Vanhu vachaenda kune dzimwe nzira dzisina musoro kuti vadzivise kurumwa neumhutu. Vanopisa ndove yemombe, mateko ekokonati, kana kofi. Vanonwa gin uye tonics. Vanodya mabanana. Vanozvipfapfaidza nemuromo kana kuzviputira mumushonga wevhave/doro. Vanozviomesawo neBounce. "Munoziva, iwo mashiti anonhuwirira amunoisa muomesa," akadaro Immo Hansen, PhD, purofesa paInstitute of Applied Biosciences paNew Mexico State University.
Hapana kana imwe yenzira idzi yakaongororwa kuona kuti inodzinga here mosquito. Asi izvo hazvina kumisa vanhu kuvaedza, maererano neongororo ichaburitswa zhizha rino naHansen nemumwe wake Stacy Rodriguez, anomhanyisa lab yaHansen kuNew Mexico State University. Stacy Rodriguez anodzidza nzira dzekudzivirira zvirwere zvinotakurwa neumhutu. Iye nevamwe vake vakaongorora vanhu 5 000 nezvekuzvidzivirira kwavanoita pakurumwa neumhutu. Vanhu vazhinji vaishandisa mishonga yechivanhu inodzinga umhutu.
Matsvakurudzo akazovabvunza nezvemishonga yechivanhu yemumba. Ndipo panopinda ndove yemombe nepepa. Mubvunzurudzo, Hansen naRodriguez vakagovera dzimwe dzemhinduro dzavakagamuchira. Bepa ravo rakaburitswa mupepanhau rakaongororwa nevezera PeerJ.
Kupfuura mishonga yechivanhu nedziviriro yechinyakare, kune dzimwe nzira dzakabvumikiswa dzekuzvidzivirira kubva kumhutu nezvirwere zvavanotakura. NPR yakataura nevatsvakurudzi, vazhinji vavo vanopedza nguva yakawanda vari mumasango ane umhutu, machakwi, uye munzvimbo dzinopisa.
Zvigadzirwa zvine DEET zvakaratidzwa kuve zvakachengeteka uye zvinoshanda. DEET chidimburidzo chekemikari N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide, inova chinhu chinoshanda mumishonga yakawanda inodzinga zvipembenene. Pepa ra2015 rakabudiswa muJournal of Insect Science rakatarisa kushanda kwezvipembenene zvakasiyana-siyana zvekutengesa uye rakaona kuti zvigadzirwa zvine DEET zvaishanda uye zvinogara kwenguva refu. Rodriguez naHansen vaive vanyori vechidzidzo cha2015, chavakadzokorora mubepa ra2017 mujenari rimwechete.
DEET yakarova masherufu ezvitoro muna 1957. Paive nekunetsekana kwekutanga nezvekuchengetedzwa kwayo, vamwe vachifunga kuti inogona kukonzera matambudziko etsinga. Zvisinei, mamwe maongororo achangoburwa, akadai sechidzidzo chaJune 2014 chakabudiswa mupepanhau Parasites and Vectors, ona kuti "bvunzo dzemhuka, zvidzidzo zvekucherechedza, uye miedzo yekupindira hazvina kuwana humbowo hwemigumisiro yakakomba yakabatana nekushandiswa kwakakurudzirwa kweDEET."
DEET handicho chega chombo. Zvigadzirwa zvine zvinhu zvinoshanda picaridin uye IR 3535 zvinoshanda zvakaenzana, anodaro Dr. Dan Strickman weBill & Melinda Gates Foundation's Global Health Program (mutsigiri weNPR) uye munyori weKudzivirira Kurumwa Kwezvipembenene, Kuruma, uye Chirwere.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention inoshuma kuti zvinodzingirira zvine chero zveizvi zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa zvakachengeteka uye zvinoshanda. Mishonga iyi inoshandiswa zvakanyanya pasi rose.
“Picaridininoshanda kupfuuraDEETuye inoita seinodzinga umhutu.” Kana vanhu vakashandisa DEET, humhutu hunogona kumhara pavari asi husingarumi.Pavakashandisa zvinhu zvine picaridin, mosquito dzine mukana wakaoma wokumhara.Zvidzinga zvine IR 3535 hazvishande zvishoma, akadaro Strickman, asi hazvina kunhuwa kwakasimba kwezvimwe zvinhu.
Kune zvakare petrolatum lemon eucalyptus (PMD), mafuta echisikigo anotorwa kubva kumashizha anonhuhwirira eremoni uye matavi emuti weeucalyptus, anokurudzirwa zvakare neCDC. PMD ndicho chikamu chemafuta anodzinga tumbuyu. Vatsvagiri veNew Mexico State University vakawana kuti zvigadzirwa zvine lemon eucalyptus oiri zvaingoshanda seizvo zvine DEET, uye mhedzisiro yacho yakagara kwenguva refu. "Vamwe vanhu vane rusarura pamusoro pekushandisa makemikari paganda ravo. Vanoda zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvepanyama, "anodaro Rodriguez.
Muna 2015, zvakawanikwa zvinoshamisa: Victoria's Secret's Bombshell hwema hwainyatso shanda pakudzinga umhutu. Hansen naRodriguez vakati vakaiwedzera kune zvigadzirwa zvavo zvekuyedza senzira yakanaka nekuti vaifunga kuti hwema hwayo hwemaruva hwaizokwezva umhutu. Zvinobuda mosquito kuvenga munhuwi.
Kudzidza kwavo kwazvino, kubva muna 2017, kwakaunzawo zvinoshamisa. Chigadzirwa ichi, chinonzi Off Clip-On, chinonamatira zvipfeko uye chine metofluthrin inodzinga zvipembenene munharaunda, inokurudzirwa zvakare neCDC. Mudziyo unopfekwa wakagadzirirwa vanhu vanogara panzvimbo imwechete, sevabereki vachiona mutambo weSoftball. Anopfeka masiki anobatidza feni diki ine bhatiri inofuridza kagore kemhute inodzinga mumhepo yakatenderedza munhu akaipfeka. "Inoshanda chaizvo," akadaro Hansen, achiwedzera kuti inoshanda pakudzinga tumbuyu seDEET kana mafuta eremoni eucalyptus.
Hazvisi zvese zvigadzirwa zvinounza mhedzisiro yavanovimbisa. Chidzidzo che 2015 chakawana kuti vhitamini B1 zvigamba zvakange zvisisashande pakudzinga umhutu. Chidzidzo che2017 chaisanganisira makenduru ecitronella pakati pezvigadzirwa zvisina kudzinga umhutu.
Zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakaratidza kuti izvo zvinonzi mabhurekete anodzinga umhutu uye mabhande haadzinge umhutu. Zvigadzirwa izvi zvine mafuta akasiyana, anosanganisira citronella uye lemongrass.
“Ndakarumwa neumhutu pamabhurakete andakaongorora,” akadaro Rodriguez. “Vanoshambadza zvishongo izvi nemabhandeji sedziviriro paZika [utachiona hunotakurwa neumhutu hunogona kukonzera kuremara kwakakomba mumadzimai ane pamuviri], asi zvishongo izvi hazvishandi zvachose.”
Midziyo ye Ultrasonic, iyo inoburitsa ma toni ayo vanhu vasinganzwi asi ayo vatengesi vanoti umhutu unovenga, zvakare haashande. "Midziyo yemagetsi yatakaedza haina kushanda," akadaro Hansen. “Takamboedza mimwe michina, yanga isingashande, hapana humbowo hwesainzi hunoratidza kuti umhutu hunodzingwa nekunzwika.
Nyanzvi dzinoti kazhinji zvine hungwaru kutevedzera mirairo yemugadziri. Kana vanhu vachange vari panze kweawa kana maviri, vanofanirwa kushandisa zvigadzirwa zvine yakaderera kudzika kweDEET (iyo label inotaura nezve gumi muzana) kudzivirira. Dr. Jorge Rey, anobata mutungamiriri weFlorida Medical Entomology Laboratory muVero Beach, akataura kuti kana vanhu vachizova munzvimbo dzine miti, mumasango, kana kuti machakwi, vanofanira kushandisa kuwanda kweDEET—20 muzana kusvika ku25 muzana—uye kuchichinja anenge maawa mana oga oga. "Iyo yakanyanya kuwanda, inotora nguva yakareba," akadaro Rey.
Zvakare, tevera mirairo yemugadziri we dosing. “Vanhu vakawanda vanofunga kuti kana zvakanaka muzvitsama zvishoma, zvinotova nani muzvitsama zvikuru,” akadaro Dr. William Reisen, purofesa akabuda muUniversity of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine. "Haufanire kugeza mumidziyo."
Ray paanoenda munzvimbo dzine tupukanana, senge Florida's Everglades National Park, kuitisa tsvakiridzo, anopfeka giya rekudzivirira. “Tichapfeka mabhurugwa marefu nehembe dzine maoko marefu,” akadaro. “Kana zvakaipa chaizvo, tinoisa heti dzine mambure kumeso, tinovimba nenhengo dzemiviri yedu dziri pachena kuti dzibvise umhutu. Izvozvo zvingareva maoko edu, mutsipa, uye chiso. Nekudaro, nyanzvi dzinokurudzira kusamwaya kumeso kwako. Kuti udzivise kushatirwa kwemaziso, shandisa repellent mumaoko ako, wozora kumeso kwako.
Usakanganwa nezvetsoka dzako. Umhutu hune mafiro akasarudzika. Umhutu huzhinji, kunyanya humhutu hweAedes hunotakura utachiona hweZika, sekunhuwa kwetsoka.
"Kupfeka shangu haisi pfungwa yakanaka," akadaro Rodriguez. Bhutsu nemasokisi zvakakosha, uye kupfekedza bhurugwa mumasokisi kana bhutsu kuchabatsira kudzivirira umhutu kuti usapinda muzvipfeko zvako. Munzvimbo dzine umhutu, anopfeka bhurugwa refu uye zvechokwadi kwete yoga bhurugwa. "Spandex haipindire mosquito. Inoruma nepakati payo. Ndinopfeka bhurugwa remabhegi nehembe dzine maoko marefu uye ndinopfeka DEET."
Umhutu hunogona kuruma chero nguva yezuva, asi mosquito yeAedes aegypti inotakura utachiona hweZika inoda nguva dzemangwanani nemanheru, Strickman akadaro. Kana zvichiita, gara mumba uine mawindow screen kana air conditioning panguva idzi.
Nekuda kwekuti humhutu uhu hunoberekera mumvura yakamira mumidziyo yakaita sehari dzemaruva, matayi akasakara, migomo nemagaba emarara, vanhu vanofanira kubvisa chero nzvimbo dzine mvura yakamira dzakatenderedza. “Madziva ekushambira anogamuchirwa chero bedzi asina kusiiwa,” akadaro Ray. Mishonga inoshandiswa kugadzira madziva akachengeteka inogona kudzinga umhutu. Kutariswa kwepedyo kunodiwa kuti uwane nzvimbo dzese dzinogona kuberekera mosquito. “Ndakaona umhutu huchiberekana mufirimu remvura pedyo nemasingi kana kuti pasi pegirazi rinoshandiswa nevanhu kukwesha mazino avo,” akadaro Strickman. Kuchenesa nzvimbo dzemvura yakamira kunogona kuderedza zvakanyanya huwandu hweumhutu.
Kuwanda kunoita vanhu kuita izvi zvekuchenesa, humhutu hushoma. "Inogona kunge isina kukwana, asi huwandu hweumhutu huchadzikiswa zvakanyanya," akadaro Strickman.
Hansen akati lab yake iri kushanda pane tekinoroji yekunyudza umhutu hwechirume nemwaranzi uye vozodziregedza kunharaunda. Umhutu hwerume hunorara nehadzi, uye hadzi inokandira mazai, asi mazai haachonyi. Iyo tekinoroji yaizonangana nemhando dzakasiyana, dzakadai seAedes aegypti mosquito, iyo inoparadzira Zika, dengue fever nezvimwe zvirwere.
Boka revasayendisiti veMassachusetts riri kushanda pamushonga wekudzivirira umhutu uchagara paganda uye unogara kwemaawa kana mazuva, akadaro Dr. Abrar Karan, chiremba paBrigham uye Women's Hospital. Ndiye mumwe wevakagadzira Hour72+, mushonga wekudzinga waanoti haupindi muganda kana kupinda muropa, asi unoitwa kuti usashande nekubuda kweganda chete.
Gore rino, Hour72+ yakahwina mubairo mukuru we$75,000 Dubilier pamakwikwi ekutanga epagore eHarvard Business School. Karan anoronga kuita kumwe kuyedzwa kweiyo prototype, iyo isati yave kuwanikwa mukutengesa, kuona kuti ingaite nguva yakareba sei ichishanda nemazvo.
Nguva yekutumira: Mar-17-2025