengue virus ndiyo fever inouraya ropa zvakanyanya inokanganisa vanhu, inofungidzirwa kuti inokonzera mamiriyoni 5–100 ezvirwere zvichiitika gore rega rega uye vanhu vanopfuura mabhiriyoni 2.5 pasi rose vari panjodzi [3]. Kupararira kwechirwere ichi chinotapukira kunoisa mutoro mukuru pavanhu, masangano ehutano nehupfumi hwenyika zhinji dzinopisa [1]. Sekureva kweThai Ministry of Health, kwaive nezviitiko zvedengue fever 142,925 uye vanhu 141 vakafa munyika yese muna 2015, zvinopfuura katatu nhamba yezviitiko nerufu muna 2014 [4]. Pasinei neuchapupu hwenhoroondo, dengue fever yakabviswa kana kuderedzwa zvakanyanya neumhutu hweAedes. Mushure mekudzora Aedes aegypti [5], huwandu hwehutachiona hwakawedzera zvakanyanya uye chirwere chakapararira pasi rose, zvichikonzerwa nemakumi emakore ekudziya kwepasi rose. Kubvisa uye kudzora Ae. Aedes aegypti yakaoma nekuti imhuka inotakura umhutu mudzimba inobatanidza, inodyisa, inozorora uye inokandira mazai mukati nekunze kwenzvimbo inogara vanhu masikati. Pamusoro pezvo, umhutu uhwu hune simba rekugadzirisa shanduko dzezvakatipoteredza kana kukanganiswa kunokonzerwa nezviitiko zvechisikigo (senge kusanaya kwemvura) kana matanho ekudzora vanhu, uye hunogona kudzokera kuhuwandu hwahwo hwepakutanga [6, 7]. Nekuti majekiseni ekudzivirira dengue fever achangobva kubvumidzwa uye hapana mushonga chaiwo wedengue fever, kudzivirira nekuderedza njodzi yekutapurirana kwedengue kunoenderana nekudzora mhutu dzinotakura uye kubvisa kusangana kwevanhu nemhutu.
Kunyanya, kushandiswa kwemakemikari ekudzora umhutu ikozvino kwave nebasa rakakosha muhutano hweveruzhinji sechikamu chakakosha chekutarisira kwakazara kwevector. Nzira dzinonyanya kufarirwa dzemakemikari dzinosanganisira kushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene ine chepfu shoma inoshanda kurwisa mhodzi dzeumhutu (larvicides) uye umhutu hwevanhu vakuru (adidocides). Kudzora matumbu kuburikidza nekuderedza manyuko uye kushandisa nguva dzose mishonga inouraya zvipembenene yakaita se organophosphates uye zvipembenene zvinodzora kukura kwezvipembenene zvinoonekwa sezvakakosha. Zvisinei, migumisiro yakaipa yezvakatipoteredza inobatanidzwa nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene yakagadzirwa uye kuchengetedza kwayo kwakaoma uye kwakaoma ichiri chinhu chikuru chinonetsa [8, 9]. Kudzora kwevector yechinyakare, senge kudzora vakuru, kunoramba kuri nzira inoshanda kwazvo yekudzora panguva yekupararira kwehutachiona nekuti kunogona kubvisa zvipembenene zvinotapukira nekukurumidza uye pamwero mukuru, pamwe nekuderedza hupenyu nehupenyu hwehuwandu hwevector vectors vemunharaunda [3]. , 10]. Makirasi mana emishonga inouraya zvipembenene yemakemikari: organochlorines (inongonzi DDT chete), organophosphates, carbamates, uye pyrethroids ndiwo hwaro hwezvirongwa zvekudzora vector, nepyrethroids dzinoonekwa sekirasi yakabudirira zvikuru. Anoshanda zvikuru pakurwisa mhando dzakasiyana dzema arthropods uye haashande zvakanaka kumhuka dzinoyamwisa. Parizvino, mishonga yepyrethroids yakagadzirwa ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa mumishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, ichitora chikamu chinosvika 25% yemusika wepasi rose wemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene [11, 12]. Permethrin nedeltamethrin mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yepyrethroid yakashandiswa pasi rese kwemakumi emakore kudzora zvipembenene zvakasiyana-siyana zvine chekuita nekurima uye kurapa [13, 14]. Muma1950, DDT yakasarudzwa sekemikari inosarudzwa muchirongwa chenyika chekutonga umhutu muThailand. Mushure mekushandiswa kwakapararira kweDDT munzvimbo dzine malaria, Thailand yakabvisa zvishoma nezvishoma kushandiswa kweDDT pakati pa1995 na2000 ndokuitsiva ne pyrethroids mbiri: permethrin nedeltamethrin [15, 16]. Mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yepyrethroid iyi yakaunzwa kutanga kwema1990 kudzora malaria nedengue fever, kunyanya kuburikidza nekurapwa net net uye kushandiswa kwemafuta anodziya uye ultra-low toxic sprays [14, 17]. Zvisinei, hadzina kushanda zvakanaka nekuda kwekusakwanisa kudzivirira umhutu zvakanyanya uye kusatevedzera mitemo yeruzhinji nekuda kwekunetseka nezvehutano hwevanhu uye kukanganisa kwemakemikari ekugadzira. Izvi zvinopa matambudziko makuru pakubudirira kwezvirongwa zvekudzora njodzi [14, 18, 19]. Kuti hurongwa uhwu hushande zvakanaka, panguva yakakodzera uye matanho akakodzera anodiwa. Maitiro ekutarisira anokurudzirwa anosanganisira kuchinja zvinhu zvechisikigo, kutenderera kwemakemikari emhando dzakasiyana, kuwedzera ma synergists, uye kusanganisa makemikari kana kushandiswa panguva imwe chete kwemakemikari emhando dzakasiyana [14, 20, 21]. Nokudaro, pane kudiwa kukuru kwekutsvaga nekugadzira imwe nzira inoshanda, iri nyore uye inoshanda uye synergist uye chidzidzo ichi chine chinangwa chekugadzirisa chinodiwa ichi.
Mishonga yezvipembenene inobva muzvirimwa, kunyanya iyo inobva muzvirimwa, yakaratidza kugona mukuongorora dzimwe nzira dzekudzivirira umhutu dziripo uye dzemangwana [22, 23, 24]. Zvidzidzo zvakati wandei zvakaratidza kuti zvinokwanisika kudzora zvipembenene zvakakosha zveumhutu nekushandisa zvigadzirwa zvezvirimwa, kunyanya mafuta anokosha (EOs), senzira yekuuraya vanhu vakuru. Hunhu hwekuuraya humwe mhando dzeumhutu hwakakosha hwakawanikwa mumafuta emiriwo akawanda akadai secelery, cumin, zedoaria, anise, pipe pepper, thyme, Schinus terebinthifolia, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Cymbopogon giganteus, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Cochlospermum planchonii, Eucalyptus ter eticornis. , Eucalyptus citriodora, Cananga odorata naPetroselinum Criscum [25,26,27,28,29,30]. Ethylene oxide ikozvino haishandiswi yoga chete, asiwo pamwe chete nezvinhu zvakatorwa mumiti kana mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene iripo, zvichigadzira mwero wakasiyana wechepfu. Kusanganiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene yechinyakare yakaita se organophosphates, carbamates uye pyrethroids ine ethylene oxide/plant extracts inoshanda pamwe chete kana nenzira inorwisa mumigumisiro yayo ine chepfu uye yakaratidzwa kuti inoshanda pakurwisa zvirwere nezvipembenene [31,32,33,34,35]. Zvisinei, zvidzidzo zvakawanda pamusoro pemigumisiro ine chepfu yekubatana kwe phytochemicals ine kana isina makemikari ekugadzira zvakaitwa pazvipembenene zvekurima nezvipembenene pane paumhutu hunokosha pakurapa. Uyezve, basa rakawanda pamusoro pemigumisiro yekubatana kwezvipembenene zvinogadzirwa nemiti zvinopesana neumhutu rakatarisa pamhedzisiro yekuuraya mabundu.
Muchidzidzo chakapfuura chakaitwa nevanyori sechikamu chechirongwa chekutsvagisa chiri kuenderera mberi chekuongorora mishonga inouraya utachiona kubva muzvirimwa zvechivanhu muThailand, ethylene oxides kubva kuCyperus rotundus, galangal uye sinamoni zvakawanikwa zvichigona kushanda kurwisa Aedes vakuru. Egypt [36]. Nokudaro, chidzidzo ichi chaive nechinangwa chekuongorora kushanda kweEOs dzakatorwa kubva mumiti iyi yemishonga kurwisa umhutu hweAedes, kusanganisira mhando dzinorwisa pyrethroid uye dzinonzwa. Mhedzisiro yekubatana kwemisanganiswa yebinary ye ethylene oxide uye synthetic pyrethroids inoshanda zvakanaka muvakuru yakaongororwawo kuderedza kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene yechinyakare uye kuwedzera kuramba kumhuka dzinorwisa umhutu, kunyanya kurwisa Aedes. Aedes aegypti. Chinyorwa chino chinoshuma kutsanangurwa kwemakemikari emafuta anokosha anoshanda uye kugona kwawo kuwedzera chepfu ye synthetic permethrin kurwisa umhutu hweAedes, aegypti mumhando dzinonzwa pyrethroid (MCM-S) uye mhando dzinodzivirira (PMD-R).
MaRhizomes eC. rotundus neA. galanga nemakwati eC. verum (Mufananidzo 1) anoshandiswa pakubvisa mafuta akakosha akatengwa kubva kuvatengesi vemishonga yemishonga muChiang Mai Province, Thailand. Kuzivikanwa kwezvirimwa izvi nesainzi kwakawanikwa kuburikidza nekukurukurirana naVaJames Franklin Maxwell, Herbarium Botanist, Department of Biology, College of Science, Chiang Mai University (CMU), Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, uye musayendisiti Wannari Charoensap; muDepartment of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Carnegie Mellon University, Ms. Voucher sampuli dzechirimwa chimwe nechimwe dzinochengetwa muDepartment of Parasitology paCarnegie Mellon University School of Medicine kuti dzishandiswe mune ramangwana.
Mienzaniso yemiti yakaomeswa yega yega kwemazuva matatu kusvika mashanu munzvimbo yakashama ine mhepo inofefetera uye tembiricha yemhepo inosvika 30 ± 5 °C kubvisa hunyoro usati wabvisa mafuta echisikigo (EOs). Huwandu hwe250 g yechinhu chimwe nechimwe chakaoma chakakuyiwa kuita upfu hwakakora uye chakashandiswa kuparadzanisa mafuta echisikigo (EOs) nekudirwa nemhepo inopfuta. Mudziyo wekudirwa waisanganisira mantle yemagetsi inodziya, flask ye3000 mL yakatenderera, column yekubuditsa, condenser, uye Cool ace device (Eyela Cool Ace CA-1112 CE, Tokyo Rikakikai Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Wedzera 1600 ml yemvura yakadirwa uye magirazi 10-15 egirazi muflask wobva waipisa kusvika pa100°C uchishandisa heater yemagetsi kwemaawa matatu kusvika yadirwa uye hapana imwe EO yagadzirwa. Rutivi rweEO rwakaparadzaniswa kubva muchikamu chemvura uchishandisa funnel inoparadzanisa, rukaomeswa pamusoro peanhydrous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) ndokuchengetwa mubhodhoro rebrown rakavharwa pa4°C kusvika makemikari akagadzirwa uye mashandiro emunhu mukuru aongororwa.
Kuumbwa kwemakemikari emafuta anokosha kwakaitwa panguva imwe chete nekuongorora kwechinhu chemunhu mukuru. Kuongorora kwehunhu kwakaitwa uchishandisa sisitimu yeGC-MS ine Hewlett-Packard (Wilmington, CA, USA) 7890A gas chromatograph ine single quadrupole mass selective detector (Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, CA, USA) uye MSD 5975C (EI). (Agilent Technologies).
Koramu yeChromatographic – DB-5MS (30 m × ID 0.25 mm × ukobvu hwefirimu 0.25 µm). Nguva yese yekushanda kweGC-MS yaive maminetsi makumi maviri. Mamiriro ekuongorora ndeekuti tembiricha yeinjector netransfer line iri 250 uye 280 °C, zvichiteerana; tembiricha yefurnace yakarongerwa kuwedzera kubva pa50°C kusvika 250°C pachiyero che10°C/min, gasi rinotakura ihelium; mwero wekuyerera 1.0 ml/min; vhoriyamu yeinjection i0.2 µL (1/10% nevhoriyamu muCH2Cl2, chiyero chekupatsanura 100:1); Sisitimu yeionization yeelectron ine simba reionization re70 eV inoshandiswa pakuona GC-MS. Range yekutenga i50–550 atomic mass units (amu) uye kumhanya kwescan i2.91 scans pasekondi. Zvikamu zvezvikamu zvinoratidzwa sezvikamu zvakajairwa nenzvimbo yepamusoro. Kuzivikanwa kwezvinhu zvinoumba EO kunobva pa retention index yavo (RI). RI yakaverengerwa uchishandisa equation yaVan den Dool naKratz [37] ye n-alkanes series (C8-C40) uye yakaenzaniswa ne retention indices kubva mumabhuku [38] uye library databases (NIST 2008 naWiley 8NO8). Kuzivikanwa kwemakemikari akaratidzwa, akadai sechimiro uye molecular formula, kwakasimbiswa nekuenzanisa nemasampuli chaiwo aripo.
Mitemo yekuongorora permethrin yakagadzirwa uye piperonyl butoxide (PBO, positive control muzvidzidzo zvekubatana) yakatengwa kubva kuSigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Zvishandiso zvekuongorora vanhu vakuru zveWorld Health Organization (WHO) pamwe nedosi dzekuongorora mapepa akaiswa mukati mepermethrin (0.75%) zvakatengwa kuWHO Vector Control Center muPenang, Malaysia. Mamwe makemikari ese nema reagents akashandiswa aive emhando yepamusoro uye akatengwa kubva kumasangano emunharaunda muChiang Mai Province, Thailand.
Utunga hwakashandiswa sezvinhu zvipenyu muongororo yemhuka yakakura hwaisangana neumhutu hweAedes murabhoritari. Aegypti, kusanganisira mhando yeMuang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) uye mhando yePang Mai Dang (PMD-R). MCM-S yakatorwa kubva mumienzaniso yemunzvimbo iyi yakatorwa munzvimbo yeMuang Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, uye yakachengetedzwa mukamuri rezvidzidzo zvezvipembenene reDhipatimendi reParasitology, CMU School of Medicine, kubvira muna 1995 [39]. Mhando yePMD-R, iyo yakawanikwa isingagoni kubatwa nepermethrin, yakabviswa kubva kumuhutu hwemumunda hwakatorwa kubva kuBan Pang Mai Dang, Mae Tang District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, uye yakachengetedzwa pachikoro chimwe chete kubvira muna 1997 [40]. Mhando dzePMD-R dzakarimwa pasi pekumanikidzwa kwekusarudza kuchengetedza mwero wekudzivirira nekusangana ne0.75% permethrin nguva nenguva uchishandisa WHO detection kit pamwe nezvimwe zvigadziriso [41]. Mhando yega yega yeAe. Aedes aegypti yakaunganidzwa yoga yoga murabhoritari isina utachiona pa25 ± 2 °C uye 80 ± 10% hunyoro uye nguva yekupisa ye14:10 maawa ine chiedza/rima. Makonye angangoita mazana maviri akachengetwa mumatireyi epurasitiki (kureba 33 cm, 28 cm yakafara uye 9 cm yakakwirira) azere nemvura yepombi ine density ye150-200 makonye patireyi imwe neimwe uye akadyiswa kaviri pazuva nemabhisikiti embwa akacheneswa. Makonye makuru akachengetwa mumakeji akanyorova uye aigara achidyiswa ne10% aqueous sucrose solution uye 10% multivitamin syrup solution. Umhutu hwechikadzi hunogara huchisveta ropa kuti huise mazai. Humhutu hwechikadzi hune mazuva maviri kusvika mashanu husina kudyiswa ropa hunogona kushandiswa nguva dzose mukuyedza kuongorora zvinhu zvechivanhu.
Kuongororwa kweEO nedosi yekufa kwakaitwa paumhutu hwechikadzi hweAedes, aegypti, MCM-S uye PMD-R uchishandisa nzira yekurapa yakagadziriswa zvichienderana neWHO standard protocol yekuyedzwa kweutachiona [42]. EO kubva pamuti wega wega yakasanganiswa ne solvent yakakodzera (semuenzaniso ethanol kana acetone) kuti iwane huwandu hwakakwana hwe4-6 concentrations. Mushure mekunzwa kurwadza ne carbon dioxide (CO2), umhutu hwaiyerwa humwe neumwe. Umhutu hwakarapwa hwakazochengetwa husina kufamba papepa rakaoma rekusefa paplate inotonhora yakagadzirwa pasi pe stereomicroscope kudzivirira kudzoserwa kwesimba panguva yekuvhiyiwa. Pakurapwa kwega kwega, 0.1 μl yeEO solution yakaiswa papronotum yepamusoro yemukadzi uchishandisa Hamilton handheld microdispenser (700 Series Microliter™, Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, USA). Vakadzi makumi maviri nevashanu vakarapwa nehuwandu hwega hwega, nerufu rwuchibva pa10% kusvika 95% kune huwandu huna hwakasiyana. Umhutu hwakarapwa ne solvent hwakashanda sekutonga. Kuti mudzivise kusvibiswa kwemasampuli ebvunzo, tsivai bepa rekusefa nepepa idzva rekusefa reEO yega yega yakaedzwa. Madosi anoshandiswa muongororo idzi anoratidzwa muma microgram eEO pa milligram yehuremu hwemuviri wemukadzi mupenyu. Basa rePBO revakuru rakaongororwawo nenzira yakafanana neEO, nePBO yakashandiswa senzira yakanaka yekudzora mukuyedza kwekubatana. Umhutu hwakarapwa mumapoka ese hwakaiswa mumakapu epurasitiki ndokupihwa 10% sucrose pamwe ne10% multivitamin syrup. Kuongororwa kwese kwebioassays kwakaitwa pa25 ± 2 °C uye 80 ± 10% hunyoro uye kwakadzokororwa kane nevanoongorora. Kufa mukati menguva yekurera kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana kwakaongororwa uye kwakasimbiswa nekusapindura kweumhutu kune kukurudzira kwemuchina uye kwakanyorwa zvichienderana neavhareji yekudzokorora kane. Kurapa kwekuyedza kwakadzokororwa kane pamuenzaniso wega wega wekuyedza uchishandisa mapoka akasiyana eumhutu. Mhedzisiro yacho yakapfupikiswa uye yakashandiswa kuverenga huwandu hwehuwandu hwekufa, iyo yakashandiswa kuona dose inouraya yemaawa makumi maviri nemana kuburikidza nekuongorora kweprobit.
Kushanda pamwe chete kweEO nepermethrin kwakaongororwa uchishandisa nzira yekuongorora chepfu yemuno [42] sezvakatsanangurwa kare. Shandisa acetone kana ethanol semushonga wekugadzirisa permethrin pahuwandu hwaidiwa, pamwe nemusanganiswa webinary weEO nepermethrin (EO-permethrin: permethrin yakasanganiswa neEO pahuwandu hweLD25). Zvishandiso zvekuyedza (permethrin neEO-permethrin) zvakaongororwa zvichienderana nemhando dzeMCM-S nePMD-R dzeAe. Aedes aegypti. Humhutu hwechikadzi hwese hwe25 hwakapihwa madosi mana epermethrin kuti huedze kushanda kwayo mukuuraya vanhu vakuru, nekurapa kwega kwega kwakadzokororwa kana. Kuti vaone EO synergists, madosi mana kusvika matanhatu eEO-permethrin akapinzwa kune humwe humwe hwehumhutu hwechikadzi hwe25, nekushandiswa kwega kwega kwakadzokororwa kana. Kurapa kwePBO-permethrin (permethrin yakasanganiswa neLD25 yePBO) kwakashandawo senzira yakanaka yekudzora. Madosi anoshandiswa muongororo idzi dzemuviri anoratidzwa muma nanograms emuenzaniso wekuyedza pa milligram yehuremu hwemuviri wemukadzi mupenyu. Ongororo ina dzekuedza dzemhando yega yega yeumhutu dzakaitwa pamapoka akasiyana-siyana akarerwa, uye data rerufu rakaunganidzwa uye rakaongororwa uchishandisa Probit kuona dosi inouraya yemaawa makumi maviri nemana.
Huwandu hwerufu hwakagadziriswa uchishandisa fomura yeAbbott [43]. Data rakagadziriswa rakaongororwa neProbit regression analysis uchishandisa purogiramu yenhamba dzemakombiyuta SPSS (vhezheni 19.0). Huremu hwe25%, 50%, 90%, 95% uye 99% (LD25, LD50, LD90, LD95 uye LD99, zvichiteerana) hwakaverengerwa uchishandisa 95% confidence intervals inoenderana (95% CI). Kuyerwa kwekukosha uye musiyano pakati pemasampuli ebvunzo kwakaongororwa uchishandisa chi-square test kana Mann-Whitney U test mukati mega yega biological assay. Mhedzisiro yakatorwa seyakakosha paP.< 0.05. Iyo resistance coefficient (RR) inofungidzirwa padanho reLD50 uchishandisa fomura inotevera [12]:
RR > 1 inoratidza kuramba, uye RR ≤ 1 inoratidza kunzwa. Kukosha kwe synergy ratio (SR) yemunhu wese anofanirwa kushanda pamwe chete kunoverengerwa seizvi [34, 35, 44]:
Izvi zvinopatsanura mhedzisiro yacho muzvikamu zvitatu: kukosha kweSR kwe1±0.05 kunoonekwa sekusina mhedzisiro inooneka, kukosha kweSR kwe >1.05 kunoonekwa sekunge kune mhedzisiro inoshanda pamwe chete, uye kukosha kweSR kweA light yellow liquid oil kunogona kuwanikwa nekunyungudutsa rhizomes dzeC. rotundus neA. galanga nebark reC. verum. Goho rakaverengerwa pahuremu hwakaoma raive 0.15%, 0.27% (w/w), uye 0.54% (v/v). w) zvichiteerana (Tafura 1). Chidzidzo cheGC-MS chemakemikari emafuta eC. rotundus, A. galanga neC. verum chakaratidza kuvapo kwe19, 17 ne21 compounds, izvo zvaive 80.22, 86.75 ne97.24% yezvikamu zvese, zvichiteerana (Tafura 2). Mafuta eC. lucidum rhizome anosanganisira cyperonene (14.04%), ichiteverwa necarralene (9.57%), α-capsellan (7.97%), uye α-capsellan (7.53%). Chinhu chikuru chemakemikari mumafuta egalangal rhizome iβ-bisabolene (18.27%), ichiteverwa neα-bergamotene (16.28%), 1,8-cineole (10.17%) uye piperonol (10.09%). Kunyange zvazvo cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) yakaonekwa sechikamu chikuru chemafuta eC. verum bark, cinnamic acetate (6.61%), α-copaene (5.83%) uye 3-phenylpropionaldehyde (4.09%) zvaionekwa sezvinhu zvidiki. Maumbirwo emakemikari e cyperne, β-bisabolene uye cinnamaldehyde ndiwo makomponi makuru e C. rotundus, A. galanga na C. verum, zvichiteerana, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 2.
Mhedzisiro kubva kuOO nhatu dzakaongorora mashandiro evakuru ekurwisa umhutu hweAedes. Umhutu hweAegypti hunoratidzwa muTafura 3. MaEO ese akawanikwa aine mhedzisiro inouraya kumhutu hweMCM-S Aedes pamhando dzakasiyana uye madosi. Aedes aegypti. EO inoshanda zvakanyanya iC. verum, ichiteverwa neA. galanga naC. rotundus dzine LD50 values ye3.30, 7.97 uye 10.05 μg/mg MCM-S females zvichiteerana, yakakwira zvishoma pane 3.22 (U = 1 ), Z = -0.775, P = 0.667), 7.94 (U = 2, Z = 0, P = 1) uye 9.57 (U = 0, Z = -1.549, P = 0.333) μg/mg PMD -R muvakadzi. Izvi zvinoenderana nekuti PBO ine simba guru paPMD-R pane MSM-S strain, ine LD50 values ye 4.79 uye 6.30 μg/mg yevakadzi, zvichiteerana (U = 0, Z = -2.021, P = 0.057 ). ). Zvinogona kuverengerwa kuti LD50 values yeC. verum, A. galanga, C. rotundus uye PBO vachipesana nePMD-R yakaderera kanenge ka0.98, 0.99, 0.95 uye 0.76 pane iyo ichipesana neMCM-S, zvichiteerana. Saka, izvi zvinoratidza kuti mukana wePBO neEO wakafanana pakati pemhando mbiri dzeAedes. Kunyangwe PMD-R yaive yakanyanya kubatwa nechirwere kupfuura MCM-S, mukana weAedes aegypti wakanga usina kukosha. Kusiyana neizvi, mhando mbiri dzeAedes dzakasiyana zvakanyanya mukunzwa kwadzo permethrin. aegypti (Tafura 4). PMD-R yakaratidza kusakwanisa kubatwa nepermethrin zvakanyanya (LD50 value = 0.44 ng/mg muvakadzi) ine LD50 value yakakwira ye3.70 zvichienzaniswa neMCM-S (LD50 value = 0.44 ng/mg muvakadzi) ng/mg muvakadzi (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029). Kunyangwe PMD-R isinganyanyi kunzwa permethrin kupfuura MCM-S, kunzwa kwayo kuPBO neC. verum, A. galanga, uye C. rotundus oils kwakakwira zvishoma pane MCM-S.
Sezvakaonekwa mukuongorora kwehuwandu hwevanhu vakuru hwemusanganiswa weEO-permethrin, musanganiswa webinary wepermethrin neEO (LD25) wakaratidza kubatana (SR value > 1.05) kana kusashanda (SR value = 1 ± 0.05). Migumisiro yakaoma yemusanganiswa weEO-permethrin kuvanhu vakuru paumhutu hwealbino hwekuyedza. Mhando dzeAedes aegypti MCM-S nePMD-R dzinoratidzwa muTafura 4 neMufananidzo 3. Kuwedzera C. verum oil kwakawanikwa kuchideredza zvishoma LD50 yepermethrin paMCM-S uye kuwedzera zvishoma LD50 paPMD-R kusvika 0.44–0 .42 ng/mg muvakadzi uye kubva pa3.70 kusvika 3.85 ng/mg muvakadzi, zvichiteerana. Kusiyana neizvi, kuwedzerwa kwemafuta eC. rotundus neA. galanga kwakaderedza zvakanyanya LD50 yepermethrin paMCM-S kubva pa0.44 kusvika pa0.07 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) uye kusvika pa0.11 (U = 0). , Z) = -2.309, P = 0.029) ng/mg vakadzi. Zvichibva paLD50 values dzeMCM-S, SR values dzemusanganiswa weEO-permethrin mushure mekuwedzera C. rotundus neA. galanga oils dzaive 6.28 ne4.00, zvichiteerana. Saka, LD50 ye permethrin inopesana nePMD-R yakaderera zvakanyanya kubva pa3.70 kusvika pa0.42 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) uye kusvika pa0.003 nekuwedzera C. rotundus neA. galanga oils (U = 0). , Z = -2.337, P = 0.029) ng/mg yemukadzi. SR kukosha kwepermethrin yakasanganiswa neC. rotundus inopesana nePMD-R kwaive 8.81, nepo SR kukosha kwemusanganiswa wegalangal-permethrin kwaive 1233.33. Kana tichienzanisa neMCM-S, kukosha kweLD50 kwePOSITIVE control PBO kwakaderera kubva pa0.44 kusvika pa0.26 ng/mg (vakadzi) uye kubva pa3.70 ng/mg (vakadzi) kusvika pa0.65 ng/mg (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) uye PMD-R (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029). SR values yemusanganiswa wePBO-permethrin wemhando dzeMCM-S nePMD-R yaive 1.69 ne5.69, zvichiteerana. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti C. rotundus neA. galanga oils nePBO zvinowedzera chepfu yepermethrin zvakanyanya kupfuura C. verum oil yemhando dzeMCM-S nePMD-R.
Kushanda kwevakuru (LD50) kweEO, PBO, permethrin (PE) uye kusanganiswa kwadzo pakurwisa mhando dzeumhutu hweAedes dzinonzwa pyrethroid (MCM-S) uye dzisingapindi (PMD-R).
[45]. Mishonga yepyrethroids inoshandiswa pasi rese kudzora dzinenge dzose arthropods dzakakosha mukurima uye mukurapa. Zvisinei, nekuda kwemigumisiro inokuvadza yekushandiswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakagadzirwa, kunyanya maererano nekukura uye kusapindirana kwakapararira kweumhutu, pamwe nekukanganisa hutano kwenguva refu uye nharaunda, ikozvino pane kudiwa kukuru kwekuderedza kushandiswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakagadzirwa uye kugadzira dzimwe nzira [35, 46, 47]. Pamusoro pekuchengetedza nharaunda nehutano hwevanhu, zvakanakira mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yemiti zvinosanganisira kusarudza kwakanyanya, kuwanikwa pasi rose, uye nyore kugadzirwa nekushandiswa, zvichiita kuti ive inokwezva kudzora umhutu [32,48, 49]. Chidzidzo ichi, pamusoro pekujekesa hunhu hwemakemikari emafuta akakosha anoshanda kuburikidza neGC-MS analysis, chakaongororawo simba remafuta akakosha evakuru uye kugona kwavo kuwedzera chepfu yepermethrin yakagadzirwa mumhando dzinonzwa pyrethroid (MCM-S) uye mhando dzinoramba (PMD-R).
Kutsanangurwa kweGC-MS kwakaratidza kuti cypern (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%) uye cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) ndizvo zvinhu zvikuru zveC. rotundus, A. galanga uye C. verum oils, zvichiteerana. Makemikari aya akaratidza mabasa akasiyana-siyana ehupenyu. Ahn et al. [50] vakataura kuti 6-acetoxycyperene, yakabviswa kubva kurhizome yeC. rotundus, inoshanda semushonga unodzivirira bundu uye inogona kukonzera apoptosis inoenderana necaspase mumasero ekenza yemumazai. β-Bisabolene, inotorwa kubva mumafuta anokosha emuti wemura, inoratidza huturu hwakasiyana-siyana pamasero egomarara remazamu evanhu neembeva mu vitro nemu vivo [51]. Cinnamaldehyde, inowanikwa kubva muzvigadzirwa zvechisikigo kana yakagadzirwa murabhoritari, inonzi ine zvipembenene, inorwisa mabhakitiriya, inorwisa fungus, inorwisa kuzvimba, inorwisa kenza, uye inorwisa angiogenic [52].
Mhedzisiro yekushandiswa kwemishonga yemunhu mukuru zvichienderana nedosi yakaratidza kugona kwakanaka kweEOs dzakaedzwa uye yakaratidza kuti mhando dzeumhutu dzeAedes MCM-S nePMD-R dzaive nenjodzi yakafanana neEO nePBO. Aedes aegypti. Kuenzanisa kushanda kweEO nepermethrin kwakaratidza kuti yekupedzisira ine simba guru rekurwisa allergies: LD50 values iri 0.44 uye 3.70 ng/mg muvakadzi kune mhando dzeMCM-S nePMD-R, zvichiteerana. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinotsigirwa nezvidzidzo zvakawanda zvinoratidza kuti mishonga yezvipembenene inowanikwa zvakasikwa, kunyanya zvigadzirwa zvinobva mumiti, kazhinji haishande zvakanyanya pane zvinhu zvakagadzirwa [31, 34, 35, 53, 54]. Izvi zvinogona kunge zviri nekuti yekutanga musanganiswa wakaoma wezvinhu zvinoshanda kana zvisina basa, nepo yekupedzisira iri compound imwe chete inoshanda yakacheneswa. Zvisinei, kusiyana uye kuoma kwezvishandiso zvechisikigo zvine nzira dzakasiyana dzekuita zvinogona kuwedzera basa rezvehupenyu kana kukanganisa kukura kwekusagadzikana muvanhu vanogara mairi [55, 56, 57]. Vaongorori vazhinji vakataura nezvekukwanisa kweC. verum, A. galanga naC. rotundus kurwisa umhutu pamwe chete nezvinhu zvirimo zvakaita seβ-bisabolene, cinnamaldehyde uye 1,8-cineole [22, 36, 58, 59, 60,61, 62,63, 64]. Zvisinei, ongororo yezvinyorwa yakaratidza kuti hapana mishumo yapfuura yekushanda kwayo pamwe chete nepermethrin kana mimwe mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakagadzirwa kurwisa umhutu hweAedes. Aedes aegypti.
Muchidzidzo ichi, misiyano mikuru mukukwanisa kubatwa nepermethrin yakaonekwa pakati pemarudzi maviri eAedes. Aedes aegypti. MCM-S inonzwa kupermethrin, nepo PMD-R isinganyanyi kubatwa nayo, ine resistance rate ye8.41. Zvichienzaniswa nekugona kubatwa neMCM-S, PMD-R inonzwa kubatwa nepermethrin asi inonzwa kubatwa neEO, zvichipa hwaro hwezvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakanangana nekuwedzera kushanda kwepermethrin nekuisanganisa neEO. Kuongororwa kwakabatana kwebioassay yemigumisiro yevakuru kwakaratidza kuti musanganiswa webinary weEO nepermethrin wakaderedza kana kuwedzera kufa kweAedes yevakuru. Aedes aegypti. Kuwedzera C. verum oil kwakaderedza zvishoma LD50 yepermethrin kurwisa MCM-S asi kwakawedzera zvishoma LD50 kurwisa PMD-R neSR values ye1.05 ne0.96, zvichiteerana. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti mafuta eC. verum haana simba rekubatana kana kupesana papermethrin paakaedzwa paMCM-S nePMD-R. Kusiyana neizvi, mafuta eC. rotundus neA. galanga akaratidza simba rekubatana nekuderedza zvakanyanya LD50 values yepermethrin paMCM-S kana PMD-R. Permethrin payakasanganiswa neEO yeC. rotundus neA. galanga, SR values yemusanganiswa weEO-permethrin weMCM-S yaive 6.28 ne4.00, zvichiteerana. Pamusoro pezvo, permethrin payakaongororwa paPMD-R pamwe chete neC. rotundus (SR = 8.81) kana A. galanga (SR = 1233.33), SR values yakawedzera zvakanyanya. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti C. rotundus neA. galanga zvakawedzera chepfu yepermethrin paPMD-R Ae. aegypti zvakanyanya. Saizvozvowo, PBO yakawanikwa ichiwedzera chepfu yepermethrin ine SR values ye1.69 ne5.69 yemhando dzeMCM-S nePMD-R, zvichiteerana. Sezvo C. rotundus naA. galanga vaive neSR values yepamusoro, vaionekwa sevanobatana zvakanyanya mukuwedzera chepfu yepermethrin paMCM-S nePMD-R, zvichiteerana.
Zvidzidzo zvakati wandei zvakamboitika zvakataura nezvekubatana kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakagadzirwa uye zvinotorwa nemiti pakurwisa mhando dzakasiyana dzeumhutu. Kuongororwa kwezvipembenene zvinouraya zvipembenene paAnopheles Stephensi kwakaitwa naKalayanasundaram naDas [65] kwakaratidza kuti fenthion, organophosphate ine spectrum yakafara, yaibatanidzwa neCleodendron inerme, Pedalium murax uye Parthenium hysterophorus. Kubatana kwakakosha kwakaonekwa pakati pezvinotorwa zvine synergistic effect (SF) ye1.31., 1.38, 1.40, 1.48, 1.61 uye 2.23, zvichiteerana. Mukuongorora kwezvipembenene pamarudzi gumi nemashanu emangrove, petroleum ether extract yemidzi yemangrove yakatemwa yakawanikwa kuti inoshanda zvakanyanya pakurwisa Culex quinquefasciatus ine LC50 kukosha kwe25.7 mg/L [66]. Kushanda pamwe chete kwechinhu ichi pamwe chete nemushonga wezvipembenene wezvirimwa wepyrethrum kwakataurwawo kuti kunoderedza huwandu hweLC50 hwepyrethrum pakurwisa C. quinquefasciatus larvae kubva pa0.132 mg/L kusvika pa0.107 mg/L, pamusoro pezvo, kuverenga kweSF kwe1.23 kwakashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi. 34,35,44]. Kushanda pamwe chete kweSolanum citron root extract pamwe chete nemishonga yakawanda yezvipembenene yakagadzirwa (semuenzaniso, fenthion, cypermethrin (synthetic pyrethroid) uye timethphos (organophosphorus larvicide)) pakurwisa umhutu hweAnopheles kwakaongororwa. Stephensi [54] naC. quinquefasciatus [34]. Kushandiswa pamwe chete kwecypermethrin nemuchero weyellow petroleum ether extract kwakaratidza kushanda pamwe chete pacypermethrin muzvikamu zvese. Chiyero chakanyanya kushanda chaive che1:1 binary combination neLC50 neSF values dze0.0054 ppm uye 6.83, zvichiteerana, zvichienzaniswa neAn. Stephen West[54]. Kunyange hazvo musanganiswa webinary we1:1 weS. xanthocarpum netemephos waive wakapesana (SF = 0.6406), musanganiswa weS. xanthocarpum-fenthion (1:1) wakaita synergistic activity kurwisa C. quinquefasciatus neSF ye1.3125 [34]]. Tong naBlomquist [35] vakadzidza mhedzisiro ye plant ethylene oxide pachepfu ye carbaryl (broad-spectrum carbamate) uye permethrin kune umhutu hwe Aedes. Aedes aegypti. Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza kuti ethylene oxide kubva ku agar, black pepper, juniper, helichrysum, sandalwood nesesame yakawedzera chepfu ye carbaryl kune umhutu hwe Aedes. Huwandu hweSR hwemabuu eAegypti hunosiyana kubva pa1.0 kusvika pa7.0. Kusiyana neizvi, hapana kana EOs yaive nechepfu kune umhutu hweAedes hwakakura. Panguva ino, hapana mhedzisiro yekubatana yakataurwa pamusoro pekusanganiswa kweAedes aegypti neEO-carbaryl. PBO yakashandiswa senzira yakanaka yekuwedzera chepfu yecarbaryl pakurwisa umhutu hweAedes. Huwandu hweSR hwemabuu eAedes aegypti nevakuru huri pakati pe4.9-9.5 ne2.3, zvichiteerana. Misanganiswa yebinary yepermethrin neEO kana PBO chete ndiyo yakaedzwa kuti ionekwe kuti inoshanda sei pakuuraya mabuu. Musanganiswa weEO-permethrin waive nemhedzisiro yekupikisa, nepo musanganiswa wePBO-permethrin waive nemhedzisiro yekubatana pakurwisa umhutu hweAedes. Mabuu eAedes aegypti. Zvisinei, kuyedza kupindura kwedosi uye kuongororwa kweSR kwemusanganiswa wePBO-permethrin hazvisati zvaitwa. Kunyangwe hazvo paine mhedzisiro shoma yakawanikwa maererano nemhedzisiro yekubatana kwe phytosynthetic musanganiswa wekurwisa umhutu, data iri rinotsigira mhedzisiro iripo, iyo inovhura mukana wekuwedzera synergist kwete chete kuderedza dose inoshandiswa, asiwo kuwedzera mhedzisiro yekuuraya. Kushanda zvakanaka kwezvipembenene. Pamusoro pezvo, mhedzisiro yechidzidzo ichi yakaratidza kekutanga kuti C. rotundus neA. galanga oils dzinoshanda pamwe chete dzinoshanda zvakanyanya pakurwisa mhando dzeumhutu hweAedes dzinobatwa nepyrethroid uye dzinoramba pyrethroid zvichienzaniswa nePBO kana dzakabatanidzwa nehuturu hwepermethrin. Aedes aegypti. Zvisinei, mhedzisiro isingatarisirwi kubva muongororo yekubatana yakaratidza kuti C. verum oil yaive nebasa guru rekurwisa vakuru pakurwisa mhando dzese dzeAedes. Zvinoshamisa kuti, mhedzisiro yechepfu yepermethrin paAedes aegypti yakanga isingagutsi. Kusiyana kwemhedzisiro yechepfu uye mhedzisiro yekubatana kunogona kunge kuri nekuda kwekusangana nemhando dzakasiyana uye mazinga ezvikamu zvinoshanda mumuviri mumafuta aya.
Pasinei nekuedza kunzwisisa nzira yekuvandudza mashandiro, nzira dzekubatana hadzisati dzajeka. Zvikonzero zvinogona kukonzera kusiyana kwekushanda uye kugona kubatana zvinogona kusanganisira kusiyana kwemakemikari ezvigadzirwa zvakaedzwa uye kusiyana kwekusagadzikana kweumhutu kunoenderana nemamiriro ekudzivirira uye kukura. Kune musiyano pakati pezvikamu zvikuru nezvidiki zve ethylene oxide zvakaedzwa muchidzidzo ichi, uye mamwe emakomichi aya akaratidzwa kuti ane mhedzisiro inodzinga uye ine chepfu pakurwisa zvipembenene zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvirwere [61,62,64,67,68]. Zvisinei, makomichi makuru anotsanangurwa mumafuta eC. rotundus, A. galanga uye C. verum, akadai se cypern, β-bisabolene uye cinnamaldehyde, haana kuyedzwa mupepa rino kuti anodzivirira vakuru uye anobatsira kurwisa Ae, zvichiteerana. Aedes aegypti. Nokudaro, zvidzidzo zveramangwana zvinodiwa kuti zviparadzanise zvinhu zvinoshanda zviripo mumafuta ese akakosha uye kujekesa kushanda kwazvo kwekuuraya zvipembenene uye kusangana kwekubatana kweumhutu uyu. Kazhinji, kuuraya zvipembenene kunoenderana nekushanda uye maitiro ari pakati pechepfu nematishu ezvipembenene, izvo zvinogona kurerutswa uye kupatsanurwa muzvikamu zvitatu: kupinda muganda remuviri wezvipembenene uye membrane yenhengo inotarirwa, kushanda (= kusangana nechinhu chinotarirwa) uye kubviswa chepfu. zvinhu zvine chepfu [57, 69]. Nokudaro, kubatana kwezvipembenene kunokonzera kushanda kwakawedzerwa kwemusanganiswa wechepfu kunoda chimwe chezvikamu izvi, zvakaita sekuwedzera kupinda, kushanda kukuru kwemakemikari akaunganidzwa, kana kuderedza kubviswa kwechepfu kwechinhu chinoshanda chezvipembenene. Semuenzaniso, kushivirira simba kunononoka kupinda kwecuticle kuburikidza necuticle yakakora uye kuramba kwemakemikari, zvakaita sekuwedzera metabolism yezvipembenene inoonekwa mune mamwe marudzi ezvipembenene anoramba [70, 71]. Kushanda kwakakosha kweEOs mukuwedzera chepfu yepermethrin, kunyanya kurwisa PMD-R, kunogona kuratidza mhinduro kudambudziko rekusagona kuuraya zvipembenene nekubatana nemaitiro ekusagona [57, 69, 70, 71]. Tong naBlomquist [35] vakatsigira mhedzisiro yechidzidzo ichi nekuratidza kubatana kwakabatana pakati peEOs nemishonga yezvipembenene yakagadzirwa. muEgypt, pane humbowo hwekuti mushonga unodzivirira kuuraya ma enzymes, anosanganisira cytochrome P450 monooxygenases uye carboxylesterases, izvo zvine chekuita nekukura kwekusagona kurwisa mishonga yezvipembenene yechinyakare. PBO haingonzi inodzivisa metabolic ye cytochrome P450 monooxygenase chete asi inovandudzawo kupinda kwemishonga yezvipembenene, sezvakaratidzwa nekushandiswa kwayo senzira yakanaka yekudzora muzvidzidzo zve synergistic [35, 72]. Zvinofadza kuti 1,8-cineole, chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvinowanikwa mumafuta e galangal, inozivikanwa nemhedzisiro yayo ine chepfu pamarudzi ezvipembenene [22, 63, 73] uye yakataurwa kuti ine mhedzisiro ye synergistic munzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzekutsvagisa kwehupenyu [74]. , , 75,76,77]. Pamusoro pezvo, 1,8-cineole pamwe chete nemishonga yakasiyana-siyana inosanganisira curcumin [78], 5-fluorouracil [79], mefenamic acid [80] uye zidovudine [81] inewo simba rekusimudzira kupinda kwemasero muropa. Saka, basa rinogona kuitwa ne1,8-cineole mukuita kwekuuraya zvipembenene pamwe chete harisi chinhu chinoshanda chete asiwo semushonga unowedzera kupinda kwemasero. Nekuda kwekubatana kukuru nepermethrin, kunyanya kurwisa PMD-R, migumisiro yekubatana kwemafuta egalangal nemafuta etrichosanthes akaonekwa muchidzidzo ichi inogona kukonzerwa nekubatana nemaitiro ekudzivirira, kureva kuwedzera kwekupinda kwechlorine. MaPyrethroids anowedzera kushanda kwemakemikari akaunganidzwa uye anodzivirira ma enzymes anobvisa chepfu akadai se cytochrome P450 monooxygenases uye carboxylesterases. Zvisinei, zvinhu izvi zvinoda kudzidza kwakawanda kuti kujekeswe basa reEO nemakomichi ayo akaparadzana (ega kana akabatanidzwa) mumaitiro ekubatana.
Muna 1977, kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwepermethrin resistance kwakashumwa muhuwandu hukuru hwevectors muThailand, uye mumakumi emakore akatevera, kushandiswa kwepermethrin kwakatsiviwa zvakanyanya nemamwe makemikari epyrethroid, kunyanya ayo akatsiviwa nedeltamethrin [82]. Zvisinei, kusakwanisa kwevectors kudeltamethrin nedzimwe mhando dzezvipembenene kwakajairika munyika yese nekuda kwekushandiswa zvakanyanya uye nguva dzose [14, 17, 83, 84, 85, 86]. Kurwisa dambudziko iri, zvinokurudzirwa kutenderedza kana kushandisa zvakare mishonga yezvipembenene yakaraswa yaimboshanda uye isina chepfu kumhuka dzinoyamwisa, senge permethrin. Parizvino, kunyangwe kushandiswa kwepermethrin kwakadzikira muzvirongwa zvehurumende yenyika zvemazuva ano zvekudzora umhutu, kusagona kwepermethrin kuchiri kuwanikwa muhuwandu hweumhutu. Izvi zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nekusangana kweumhutu kune zvigadzirwa zvekutengesa zvekudzivirira zvipembenene zvepamba, izvo zvinonyanya kuve nepermethrin nedzimwe pyrethroids [14, 17]. Saka, kushandisa permethrin zvakare zvinobudirira kunoda kugadzirwa nekushandiswa kwenzira dzekuderedza kusagona kwevector. Kunyangwe pasina mafuta akakosha akaedzwa ega ega muchidzidzo ichi akashanda sepermethrin, kushanda pamwe chete nepermethrin kwakaguma nemigumisiro inoshamisa yekubatana. Ichi chiratidzo chinovimbisa chekuti kudyidzana kweEO nemaitiro ekudzivirira kunoita kuti kusanganiswa kwepermethrin neEO kuve kunoshanda kupfuura mushonga wezvipembenene kana EO chete, kunyanya kurwisa PMD-R Ae. Aedes aegypti. Mabhenefiti emusanganiswa wekubatana mukuwedzera kushanda, kunyangwe kushandiswa kwedosi shoma dzekudzivirira vector, zvinogona kutungamira mukuvandudzwa kwekutonga kwekudzivirira uye kudzikira kwemitengo [33, 87]. Kubva pane izvi zvakawanikwa, zvinofadza kuona kuti A. galanga neC. rotundus EOs zvaive zvakashanda zvakanyanya kupfuura PBO mukubatanidza chepfu yepermethrin mumhando dzese dzeMCM-S nePMD-R uye inogona kuva imwe nzira yekubatsira ergogenic yechinyakare.
MaEO akasarudzwa aive nemigumisiro yakakura yekubatana mukuwedzera chepfu yevakuru kurwisa PMD-R Ae. aegypti, kunyanya mafuta egalangal, ane SR value inosvika 1233.33, zvichiratidza kuti EO ine vimbiso yakakura sekubatana mukuwedzera kushanda kwepermethrin. Izvi zvinogona kukurudzira kushandiswa kwechigadzirwa chitsva chinoshanda chechisikigo, icho pamwe chete chinogona kuwedzera kushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvinobudirira zvekudzivirira umhutu. Zvinoratidzawo mukana we ethylene oxide seimwe nzira yekubatanidza zvipembenene zvekare kana zvechinyakare kugadzirisa matambudziko aripo ekudzivirira umhutu. Kushandisa zvirimwa zviripo zviri nyore muzvirongwa zvekudzivirira umhutu hakungoderedzi kuvimba nezvinhu zvinotengwa kunze kwenyika uye zvinodhura, asiwo kunokurudzira kuedza kwemunharaunda kusimbisa masisitimu ehutano hweveruzhinji.
Mhedzisiro iyi inoratidza zvakajeka kushanda pamwe chete kunokonzerwa nekusanganiswa kwe ethylene oxide ne permethrin. Mhedzisiro iyi inoratidza kugona kwe ethylene oxide semubatsiri wezvirimwa mukutonga umhutu, zvichiwedzera kushanda kwe permethrin kurwisa umhutu, kunyanya muvanhu vasingapindi mishonga. Kufambira mberi nekutsvagisa mune ramangwana kuchada ongororo ye bioanalysis ye galangal ne alpinia oils pamwe chete nemakemikari azvo, musanganiswa wezvipembenene zvechisikigo kana zvekugadzira zvinopesana nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana uye zvikamu zveumhutu, uye kuyedzwa kwechepfu pazvipembenene zvisiri zvekutapukirwa. Kushandiswa kwe ethylene oxide senzira inoshanda yekubatsira pamwe chete.
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