Vanhu vanoedza zvinhu zvisina musoro kuti vasarumwe neumhutu. Vanopisa ndove yemombe, makoko ekokonati, kana kofi. Vanonwa gin netonic. Vanodya mabhanana. Vanozvipfapfaidza nemuromo kana kuzvisvira nemushonga we clove/alcohol. Vanozviomesawo neBounce. "Unoziva, machira iwayo anonhuwirira zvakanaka aunoisa mudryer," akadaro Immo Hansen, PhD, purofesa paInstitute of Applied Biosciences paNew Mexico State University.
Hapana imwe yenzira idzi yakaedzwa kuti ione kana dzichidzinga umhutu zvechokwadi. Asi izvozvo hazvina kumisa vanhu kuti varege kudziedza, zvichienderana neongororo yakazoburitswa zhizha rino naHansen nemumwe wake Stacy Rodriguez, anotungamira Hansen's lab paNew Mexico State University. Stacy Rodriguez anoongorora nzira dzekudzivirira zvirwere zvinotapurirwa neumhutu. Iye nevamwe vake vakabvunza vanhu zviuru zvishanu nezvenzira dzavanozvidzivirira nadzo kubva pakurumwa neumhutu. Vanhu vazhinji vaishandisa mishonga yechinyakare inodzinga umhutu.
Vaongorori vakabva vavabvunza nezvemishonga yechivanhu yekumba. Ndipo panoshanda ndove yemombe nepepa rekuomesa. Mubvunzurudzo, Hansen naRodriguez vakagovana mimwe yemhinduro dzavakagamuchira. Pepa ravo rakaburitswa mumagazini inonzi PeerJ.
Kunze kwemishonga yechivanhu nedziviriro yechivanhu, kune dzimwe nzira dzakasimbiswa dzekuzvidzivirira kubva kumhutu nezvirwere zvahunotakura. NPR yakataura nevaongorori, vazhinji vavo vanopedza nguva yakawanda vari mumasango ane umhutu, madhamu, nenzvimbo dzinopisa.
Zvigadzirwa zvine DEET zvakaratidzwa kuti zvakachengeteka uye zvinoshanda. DEET ipfupiso yekemikari inonzi N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide, iyo inoshanda mumishonga yakawanda inodzinga zvipembenene. Pepa ra2015 rakaburitswa muJournal of Insect Science rakatarisa kushanda kwemishonga yakasiyana-siyana inouraya zvipembenene mukutengeserana ndokuona kuti zvigadzirwa zvine DEET zvaishanda uye zvinogara kwenguva refu. Rodriguez naHansen ndivo vanyori vechidzidzo cha2015, chavakadzokorora mupepa ra2017 mujenari imwe chete.
DEET yakasvika muzvitoro muna 1957. Pakutanga paiva nekunetseka nezvekuchengetedzeka kwayo, vamwe vachiti inogona kukonzera matambudziko etsinga. Zvisinei, ongororo dzichangoburwa, dzakadai seongororo yakaitwa muna Chikumi 2014 yakaburitswa mujenari reParasites and Vectors, dzinoti "kuongororwa kwemhuka, zvidzidzo zvekutarisa, uye miedzo yekupindira hazvina kuwana humbowo hwemigumisiro yakaipa ine chekuita nekushandiswa kweDEET kunokurudzirwa."
DEET haisiyo yega chombo. Zvigadzirwa zvine zvinhu zvinoshanda zvinonzi picaridin neIR 3535 zvinoshanda zvakaenzana, anodaro Dr. Dan Strickman weBill & Melinda Gates Foundation's Global Health Program (mutsigiri weNPR) uye munyori wePreventing Insect Bites, Stings, and Disease.
Nzvimbo dzeKudzora neKudzivirira Zvirwere dzinoshuma kuti mishonga inodzinga zvipembenene ine chero chezvinhu izvi zvinoshanda yakachengeteka uye inoshanda. Mishonga iyi inoshandiswa zvakanyanya pasi rese.
"Picaridininoshanda kupfuuraDEETuye zvinoita sekunge zvinodzinga umhutu,” akadaro. Kana vanhu vakashandisa DEET, umhutu hunogona kuwira pahuri asi hahukuvarumi. Pavanoshandisa zvinhu zvine picaridin, umhutu hwaitova nekashoma kekuwira. Zvinodzinga mhutu zvine IR 3535 hazvishande zvakanaka, akadaro Strickman, asi hazvina hwema hwakasimba hwezvimwe zvigadzirwa.
Kunewo petrolatum lemon eucalyptus (PMD), mafuta echisikigo anobva mumashizha nematavi emuti we eucalyptus ane hwema ...
Muna 2015, kwakawanikwa chinhu chinoshamisa: Kunhuhwirira kweVictoria's Secret's Bombshell kwaishanda zvikuru pakudzinga umhutu. Hansen naRodriguez vakati vakaiwedzera kune zvigadzirwa zvavo zvekuyedza senzira yakanaka yekudzora nekuti vaifunga kuti hwema hwayo hwemaruva hwaizokwezva umhutu. Zvakazoonekwa kuti umhutu hunovenga hwema hwacho.
Ongororo yavo yazvino, kubva muna 2017, yakaburitsawo zvinoshamisa. Chigadzirwa ichi, chinonzi Off Clip-On, chinonamira pazvipfeko uye chine metofluthrin inodzinga zvipembenene munharaunda, iyo inokurudzirwawo neCDC. Chishandiso chinopfekwa chakagadzirirwa vanhu vanogara panzvimbo imwe chete, senge vabereki vachiona mutambo wesoftball. Munhu anopfeka masiki anobatidza feni diki ine bhatiri inofuridza gore diki remhute inodzinga mumhepo yakatenderedza munhu anopfeka. "Inoshanda zvechokwadi," akadaro Hansen, achiwedzera kuti inoshanda zvakanyanya pakudzinga zvipembenene seDEET kana mafuta e lemon eucalyptus.
Hazvisi zvese zvinogadzirwa zvinopa mhedzisiro yazvinovimbisa. Ongororo yakaitwa muna 2015 yakawana kuti machira evhitamini B1 haana kushanda pakudzinga umhutu. Ongororo yakaitwa muna 2017 yakasanganisira makenduru ecitronella pakati pezvigadzirwa zvisingadzingi umhutu.
Ongororo dzichangobva kuitwa dzakaratidza kuti mabracelets nemabhandi zvinonzi zvinodzinga umhutu hazvidzingi umhutu. Zvigadzirwa izvi zvine mafuta akasiyana-siyana, anosanganisira citronella nelemongrass.
“Ndakamborumwa neumhutu pazvishongo zvandakaedza,” akadaro Rodriguez. “Vanoshambadza zvishongo izvi nemabhandiji senzira yekudzivirira kubva kuZika [hutachiona hunokonzerwa neumhutu hunogona kukonzera matambudziko makuru ekuzvarwa nawo mumadzimai ane pamuviri], asi zvishongo izvi hazvishande zvachose.”
Midziyo yeUltrasonic, iyo inoburitsa manzwi asinganzwike nevanhu asi vatengesi vachiti umhutu hunovengwa, haishandewo. "Midziyo yesound yatakaedza haina kushanda," akadaro Hansen. "Takamboedza mimwe michina kare. Haina kushanda. Hapana humbowo hwesainzi hunoratidza kuti umhutu hunodzingwa neruzha."
Nyanzvi dzinoti kazhinji zvine hungwaru kutevedzera mirairo yemugadziri. Kana vanhu vachizove panze kweawa imwe kana maviri, vanofanira kushandisa zvigadzirwa zvine huwandu hwakaderera hweDEET (zita rechiratidzo rinoti inenge 10 muzana) kuti vadzivirire. Dr. Jorge Rey, mukuru weFlorida Medical Entomology Laboratory muVero Beach, vakati kana vanhu vachizove munzvimbo dzine masango, masango, kana madhamu, vanofanira kushandisa huwandu hwakanyanya hweDEET — 20 muzana kusvika 25 muzana — uye vochinja anenge maawa mana ega ega. "Kana huwandu hwacho hwakanyanya, ndipo pahunogara kwenguva refu," akadaro Rey.
Zvakare, teverai mirairo yemugadziri wemishonga. "Vanhu vazhinji vanofunga kuti kana yakanaka muhuwandu hudiki, inotonyanya kunaka muhuwandu hwakawanda," akadaro Dr. William Reisen, purofesa akambomira basa paYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine. "Haufanire kugeza mumishonga iyi."
Ray paanoenda kunzvimbo dzine zvipembenene, seEverglades National Park yeFlorida, kunotsvaga ruzivo, anopfeka zvipfeko zvekudzivirira. "Tichapfeka mabhurugwa marefu nehembe dzine maoko marefu," akadaro. "Kana zvakanyanya kuipa, tichaisa ngowani dzine mambure pamusoro pezviso zvedu. Tinovimba nezvikamu zvemiviri yedu zviri pachena kuti tidzinge umhutu." Izvi zvinogona kureva maoko edu, mutsipa, nechiso. Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzinokurudzira kuti tisapfapfaidze pachiso chako. Kuti udzivise kushatirwa kwemaziso, isa mushonga unodzinga utachiona mumaoko ako, wozora pachiso chako.
Musakanganwa nezvetsoka dzenyu. Umhutu hune mhando dzakasiyana dzehunhuhwi. Umhutu hwakawanda, kunyanya umhutu hweAedes hunotakura hutachiona hweZika, hunofarira hwema hwetsoka.
"Kupfeka masandals hakusi zano rakanaka," akadaro Rodriguez. Shangu nemasokisi zvakakosha, uye kuisa mabhurugwa mumasokisi kana shangu kunobatsira kudzivirira umhutu kuti husapinde muzvipfeko zvako. Munzvimbo dzine umhutu, anopfeka mabhurugwa marefu kwete yoga. "Spandex haipindi umhutu. Vanoruma nepakati payo. Ini ndinopfeka mabhurugwa mahombe nehembe dzine maoko marefu ndopfeka DEET."
Umhutu hunogona kuruma chero nguva yezuva, asi umhutu hweAedes aegypti hunotakura hutachiona hweZika hunofarira nguva dzemangwanani nedzemanheru, akadaro Strickman. Kana zvichibvira, gara mumba mune mahwindo kana mhepo inotonhodza panguva idzi.
Nekuti umhutu uhwu hunoberekera mumvura yakamira mumidziyo yakaita sehari dzemaruva, matayi ekare, mabhaketi nemagaba emarara, vanhu vanofanira kubvisa chero nzvimbo dzine mvura yakamira dzakavapoteredza. "Madziva ekushambira anotenderwa chero bedzi asina kusiyiwa," akadaro Ray. Makemikari anoshandiswa kuita kuti madziva ave akachengeteka anogonawo kudzinga umhutu. Kutarisisa kwakanyatsodiwa kuti uwane nzvimbo dzese dzinogona kubereka umhutu. "Ndakaona umhutu huchiberekera mumvura iri pedyo nemasinki kana pasi pegirazi iro vanhu vanoshandisa kukwesha mazino avo," akadaro Strickman. Kuchenesa nzvimbo dzine mvura yakamira kunogona kuderedza huwandu hweumhutu zvakanyanya.
Vanhu vakawanda vanoita basa iri rekuchenesa, ndiko kuti, umhutu huchava hushoma. "Zvingave zvisina kukwana, asi huwandu hweumhutu huchaderera zvakanyanya," akadaro Strickman.
Hansen akati rabhoritari yake iri kushanda patekinoroji yekuuraya umhutu hwechirume nemwaranzi yozobuburitsa munzvimbo dzakatikomberedza. Umhutu hwechirume hunobatana nehwechikadzi, uye hukadzi hunokandira mazai, asi mazai acho haabereke. Tekinoroji iyi yaizonangana nemarudzi chaiwo, akadai seumhutu hweAedes aegypti, hunoparadzira Zika, dengue fever nezvimwe zvirwere.
Chikwata chemasayendisiti eMassachusetts chiri kushanda pakugadzira mushonga unodzinga umhutu unogara paganda kwemaawa kana mazuva, akadaro Dr. Abrar Karan, chiremba wepaBrigham and Women's Hospital. Iye mumwe wevakatanga Hour72+, mushonga unodzinga umhutu waanoti haupindi muganda kana kupinda muropa, asi unongoshanda chete nekubuda kweganda.
Gore rino, Hour72+ yakahwina mubairo mukuru weDubilier wemadhora zviuru makumi manomwe nezvishanu ($75,000) pamakwikwi epagore eHarvard Business School. Karan anoronga kuita imwe bvunzo yemuenzaniso uyu, uyo usati wawanikwa kutengeswa, kuti vaone kuti ungashanda kwenguva yakareba sei zvinobudirira.
Nguva yekutumira: Kurume-17-2025