Mune chirongwa chekare chekuedza zvidyarwa zvekugadzira chikafu chemuno muThailand, mafuta anokosha (EOs) eCyperus rotundus, galangal nesinamoni akawanikwa aine basa rakanaka rekurwisa mosquito kurwisa Aedes aegypti.Mukuedza kuderedza kushandiswa kwechinyakaremishonga yezvipembeneneuye kuvandudza kudzora kwehusingamirire umhutu, chidzidzo ichi chakanangana nekuona zvingangoita synergism pakati peakuraicidal mhedzisiro ye ethylene oxide uye chepfu yepermethrin kune Aedes mosquito.aegypti, kusanganisira pyrethroid-resistant uye scletist strains.
Kuongorora kemikari yakagadzirwa uye kuuraya basa reEO rakatorwa kubva kuC. rotundus uye A. galanga uye bark yeC. verum kurwisana nehutachiona hweMuang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) uye kusagadzikana kwePang Mai Dang (PMD-R) ).) Munhu mukuru anoshanda Ae.Aedes egypti.Mushonga mukuru weEO-permethrin musanganiswa wakaitwawo pane idzi Umhutu dzeAedes kuti dzinzwisise kuita kwayo synergistic.egypti strains.
Kemikari inoshandiswa kushandisa GC-MS analytical method yakaratidza kuti 48 michina yakaonekwa kubva kuEOs yeC rotundus, A. galanga uye C. verum, inoverengera 80.22%, 86.75% uye 97.24% yezvikamu zvose, maererano.Cyperene (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%), uye cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa kwemafuta ecyperus, galangal mafuta, uye balsamic mafuta, maererano.Mubiological assay yekuuraya vanhu vakuru, C. rotundus, A. galanga uye C. verum EVs dzakashanda mukuuraya Ae.aegypti, MCM-S uye PMD-R LD50 maitiro aive 10.05 uye 9.57 μg/mg mukadzi, 7.97 uye 7.94 μg/mg mukadzi, uye 3.30 uye 3.22 μg/mg mukadzi, zvichiteerana.Kubudirira kweMCM-S uye PMD-R Ae mukuuraya vanhu vakuru.aegypti mune idzi EOs yaive padyo nepiperinyl butoxide (PBO values, LD50 = 6.30 uye 4.79 μg/mg mukadzi, zvichiteerana), asi kwete sekududzwa sepermethrin (LD50 values = 0.44 uye 3.70 ng/mg mukadzi zvichiteerana).Nekudaro, musanganiswa bioassays akawana kuwirirana pakati peEO nepermetrin.Yakakosha synergism nepermetrin kurwisa mhando mbiri dzeAedes mosquito.Aedes aegypti yakaonekwa muEM yeC. rotundus uye A. galanga.Kuwedzerwa kweC. rotundus uye A. galanga mafuta zvakanyanya kuderedza LD50 kukosha kwepermetrin paMCM-S kubva pa0.44 kusvika 0.07 ng/mg uye 0.11 ng/mg muvakadzi, zvichiteerana, ine synergy ratio (SR) kukosha ye6.28 uye 4.00 zvichiteerana.Pamusoro pezvo, C. rotundus uye A. galanga EOs zvakare yakaderedza zvakanyanya kukosha kweLD50 yepermetrin paPMD-R kubva pa3.70 kusvika 0.42 ng/mg uye 0.003 ng/mg muvakadzi, zvichiteerana, ine SR tsika dze8.81 uye 1233.33, zvichiteerana..
Synergistic mhedzisiro yeEO-permethrin musanganiswa wekuwedzera huturu hwevakuru kurwisa mhando mbiri dzeumhutu hweAedes.Aedes aegypti inoratidza basa rinovimbisa re ethylene oxide se synergist mukusimudzira anti-mosquito efficacy, kunyanya apo mishonga yechinyakare isingashande kana isina kufanira.
IAedes aegypti mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) ndiyo huru ye dengue fever uye zvimwe zvirwere zvinotapukira zvevhairasi zvakadai seyellow fever, chikungunya uye Zika virus, zvichiunza njodzi huru uye inoramba iripo kuvanhu[1,2]..Dengue virus ndiyo yakaipisisa kwazvo pathogenic hemorrhagic fever inobata vanhu, inofungidzirwa kuti 5-100 miriyoni zviitiko zvinoitika gore negore uye vanhu vanopfuura mabhiriyoni 2.5 pasi rose vari panjodzi [3].Kubuda kwechirwere ichi chinotapukira kunoisa mutoro muhombe pahuwandu hwevanhu, zvirongwa zvehutano uye hupfumi hwenyika zhinji dzinopisa [1].Maererano neThai Ministry of Health, pakanga pane 142,925 zviitiko zve dengue fever uye 141 vakafa vakashuma munyika yose muna 2015, kanopfuura katatu nhamba yezviitiko uye rufu mu2014 [4].Pasinei noufakazi hwenhau, dengue fever yakapedzwa kana kuti kuderedzwa zvikuru noumhutu hweAedes.Kutevera kutonga kweAedes aegypti [5], huwandu hwehutachiona hwakawedzera zvakanyanya uye chirwere ichi chakapararira pasirese, nekuda kwechikamu chemakumi emakore ekudziya kwepasi.Kubviswa uye kutonga kweAe.Aedes aegypti yakaoma nekuti imosquito vector yemumba inobata, inodyisa, inozorora uye inokandira mazai mukati nekutenderedza kunogara vanhu mukati mezuva.Mukuwedzera, mosquito iyi inokwanisa kugadzirisa kuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza kana kukanganisa kunokonzerwa nezviitiko zvepanyama (zvakadai sekusanaya kwemvura) kana matanho ekutonga kwevanhu, uye inogona kudzokera kunhamba dzayo dzepakutanga [6, 7].Nemhaka yokuti majekiseni anodzivirira dengue fever achangobva kubvumirwa uye hapana kurapa kwakananga kwefivha yedengue, kudzivirira uye kuderedza ngozi yokutapurirwa kwedengue kunotsamira chose chose pakudzora zvinotakura umhutu uye kubvisa kubata kwevanhu nezvinotakura.
Kunyanya, kushandiswa kwemakemikari ekudzivirira mosquito ikozvino kunobata basa rinokosha muhutano hwevanhu sechikamu chakakosha chehuchenjeri hwakakwana hwakabatanidzwa vector.Nzira dzemakemikari dzinonyanyozivikanwa dzinosanganisira kushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya mosquito (larvicides) uye yevakuru (adidocides).Kudzora kweLarval kuburikidza nekudzikisira sosi uye kugara uchishandiswa kwemakemikari larvicides senge organophosphates uye zvipembenene zvinodzora zvinoonekwa zvakakosha.Zvisinei, kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kwakabatana nemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene uye kugadzirisa kwavo kwakanyanya uye kwakaoma kunoramba kuri kunetseka kukuru [8, 9].Traditional active vector control, sekutonga kwevakuru, inoramba iri nzira inoshanda kwazvo yekudzora panguva yekubuda kwehutachiona nekuti inogona kubvisa hutachiona hwehutachiona nekukurumidza uye pamwero mukuru, pamwe nekuderedza hupenyu uye hupenyu hurefu hwevagari vemo veko [3]., 10].Makirasi mana emishonga inouraya zvipembenene: organochlorines (inonzi chete DDT), organophosphates, carbamates, uye pyrethroids inoumba hwaro hwezvirongwa zvevector control, ine pyrethroids inoonekwa sekirasi yakabudirira kwazvo.Iwo anoshanda zvakanyanya kurwisa akasiyana arthropods uye ane yakaderera kushanda.toxicity kumhuka dzinoyamwisa.Parizvino, synthetic pyrethroids inoumba mazhinji emishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, inoverengera ingangoita 25% yemusika wepasi rose wemishonga yezvipembenene [11, 12].Permethrin uye deltamethrin ndeye-broad-spectrum pyrethroid insecticides yakashandiswa pasi rose kwemakumi emakore kudzora twupukanana twupukanana hwekukosha kwekurima nekurapa [13, 14].Mumakore ekuma1950, DDT yakasarudzwa sekemikari yesarudzo yechirongwa chenyika cheThailand chekudzivirira umhutu.Kutevera kushandiswa kwakapararira kweDDT munzvimbo dzine marariya, Thailand zvishoma nezvishoma yakabvisa kushandiswa kweDDT pakati pe1995 ne2000 uye yakaitsiva nemapyrethroids maviri: permethrin uye deltamethrin [15, 16].Izvi zvipembenene zvepyrethroid zvakaunzwa mukutanga kwema1990 kudzora marariya uye dengue fever, kunyanya kuburikidza nemubhedha wemambure ekurapa uye nekushandiswa kwehutsi hunopisa uye ultra-low toxicity sprays [14, 17].Nekudaro, ivo vakarasikirwa nekubudirira nekuda kwekushomeka kweumhutu uye kushaikwa kwekutevedzwa kweveruzhinji nekuda kwekunetsekana nezvehutano hweveruzhinji uye kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kwemakemikari ekugadzira.Izvi zvinounza matambudziko akakosha pakubudirira kwekutyisidzira vector control zvirongwa [14, 18, 19].Kuita kuti hurongwa huve hunobudirira, matanho akakodzera panguva uye akakodzera anodiwa.Maitiro ekutarisira anokurudzirwa anosanganisira kutsiva zvinhu zvechisikigo, kutenderera kwemakemikari emakirasi akasiyana, kuwedzera kwe synergists, uye kusanganiswa kwemakemikari kana panguva imwe chete kushandiswa kwemakemikari emakirasi akasiyana [14, 20, 21].Naizvozvo, pane kudiwa kwekukurumidzira kutsvaga nekugadzira eco-inoshamwaridzika, iri nyore uye inoshanda imwe nzira uye synergist uye chidzidzo ichi chine chinangwa chekugadzirisa ichi chinodiwa.
Mishonga inouraya zvipembenene, kunyanya iyo yakavakirwa pamiti yezvirimwa, yakaratidza kugona mukuongororwa kwezvino uye zveramangwana zvekudzora umhutu [22, 23, 24].Ongororo dzinoverengeka dzakaratidza kuti zvinokwanisika kudzora zvakakosha mosquito vectors nekushandisa chirimwa zvigadzirwa, kunyanya akakosha mafuta (EOs), sevaurayi vakuru.Adulticidal properties kurwisa mamwe marudzi akakosha eumhutu akawanikwa mumafuta akawanda emiriwo akadai secelery, kumini, zedoaria, anise, pombi mhiripiri, thyme, Schinus terebinthifolia, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Cymbopogon giganteus, Chenopodium ambrosioisperetare, Erikoni, Econanthus. ., Eucalyptus citriodora, Cananga odorata uye Petroselinum Criscum [25,26,27,28,29,30].Ethylene oxide ikozvino inoshandiswa kwete chete pachayo, asiwo musanganiswa nezvinhu zvakabviswa chirimwa kana zviripo zvinogadzirwa nemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, ichigadzira madhigirii akasiyana ehuturu.Kusanganiswa kwezvipembenene zvechinyakare zvakadai se organophosphates, carbamates uye pyrethroids ne ethylene oxide / zvinomera zvinomera zvinoshanda synergistically kana kupesana mumigumisiro yavo ine chepfu uye zvakaratidzwa kuti zvinobudirira pakurwisa zvirwere zvezvirwere uye zvipembenene [31,32,33,34,35].Nekudaro, ongororo zhinji pamusoro peiyo synergistic chepfu mhedzisiro yekusanganiswa kwe phytochemicals ine kana isina ekugadzira makemikari yakaitwa pane zvekurima zvipembenene uye tupukanana kwete paumhutu hunokosha mune zvekurapa.Zvakare, rakawanda rebasa pane synergistic mhedzisiro yechirimwa-synthetic musanganiswa wezvipembenene kurwisa umhutu mavector akatarisana neiyo larvicidal athari.
Muchidzidzo chekare chakaitwa nevanyori sechikamu chepurojekiti yekutsvakurudza inoenderera mberi yekuongorora zvipembenene kubva kumiti yezvokudya zvechivanhu muThailand, ethylene oxides kubva kuCyperus rotundus, galangal nesinamoni zvakaonekwa kuti zvine simba rinopesana neAedes mukuru.Egypt [36].Nokudaro, chidzidzo ichi chine chinangwa chekuongorora kushanda kweEOs yakaparadzaniswa kubva kune iyi mishonga yemishonga inopesana neAedes mosquito.aegypti, kusanganisira pyrethroid-resistant uye scletist strains.The synergistic effect yebhinari musanganiswa we ethylene oxide uye synthetic pyrethroids ine simba rakanaka kune vanhu vakuru yakaongororwawo kuderedza kushandiswa kwezvipembenene zvechinyakare uye kuwedzera kupikisa kune mosquito vectors, kunyanya kurwisana neAedes.Aedes egypti.Ichi chinyorwa chinoshuma chimiro chemakemikari yeanoshanda akakosha oiri uye kugona kwavo kusimudzira huturu hwe synthetic permetrin kurwisa umhutu weAedes.aegypti mu pyrethroid-sensitive strains (MCM-S) uye inopikisa strains (PMD-R).
Rhizomes yeC. rotundus uye A. galanga uye bark yeC. verum (Fig. 1) inoshandiswa pakuchera mafuta anokosha yakatengwa kubva kune vanotengesa mishonga yemishonga muChiang Mai Province, Thailand.Kuzivikanwa kwesainzi kwemiti iyi kwakawanikwa kuburikidza nekubvunzana naVaJames Franklin Maxwell, Herbarium Botanist, Dhipatimendi reBiology, College of Science, Chiang Mai University (CMU), Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, uye musayendisiti Wannari Charoensap;muDhipatimendi rePharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Carnegie Mellon University, Ms. Voucher mienzaniso yemiti yega yega inochengetwa muDhipatimendi reParasitology paCarnegie Mellon University School of Medicine kuti ishandiswe mune ramangwana.
Mienzaniso yezvirimwa yakaomeswa-yakaomeswa yega kwemazuva matatu-5 munzvimbo yakashama ine mhepo inofefetera uye tembiricha yakadzikama ingangoita 30 ± 5 °C kubvisa hunyoro kusati kwatorwa echisikigo akakosha oiri (EOs).Huwandu hunosvika 250 g hwechirimwa chimwe nechimwe chakaoma chakagayiwa nemuchina kuita hupfu hwakakasharara uye hwakashandiswa kupatsanura mafuta akakosha (EOs) nekunyungudutswa kwehutsi.Iyo distillation yemidziyo yaive nemagetsi ekudziya mantle, 3000 mL inotenderera-pasi furasiki, mbiru yekubvisa, condenser, uye Cool ace mudziyo (Eyela Cool Ace CA-1112 CE, Tokyo Rikakikai Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) .Wedzera 1600 ml mvura yakasvibiswa uye 10-15 girazi beads kuflask uye wobva wapisa kusvika kune inenge 100 ° C uchishandisa heater yemagetsi kwemaawa angangoita matatu kusvikira distillation yapera uye hapasisina EO inogadzirwa.Iyo EO layer yakaparadzaniswa nechikamu chemvura ichishandisa funnel yekuparadzanisa, yakaomeswa pamusoro peanhydrous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) uye yakachengetwa mubhodhoro rebrown rakavharwa pa4 ° C kusvika kuumbwa kwemakemikari uye chiitiko chevakuru chaongororwa.
Mushonga wemakemikari emafuta anokosha akaitwa panguva imwe chete ne bioassay yezvinhu zvevanhu vakuru.Kuongorora kwehunhu kwakaitwa pachishandiswa GC-MS system ine Hewlett-Packard (Wilmington, CA, USA) 7890A gasi chromatograph ine imwechete quadrupole mass selective detector (Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, CA, USA) uye MSD 5975C (EI). ).(Agilent Technologies).
Chromatographic column – DB-5MS (30 m × ID 0.25 mm × firimu ukobvu 0.25 µm).Iyo yakazara GC-MS yekumhanya nguva yaive maminetsi makumi maviri.Mamiriro ekuongorora ndeokuti jekiseni uye tembiricha yekutamisa mutsara ndeye 250 uye 280 ° C, zvichiteerana;tembiricha yevira inotarwa kuwedzera kubva ku50 ° C kusvika 250 ° C pamwero we10 ° C / min, iyo inotakura gasi ndeye helium;chiyero chekuyerera 1.0 ml / min;jekiseni vhoriyamu i0.2 µL (1/10% nehuwandu muCH2Cl2, kupatsanurwa reshiyo 100: 1);Erekitironi ionization system ine ionization simba re70 eV inoshandiswa pakuona GC-MS.Uwandu hwekutora ndeye 50-550 atomic mass units (amu) uye kumhanya kwekutarisa ndeye 2.91 scans pasekondi.Zvikamu zvepakati zvezvikamu zvinoratidzwa sezvikamu zvakajairwa nenzvimbo yepamusoro.Kuzivikanwa kweEO ingredients kunobva pane yavo yekuchengetedza index (RI).RI yakaverengwa uchishandisa equation yeVan den Dool uye Kratz [37] yen-alkanes series (C8-C40) uye yakaenzaniswa nekuchengetedza indices kubva mumabhuku [38] uye mabhuku eraibhurari (NIST 2008 uye Wiley 8NO8).Kuzivikanwa kwemakomisheni akaratidzwa, akadai sechimiro uye mamorekuru formula, yakasimbiswa nekuenzanisa nemasampuli echokwadi aripo.
Analytical standards for synthetic permethrin and piperonyl butoxide (PBO, positive control in synergy studies) yakatengwa kubva kuSigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).World Health Organisation (WHO) makiti ekuyera evakuru uye madhisi ekuongorora epemethrin-akaiswa pepa (0.75%) akatengwa zvekutengesa kubva kuWHO Vector Control Center muPenang, Malaysia.Mamwe makemikari ese nemareagents akashandiswa aive egiredhi rekuongorora uye akatengwa kubva kumasangano emuno muChiang Mai Province, Thailand.
Umhutu hunoshandiswa sezvipenyu zvekuedza muzvinyorwa zvevakuru zvaive zvakasununguka kukwirana murabhoritari yeAedes mosquito.aegypti, kusanganisira iyo inokanganisa Muang Chiang Mai strain (MCM-S) uye inodzivirira Pang Mai Dang strain (PMD-R).Strain MCM-S yakawanikwa kubva kumasample emunharaunda akaunganidzwa munzvimbo yeMuang Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, uye yakachengetwa mukamuri yeentomology yeDhipatimendi reParasitology, CMU Chikoro cheMishonga, kubvira 1995 [39].The PMD-R strain, iyo yakawanikwa inopesana nepermethrin, yakaparadzaniswa neumhutu hwemumunda hwakatorwa kubva kuBan Pang Mai Dang, Mae Tang District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, uye yakachengetwa pachikoro chimwe chete kubva 1997 [40. ].PMD-R mitsipa yakakura pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakasarudzika kuchengetedza mazinga ekupikisa nekuratidzwa kwepakati kune 0.75% permetrin uchishandisa WHO yekuona kit ine zvimwe zvinogadziriswa [41].Imwe neimwe mhando yeAe.Aedes aegypti yakaitwa yega yega murabhoritari isina utachiona pa25 ± 2 °C uye 80 ± 10% hunyoro hwehukama uye 14:10 h chiedza/rima photoperiod.Makonye anosvika mazana maviri akachengetwa mumatireyi epurasitiki (33 cm kureba, 28 cm kureba uye 9 cm kureba) akazadzwa nemvura yepombi pahuwandu hwemakonye 150-200 patireyi uye kudyiswa kaviri zuva nezuva nemabhisikiti embwa akaomeswa.Honye dzevakuru dzaichengetwa mumakeji manyoro uye dzichiramba dzichidyiswa ne10% aqueous sucrose solution uye 10% multivitamin syrup solution.Umhutu hukadzi hunogara huchisveta ropa kuti hukandira mazai.Vanhukadzi vane mazuva maviri kusvika mashanu ekuberekwa vasina kupihwa ropa vanogona kushandiswa nguva dzose mukuedza kuongororwa kwebiological assays.
A dose-mortality response bioassay yeEO yakaitwa pamunhu mukuru wechikadzi Aedes mosquito.aegypti, MCM-S uye PMD-R vachishandisa nzira yepamusoro yakagadziridzwa maererano neWHO standard protocol ye susceptibility test [42].EO kubva kune imwe neimwe chirimwa yakanyungudutswa serially neakakodzera solvent (semuenzaniso ethanol kana acetone) kuti iwane dhigirii rakateedzana re4-6 concentrations.Mushure meanesthesia necarbon dioxide (CO2), umhutu hwakayerwa mumwe nomumwe.Umhutu hwainzi anesthetized hwakabva hwachengetwa husina kufamba pabepa rakaoma resefa pane imwe tsika inotonhora ndiro pasi pe stereomicroscope kudzivirira kudzokororwa panguva yekuitwa.Pakurapwa kwega kwega, 0.1 μl yemushonga weEO wakaiswa kudivi remukadzi repamusoro pachishandiswa Hamilton handheld microdispenser (700 Series Microliter™, Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, USA).Vakadzi makumi maviri nevashanu vakabatwa nekusungwa kwega kwega, nekufa kubva ku10% kusvika ku95% kune zvishoma 4 zvakasiyana-siyana.Umhutu hunobatwa nezvinonyungudutsa hwaishanda sekudzora.Kuti udzivise kusvibiswa kwemasampuli ebvunzo, chinja pepa resefa nebepa idzva resefa kune yega yega EO yakaedzwa.Madhodhi anoshandiswa mune aya mabioassays anoratidzirwa mumamicrograms eEO pamilligram yehuremu hwemuviri wechikadzi mupenyu.Chiitiko chePBO chevakuru chakaongororwawo nenzira yakafanana kune EO, nePBO yakashandiswa sekutonga kwakanaka mune synergistic kuyedza.Umhutu hwakarapwa mumapoka ose akaiswa mumakapu epurasitiki ndokupiwa 10% sucrose pamwe ne10% multivitamin manyuchi.Yese bioassays yakaitwa pa25 ± 2 °C uye 80 ± 10% hunyoro hwehukama uye yakadzokororwa kana nekutonga.Kufa kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana panguva yekurera kwakatariswa uye kwakasimbiswa nekushaikwa kwehumhutu hwemhinduro kune mechanical stimulation ndokuzorekodhwa zvichienderana neavhareji yezvinyorwa zvina.Mishonga yekuedza yakadzokororwa kanokwana kana pamuenzaniso wega wega wekuedza uchishandisa mabheti akasiyana eumhutu.Mhedzisiro yacho yakapfupikiswa uye yakashandiswa kuverengera huwandu hwehuwandu hwekufa, iyo yakashandiswa kuona iyo 24-awa inouraya dose nekuongorora probit.
Iyo synergistic anticidal mhedzisiro yeEO uye permetrin yakaongororwa uchishandisa yemuno toxicity assay maitiro [42] sezvakambotsanangurwa.Shandisa acetone kana ethanol sechinhu chinonyungudutsa kugadzirira permethrin panguva yaunoda, pamwe chete nebhinari musanganiswa weEO uye permetrin (EO-permethrin: permetrin yakasanganiswa neEO paLD25 concentration).Test kits (permethrin uye EO-permethrin) yakaongororwa maererano neMCM-S uye PMD-R mhando dzeAe.Aedes egypti.Imwe neimwe yehumhutu hwechikadzi makumi maviri neshanu yakapihwa mishonga mina yepermethrin kuti iongorore kushanda kwayo mukuuraya vanhu vakuru, uye kurapwa kwega kwega kwakadzokororwa kana.Kuti uone vamiriri veEO synergists, 4 kusvika ku6 doses yeEO-permethrin yakapihwa kune yega yega ye25 mosquito dzechikadzi, nechikumbiro chega chega chakadzokororwa kana.PBO-permethrin kurapwa (permethrin yakasanganiswa neLD25 concentration yePBO) yakashandawo sekutonga kwakanaka.Iwo madosi anoshandiswa mune aya mabioassays anoratidzirwa mune nanograms yebvunzo sampu pamilligram yehupenyu hwehuremu hwemunhukadzi.Ongororo ina dzekuyedza kune yega yega mosquito dhizaini yakaitwa pamabheji akarerwa ega, uye data yekufa yakabatanidzwa uye yakaongororwa uchishandisa Probit kuona 24-awa inouraya dosi.
Huwandu hwekufa hwakagadziridzwa uchishandisa iyo Abbott formula [43].Iyo data yakagadziridzwa yakaongororwa neProbit regression ongororo uchishandisa iyo computer statistics program SPSS (version 19.0).Inouraya kukosha kwe25%, 50%, 90%, 95% uye 99% (LD25, LD50, LD90, LD95 uye LD99, zvichiteerana) yakaverengerwa uchishandisa inoenderana 95% nguva dzekuvimba (95% CI).Zviyero zvekukosha uye mutsauko pakati pebvunzo samples zvakaongororwa pachishandiswa chi-square bvunzo kana Mann-Whitney U bvunzo mukati mega ega biological assay.Mibairo yakaonekwa seyakakosha paP<0.05.Iyo yekupikisa coefficient (RR) inofungidzirwa padanho reLD50 uchishandisa fomura inotevera [12]:
RR> 1 inoratidza kuramba, uye RR ≤ 1 inoratidza kunzwa.The synergy ratio (SR) kukosha kwega yega synergist mumiriri inoverengerwa seizvi [34, 35, 44]:
Ichi chinhu chinopatsanura mhedzisiro muzvikamu zvitatu: kukosha kweSR kwe1 ± 0.05 kunoonekwa sekusina mhedzisiro, kukosha kweSR kwe> 1.05 kunoonekwa seine synergistic effect, uye kukosha kweSR kweA light yellow liquid mafuta kunogona inowanikwa ne steam distillation ye rhizomes ye C. rotundus uye A. galanga uye bark yeC. verum.Goho rakaverengerwa pahuremu hwakaoma hwaive 0.15%, 0.27% (w/w), uye 0.54% (v/v).w) zvichiteerana (Tafura 1).GC-MS yekuongorora kwemakemikari emafuta eC. rotundus, A. galanga uye C. verum yakaratidza kuvapo kwe19, 17 uye 21 makemikari, ayo akaverengera 80.22, 86.75 uye 97.24% yezvikamu zvose, maererano (Tafura 2). ).C. lucidum rhizome oil compounds kunyanya inosanganisira cyperonene (14.04%), inoteverwa ne carralene (9.57%), α-capsellan (7.97%), uye α-capsellan (7.53%).Chinhu chikuru chemakemikari chikamu che galangal rhizome mafuta β-bisabolene (18.27%), inoteverwa ne-α-bergamotene (16.28%), 1,8-cineole (10.17%) uye piperonol (10.09%).Kunyange zvazvo cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) yakaonekwa sechikamu chikuru cheC. verum bark mafuta, cinnamic acetate (6.61%), α-copaene (5.83%) uye 3-phenylpropionaldehyde (4.09%) yainzi zviduku zviduku.Mishonga yemakemikari ye cyperne, β-bisabolene uye cinnamaldehyde ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa kweC rotundus, A. galanga uye C. verum, maererano, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo 2.
Mhedzisiro kubva kumaOO matatu akaongorora chiitiko chevakuru kurwisa mosquito dzeAedes.aegypti mosquitoes inoratidzwa muTebhu 3. EOs dzose dzakawanikwa dzine migumisiro inouraya paMCM-S Aedes mosquitoes pamhando dzakasiyana uye madosi.Aedes egypti.EO inonyanya kushanda ndeye C. verum, inoteverwa neA. galanga uye C. rotundus ine LD50 tsika dze 3.30, 7.97 uye 10.05 μg/mg MCM-S madzimai zvichienderana, zvishoma kudarika 3.22 (U = 1), Z = -0.775, P = 0.667), 7.94 (U = 2, Z = 0, P = 1) uye 9.57 (U = 0, Z = -1.549, P = 0.333) μg/mg PMD -R muvakadzi.Izvi zvinoenderana nePBO ine mhedzisiro yevakuru zvishoma paPMD-R pane iyo MSM-S dhiri, ine LD50 tsika dze4.79 uye 6.30 μg/mg vakadzi, zvichiteerana (U = 0, Z = -2.021, P = 0.057) .).Inogona kuverengerwa kuti iyo LD50 tsika dzeC.Nokudaro, izvi zvinoratidza kuti kukanganisa kuPBO neEO kwakafanana pakati pemhando mbiri dzeAedes.Kunyange zvazvo PMD-R yainyanya kunetseka kupfuura MCM-S, kunzwisiswa kweAedes aegypti kwakanga kusina kukosha.Mukupesana, mhando mbiri dzeAedes dzakasiyana zvakanyanya mukunzwa kwavo kupermetrin.Egipita (Tafura 4).PMD-R yakaratidza kupikisa kwakanyanya kune permethrin (LD50 kukosha = 0.44 ng / mg muvakadzi) nepamusoro LD50 kukosha kwe3.70 kana ichienzaniswa neMCM-S (LD50 kukosha = 0.44 ng / mg muvakadzi) ng / mg muvakadzi (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029).Kunyange zvazvo PMD-R isinganyanyi kunzwisiswa nepermetrin pane MCM-S, kunzwa kwayo kuPBO neC. verum, A. galanga, uye C. rotundus mafuta yakakwirira zvishoma kudarika MCM-S.
Sezvinoonekwa muhuwandu hwevanhu vakuru bioassay yeEO-permethrin musanganiswa, mabhinari masanganiswa epermethrin neEO (LD25) airatidza kana synergy (SR kukosha> 1.05) kana kusashanda (SR kukosha = 1 ± 0.05).Complex vakuru mhedzisiro yemusanganiswa weEO-permethrin pane yekuyedza albino mosquito.Aedes aegypti strains MCM-S uye PMD-R inoratidzwa muTebhu 4 uye Mufananidzo 3. Kuwedzerwa kweC. verum mafuta kwakawanikwa kuderedza zvishoma LD50 yepermetrin kurwisana neMCM-S uye kuwedzera zvishoma LD50 kurwisana nePMD-R kusvika 0.44- 0 .42 ng / mg muvakadzi uye kubva ku3.70 kusvika ku3.85 ng / mg muvakadzi, maererano.Kusiyana neizvi, kuwedzera kweC. rotundus uye A. galanga mafuta zvakanyanya kuderedza LD50 yepermetrin paMCM-S kubva ku0.44 kusvika ku0.07 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) uye ku0.11 (U = 0)., Z) = -2.309, P = 0.029) ng/mg vakadzi.Zvichienderana neLD50 kukosha kweMCM-S, iyo SR tsika dzeEO-permethrin musanganiswa mushure mekuwedzera kweC. rotundus uye A. galanga mafuta aive 6.28 uye 4.00, zvichiteerana.Saizvozvowo, LD50 yepermetrin inopesana nePMD-R yakaderera zvikuru kubva ku3.70 kusvika ku0.42 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) uye ku0.003 nekuwedzera kweC. rotundus uye A. galanga mafuta (U = 0). ., Z = -2.337, P = 0.029) ng/mg mukadzi.Iko SR kukosha kwepermetrin yakasanganiswa neC. rotundus inopesana ne PMD-R yaiva 8.81, nepo SR kukosha kwegalangal-permethrin musanganiswa waiva 1233.33.Zvichienderana neMCM-S, iyo LD50 kukosha kwePBO yakanaka yekutonga yakaderera kubva 0.44 kusvika 0.26 ng/mg (vakadzi) uye kubva 3.70 ng/mg (vakadzi) kusvika 0.65 ng/mg (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) uye PMD-R (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029).Iwo SR tsika dzePBO-permethrin musanganiswa wematambudziko MCM-S uye PMD-R aive 1.69 uye 5.69, zvichiteerana.Migumisiro iyi inoratidza kuti C. rotundus uye A. galanga mafuta uye PBO anowedzera permethrin toxicity kusvika pamwero mukuru kupfuura C. verum mafuta ematambudziko MCM-S uye PMD-R.
Chiitiko chevakuru (LD50) cheEO, PBO, permethrin (PE) uye misanganiswa yavo inopesana nepyrethroid-sensitive (MCM-S) uye inopikisa (PMD-R) mhando dzeAedes mosquito.Aedes egypti
[45].Synthetic pyrethroids inoshandiswa pasi rese kudzora angangoita ese arthropods ezvekurima nekukosha kwekurapa.Nekudaro, nekuda kwemhedzisiro inokuvadza yekushandiswa kwezvipembenene zvekugadzira, kunyanya maererano nekusimudzira uye kupararira kwekudzivirira kweumhutu, pamwe nekukanganisa hutano hwenguva refu uye zvakatipoteredza, ikozvino pane kudiwa kwekukurumidzira kuderedza kushandiswa. zvechinyakare zvekugadzira zvipembenene uye kugadzira dzimwe nzira [35, 46, 47].Pamusoro pekuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza uye hutano hwevanhu, zvakanakira zvipembenene zvebhotani zvinosanganisira kusarudzwa kwepamusoro, kuwanikwa kwepasirese, uye kuve nyore kwekugadzira nekushandisa, zvichiita kuti zviwedzere kukwezva kudzora mosquito [32,48,49].Ichi chidzidzo, pamusoro pekujekesa maitiro emakemikari emafuta akakosha akakosha kuburikidza neGC-MS ongororo, yakaongororawo simba remafuta akakosha evakuru uye kugona kwavo kuwedzera huturu hwe synthetic permetrin.aegypti mu pyrethroid-sensitive strains (MCM-S) uye inopikisa strains (PMD-R).
GC-MS characterization yakaratidza kuti cypern (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%) uye cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) yaiva zvikamu zvikuru zveC. rotundus, A. galanga uye C. verum mafuta, maererano.Makemikari aya akataridza zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvebhayoloji.Ahn et al.[50] yakashuma kuti 6-acetoxycyperene, yakaparadzaniswa kubva kune rhizome yeC rotundus, inoshanda sechinhu chinopesana netumor uye inogona kukonzera caspase-dependent apoptosis mumasero ekenza ye ovarian.β-Bisabolene, yakatorwa kubva pamafuta anokosha emura, inoratidza cytotoxicity yakanangana nevanhu uye mbeva mammary tumor masero ese ari mu vitro uye mu vivo [51].Cinnamaldehyde, inowanikwa kubva muzvinyorwa zvechisikigo kana kuti yakagadzirwa murabhoritari, inonzi ine insecticidal, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticancer, uye antiangiogenic zviitiko [52].
Mhedzisiro yedoro-inotsamira yevakuru chiitiko bioassay yakaratidza kugona kwakanaka kweiyo yakaedzwa EOs uye yakaratidza kuti Aedes mosquito strains MCM-S uye PMD-R yakanga yakafanana sceptibility kuEO nePBO.Aedes egypti.Kuenzanisa kwekushanda kweEO uye permetrin kwakaratidza kuti iyo yekupedzisira ine allercidal effect yakasimba: LD50 values i 0.44 uye 3.70 ng/mg muvakadzi kune strains MCM-S uye PMD-R, zvichiteerana.Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinotsigirwa neongororo dzakawanda dzinoratidza kuti mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inongoitika, kunyanya zvigadzirwa zvinobva mumiti, kazhinji haishande pane inogadzirwa zvinhu [31, 34, 35, 53, 54].Izvi zvinogona kunge zviri nekuti iyo yekutanga musanganiswa wakaoma wezvishandiso kana zvisingashande, nepo yekupedzisira iri yakacheneswa imwechete inoshanda komboni.Zvisinei, kusiyana uye kuoma kwezvinhu zvakasikwa zvinoshandiswa nemaitiro akasiyana-siyana ekuita zvinogona kuwedzera basa rehupenyu kana kudzivisa kukura kwekupikisa muvanhu vanogamuchira [55, 56, 57].Vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vakarondedzera simba rekurwisa mosquito yeC. 62,63,64].Zvisinei, kuongororwa kwemabhuku kwakaratidza kuti hakuna kumbove nemishumo yapfuura yekushanda kwayo nepermethrin kana zvimwe zvipembenene zvinogadzirwa neAedes mosquito.Aedes egypti.
Muchidzidzo ichi, misiyano yakakura mukubatwa kwepermetrin yakaonekwa pakati pemhando mbiri dzeAedes.Aedes egypti.MCM-S inonzwira permetrin, nepo PMD-R isinganyanyi kutarisisa kwairi, ine chiyero chekupikisa che8.41.Kuenzaniswa nekunzwa kweMCM-S, PMD-R hainyanyi kunetseka kune permetrin asi inonyanya kunzwisiswa neEO, ichipa hwaro hwekuwedzera zvidzidzo zvine chinangwa chekuwedzera kubudirira kwepermetrin nekuibatanidza neEO.A synergistic musanganiswa-based bioassay yevakuru mhedzisiro yakaratidza kuti mabhinari musanganiswa weEO uye permetrin akaderedza kana kuwedzera kufa kwevakuru Aedes.Aedes egypti.Kuwedzerwa kweC. verum oiri kwakaderedza zvishoma LD50 yepermethrin kurwisa MCM-S asi yakawedzera zvishoma LD50 ichipikisa PMD-R ine SR tsika dze1.05 uye 0.96, zvichiteerana.Izvi zvinoratidza kuti C. verum oil haina synergistic kana antagonistic effect pa permetrin kana yakaedzwa paMCM-S uye PMD-R.Kusiyana neizvi, C. rotundus uye A. galanga oiri yakaratidza yakakosha synergistic mhedzisiro nekudzikisa zvakanyanya LD50 tsika dzepermethrin paMCM-S kana PMD-R.Pakasanganiswa permetrin neEO yeC. rotundus uye A. galanga, iyo SR tsika dzeEO-permethrin musanganiswa weMCM-S aive 6.28 uye 4.00, zvichiteerana.Uyezve, apo permetrin yakaongororwa inopesana nePMD-R pamwe chete neC. rotundus (SR = 8.81) kana A. galanga (SR = 1233.33), SR tsika yakawedzera zvakanyanya.Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti zvose C. rotundus uye A. galanga zvakasimudzira huturu hwepermetrin kurwisana nePMD-R Ae.Egypt zvakanyanya.Saizvozvo, PBO yakawanikwa ichiwedzera huturu hwepermethrin ine SR tsika dze 1.69 uye 5.69 kune strains MCM-S uye PMD-R, zvichiteerana.Sezvo C. rotundus uye A. galanga vaiva nepamusoro-soro SR maitiro, vaionekwa seyakanakisisa synergists mukusimudzira permetrin toxicity paMCM-S uye PMD-R, maererano.
Ongororo dzinoverengeka dzakapfuura dzakataura nezve synergistic mhedzisiro yekusanganiswa kwezvipembenene zvekugadzira uye zvinomera zvezvirimwa zvinopesana nemhando dzakasiyana dzeumhutu.A larvicidal bioassay pamusoro peAnopheles Stephensi yakadzidzwa naKalayanasundaram naDas [65] yakaratidza kuti fenthion, yakakura-spectrum organophosphate, yaisanganiswa neCleodendron inerme, Pedalium murax uye Parthenium hysterophorus.Yakakosha synergy yakaonekwa pakati pezvinyorwa zvine synergistic athari (SF) ye1.31., 1.38, 1.40, 1.48, 1.61 uye 2.23, zvichiteerana.Mukuongorora kwelarvicidal ye15 mangrove marudzi, petroleum ether extract ye mangrove stilted midzi yakawanikwa ichinyanya kushanda paCulex quinquefasciatus ine LC50 kukosha kwe25.7 mg / L [66].Iyo synergistic effect yeichi chinyorwa uye botanical insecticide pyrethrum yakanziwo kuderedza LC50 yepyrethrum kurwisana neC. quinquefasciatus larvae kubva ku0.132 mg / L kusvika 0.107 mg / L, kuwedzera, SF calculation ye1.23 yakashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi.34,35,44].Kushanda kwakabatanidzwa kweSolanum citron midzi inotorwa uye mishonga yezvipembenene yakawanda (semuenzaniso, fenthion, cypermethrin (synthetic pyrethroid) uye timethphos (an organophosphorus larvicide)) pakurwisa umhutu weAnopheles wakaongororwa.Stephensi [54] uye C. quinquefasciatus [34].Iko kushandiswa kwakasanganiswa kwe cypermethrin uye yero muchero petroleum ether extract yakaratidza synergistic mhedzisiro pa cypermethrin mune zvese ratios.Chiyero chinonyanya kushanda chaive 1: 1 bhinari musanganiswa neLC50 uye SF kukosha kwe0.0054 ppm uye 6.83, zvichiteerana, maererano neAn.Stephen West[54].Kunyange zvazvo 1: 1 binary musanganiswa weS. xanthocarpum uye temephos yakanga inopesana (SF = 0.6406), iyo S. xanthocarpum-fenthion musanganiswa (1: 1) yakaratidza synergistic basa rinopesana neC. quinquefasciatus neSF ye1.3125 [34]].Tong naBlomquist [35] vakadzidza zvinokonzerwa nechirimwa ethylene oxide pamusoro pehutu hwe carbaryl (yakafara-akawanda-akawanda carbamate) uye permethrin kuAedes mosquito.Aedes egypti.Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza kuti ethylene oxide kubva kune agar, mhiripiri nhema, juniper, helichrysum, sandalwood uye sesame yakawedzera huturu hwecarbaryl kuAedes mosquito.aegypti larvae SR maitiro anosiyana kubva 1.0 kusvika 7.0.Kusiyana neizvi, hapana yeEOs yakanga ine chepfu kune vanhu vakuru veAedes mosquito.Panguva ino, hapana synergistic mhedzisiro yakataurwa yekubatanidzwa kweAedes aegypti uye EO-carbaryl.PBO yakashandiswa senzira yakanaka yekusimudzira huturu hwecarbaryl kurwisa umhutu hweAedes.Iwo SR tsika dzeAedes aegypti mhute uye vakuru ndeye 4.9-9.5 uye 2.3, zvichiteerana.Musanganiswa wemabhinari chete wepermethrin neEO kana PBO ndiwo wakaedzwa kuita kwelarvicidal.Musanganiswa weEO-permethrin waive nekupikisa, ukuwo musanganiswa wePBO-permethrin wakaita synergistic kurwisa mosquito dzeAedes.Manyoka eAedes egypti.Nekudaro, kuyedzwa kwekupindura kwedosi uye kuongororwa kweSR kwePBO-permethrin misanganiswa haisati yaitwa.Kunyangwe mhedzisiro mishoma yave kuwanikwa maererano ne synergistic mhedzisiro ye phytosynthetic musanganiswa kurwisa mosquito vectors, idzi data dzinotsigira mhedzisiro iripo, iyo inovhura tarisiro yekuwedzera ma synergists kwete chete kuderedza iyo yakashandiswa dosi, asiwo kuwedzera kuuraya mhedzisiro.Kubudirira kwezvipembenene.Uyezve, migumisiro yechidzidzo ichi yakaratidza kekutanga kuti C. rotundus uye A. galanga mafuta synergistically anoshandisa zvakanyanya kukwirira kwepamusoro-soro kune pyrethroid-inobatwa uye pyrethroid-resistant strains yeAedes mosquito kana ichienzaniswa nePBO kana yakabatanidzwa nepermethrin toxicity.Aedes egypti.Zvisinei, migumisiro isingatarisirwi kubva ku synergistic analysis yakaratidza kuti C. verum mafuta yakanga ine basa guru rekurwisana nevakuru kune zvose zveAedes.Zvinoshamisa kuti muchetura wepermetrin paAedes aegypti hauna kugutsa.Misiyano yehupfu mhedzisiro uye synergistic mhedzisiro inogona kuve nekuda kwechikamu kuratidzwa kune akasiyana marudzi uye mazinga e bioactive zvikamu mumafuta aya.
Pasinei nekuedza kunzwisisa nzira yekuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka, maitiro e synergistic anoramba asina kujeka.Zvikonzero zvinogoneka zvekushanda kwakasiyana uye kugona kuwirirana kunogona kusanganisira mutsauko mukuumbwa kwekemikari yezvigadzirwa zvakaedzwa uye mutsauko mukubatwa kweumhutu kune chekuita nekuramba uye kukura.Pane misiyano pakati pezvikamu zvikuru uye zviduku zve ethylene oxide zvakaedzwa muchidzidzo ichi, uye mamwe emakemikari aya akaratidzwa kuva nemigumisiro yekudzivirira uye ine chepfu kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvipembenene uye zvirwere zvezvirwere [61,62,64,67,68].Zvisinei, mishonga mikuru inoratidzirwa muC. rotundus, A. galanga uye C. verum mafuta, akadai se cypern, β-bisabolene uye cinnamaldehyde, haana kuongororwa mupepa rino nokuda kwezviito zvavo zvinopesana nevakuru uye synergistic zvinopesana neAe, maererano.Aedes egypti.Naizvozvo, zvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi zvinodikanwa kuti zviparadzanise zvinhu zvinoshanda zviripo mumafuta ega ega akakosha uye kujekesa kugona kwavo kwezvipembenene uye kupindirana kwekubatana kurwisa mosquito vector iyi.Kazhinji, kuita kwezvipembenene kunoenderana nekuita uye kuita pakati pechepfu uye zvipembenene zvinyama, izvo zvinogona kurerutswa uye zvakakamurwa kuita nhanho nhatu: kupinda mukati mezvipembenene ganda remuviri uye chinangwa chenhengo membranes, activation (= kudyidzana nechinangwa) uye detoxification.zvinhu zvine chepfu [57, 69].Naizvozvo, synergism yezvipembenene zvichikonzera kuwedzera kushanda kwemusanganiswa wechepfu kunoda chimwe chezvikamu izvi, zvakadai sekuwedzera kupinda, kushandiswa kukuru kwemakomisheni akaunganidzwa, kana kuderedzwa kuderedzwa kwemushonga unoshanda.Semuenzaniso, kushivirira kwesimba kunononoka kupinza cuticle kuburikidza neyakakora cuticle uye biochemical kuramba, senge yakawedzera insecticide metabolism inocherechedzwa mune dzimwe dzinopesana netupukanana [70, 71].Kubudirira kwakakosha kweEOs mukuwedzera huturu hwepermethrin, kunyanya kupikisa PMD-R, inogona kuratidza mhinduro yedambudziko rekurwisa zvipembenene nekubatana nemaitiro ekupikisa [57, 69, 70, 71].Tong naBlomquist [35] vakatsigira mhedzisiro yechidzidzo ichi nekuratidza kudyidzana pakati peEOs nemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene.aegypti, kune humbowo hwekuita inhibitory kurwisa detoxifying enzymes, kusanganisira cytochrome P450 monooxygenases uye carboxylesterases, iyo yakabatana zvakanyanya nekuvandudzwa kwekupokana nemishonga yechinyakare.PBO haisi kungonzi inonzi metabolic inhibitor ye cytochrome P450 monooxygenase asiwo inovandudza kupinda kwezvipembenene, sezvinoratidzwa nekushandiswa kwayo sekutonga kwakanaka mu synergistic zvidzidzo [35, 72].Sezvineiwo, 1,8-cineole, chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvinowanikwa mumafuta e galangal, inozivikanwa nekuda kwehupfu pazvipembenene zvipenyu [22, 63, 73] uye yakanzi ine synergistic mhedzisiro munzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzebiological chiitiko tsvagiridzo. 74]..,75,76,77].Mukuwedzera, 1,8-cineole pamwe chete nemishonga yakasiyana-siyana inosanganisira curcumin [78], 5-fluorouracil [79], mefenamic acid [80] uye zidovudine [81] inewo permeation-promoting effect.in vitro.Nokudaro, basa rinobvira re1,8-cineole mu synergistic insecticidal action haisi chete sechinhu chinoshanda asiwo sechinhu chinopindira.Nekuda kwekubatana kukuru nepermethrin, kunyanya inopesana nePMD-R, iyo synergistic mhedzisiro yemafuta e galangal uye trichosanthes oiri inocherechedzwa muchidzidzo ichi inogona kubva mukudyidzana nemaitiro ekupikisa, kureva kuwedzera kupenya kune chlorine.Pyrethroids inowedzera kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakaunganidzwa uye inhibit detoxifying enzymes dzakadai se cytochrome P450 monooxygenases uye carboxylesterases.Zvisinei, zvinhu izvi zvinoda kumwe kuongorora kuti kujekese basa chairo reEO nemishonga yaro yakaparadzana (yega kana musanganiswa) mumaitiro ekubatanidza.
Muna 1977, kuwedzera kwemazinga ekupikisa kwepermethrin kwakashumwa muhuwandu hwevector muThailand, uye pamusoro pemakumi emakore akatevera, kushandiswa kwepermetrin kwakatsiviwa nemamwe makemikari epyrethroid, kunyanya ayo akatsiviwa nedeltamethrin [82].Zvisinei, vector resistance kune deltamethrin nemamwe makirasi ezvipembenene anonyanya kuwanda munyika yose nekuda kwekushandisa zvakanyanya uye kupfuurira [14, 17, 83, 84, 85, 86].Kurwisa dambudziko iri, zvinokurudzirwa kutenderedza kana kushandisazve mishonga yezvipembenene yakaraswa iyo yaimboshanda uye ine chepfu kumhuka dzinoyamwisa, dzakadai sepermethrin.Parizvino, kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kwepermethrin kwakaderedzwa muzvirongwa zvehurumende zvehurumende zvekudzivirira mosquito, kuramba kwepermetrin kuchiri kuwanikwa muhuwandu hweumhutu.Izvi zvinogona kunge zvakakonzerwa nekufumurwa kweumhutu kune zvigadzirwa zvekutengesa zvipembenene zvemumba, izvo zvakanyanya zvinosanganisira permetrin nemamwe mapyrethroids [14, 17].Saka, kubudirira kudzorerazve permetrin kunoda kuvandudzwa uye kushandiswa kwemaitiro ekuderedza kupikisa kwevector.Kunyange zvazvo pasina imwe yemafuta anokosha akaedzwa ega ega muchidzidzo ichi akashanda sepermethrin, kushanda pamwe chete nepermetrin kwakaguma nemigumisiro inoshamisa ye synergistic.Ichi chiratidzo chinovimbisa kuti kupindirana kweEO nemaitiro ekupikisa kunoguma nekubatanidzwa kwepermetrin neEO kushanda zvakanyanya kudarika mushonga wezvipembenene kana EO chete, kunyanya kupikisa PMD-R Ae.Aedes egypti.Zvakanakira synergistic musanganiswa mukuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka, kunyangwe kushandiswa kweakaderera madosi ekudzora vector, kunogona kutungamirira kukuvandudzwa kwekudzivirira uye kuderedza mari [33, 87].Kubva pamigumisiro iyi, zvinofadza kuziva kuti A. galanga uye C. rotundus EOs dzaive dzakanyanya kushanda kupfuura PBO mu synergizing permethrin toxicity mune zvose MCM-S uye PMD-R strains uye inogona kushandiswa kune zvechinyakare ergogenic aids.
Iwo maEO akasarudzwa aive neakakosha synergistic mhedzisiro mukuwedzera chepfu yevakuru kurwisa PMD-R Ae.aegypti, kunyanya galangal mafuta, ine SR kukosha kusvika ku1233.33, zvichiratidza kuti EO ine vimbiso yakafara se synergist mukusimudzira kushanda kwepermetrin.Izvi zvinogona kukurudzira kushandiswa kwechigadzirwa chitsva chinoshanda, icho pamwe chete chinogona kuwedzera kushandiswa kwemishonga yekudzivirira umhutu.Inoratidza zvakare kugona kwe ethylene oxide seimwe synergist yekuvandudza zvinobudirira pane zvekare kana zvechinyakare zvipembenene kugadzirisa matambudziko aripo ekupikisa muhuwandu hweumhutu.Kushandisa zvirimwa zvinowanika zviri nyore muzvirongwa zvekudzivirira umhutu hazvingodzikisi kuvimba nezvinhu zvinotengwa kunze kwenyika uye zvinodhura, asi zvinokurudzirawo kuedza kwemuno kusimbaradza hurongwa hwehutano hwevanhu.
Iyi mhedzisiro inoratidza zvakajeka iyo yakakosha synergistic mhedzisiro inogadzirwa nekubatanidzwa kwe ethylene oxide uye permetrin.Mhedzisiro yacho inosimbisa kugona kwe ethylene oxide sechirimwa synergist mukudzora mosquito, ichiwedzera kushanda kwepermetrin kurwisa umhutu, kunyanya muvanhu vasingagone.Kubudirira kweramangwana uye kutsvagisa kunoda synergistic bioanalysis ye galangal nealpinia oiri nemakomisheni azvo ega, musanganiswa wezvipembenene zvechisikigo kana zvekugadzira zvakabva kumarudzi akawanda uye matanho eumhutu, uye chepfu kuyedzwa kurwisa zvipenyu zvisina chinangwa.Kushanda kushandisa ethylene oxide seimwe inoshanda imwe synergist.
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