Kutarisira zvipembenene nezvirwere kwakakosha pakurima, kudzivirira zvirimwa kubva kuzvipembenene nezvirwere zvinokuvadza. Zvirongwa zvekudzora zvipembenene zvinoshandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene chete kana huwandu hwezvipembenene nezvirwere hwapfuura mwero wakatarwa, zvinogona kuderedzamushonga wezvipembenenemashandisirwo. Zvisinei, kushanda kwezvirongwa izvi hakuna kujeka uye kwakasiyana-siyana. Kuti tiongorore kukanganisa kukuru kwezvirongwa zvekudzora threshold-based control pazvipembenene zvekurima zve arthropod, takaita meta-analysis yezvidzidzo 126, kusanganisira miedzo 466 pazvirimwa 34, tichienzanisa mapurogiramu akavakirwa pathreshold neakavakirwa pakarenda (kureva, vhiki nevhiki kana asiri emhando dzakasiyana)kudzora mishonga inouraya zvipembenenemapurogiramu uye/kana kudzora kusina kurapwa. Zvichienzaniswa nemapurogiramu akavakirwa pakarenda, mapurogiramu akavakirwa pachiyero akadzikisa kushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene ne44% uye mari yakabatana nayo ne40%, pasina kukanganisa kushanda kwekudzivirira zvipembenene nezvirwere kana goho rose rezvirimwa. Mapurogiramu akavakirwa pachiyero akawedzerawo huwandu hwezvipembenene zvinobatsira uye akawana mazinga akafanana ekudzora zvirwere zvinotapukira nearthropod semapurogiramu akavakirwa pakarenda. Zvichienderana nehupamhi uye kugara kwenguva refu kwezvibatsiro izvi, rutsigiro rwakawedzerwa rwezvematongerwo enyika nerwemari runodiwa kukurudzira kushandiswa kwenzira iyi yekudzora mukurima.
Makemikari ekurima ndiwo anonyanya kushandiswa mukurapa zvipembenene nezvirwere mazuva ano. Mishonga yezvipembenene, kunyanya, ndeimwe yemishonga yezvipembenene inonyanya kushandiswa mukurima, ichikonzera chikamu chimwe muzvina chekutengesa mishonga yezvipembenene pasi rose.1Nekuda kwekushandiswa kwayo zviri nyore uye mhedzisiro yayo yakakosha, mishonga yezvipembenene inowanzo kufarirwa nevatungamiriri vemapurazi. Zvisinei, kubvira kuma1960, kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene kwave kuchitsoropodzwa zvakanyanya (ref. 2, 3). Fungidziro dziripo dzinoratidza kuti 65% yeminda yezvirimwa pasi rese iri panjodzi yekusvibiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene.4Kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene kune chekuita nemhedzisiro yakaipa yakawanda, yakawanda yacho inopfuura nzvimbo yakashandiswa; semuenzaniso, kuwedzera kwekushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene kwakabatana nekudzikira kwehuwandu hwemhuka dzakawanda.5, 6, 7Zvikuru sei, zvipembenene zvinopa goho zvakaderera zvakanyanya nekuda kwekushandiswa kwakawanda kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene.8,9Mamwe marudzi, kusanganisira shiri dzinodya zvipembenene, akaratidzawo maitiro akafanana, nehuwandu hwacho huchiderera ne3–4% pagore nekuwedzera kwekushandiswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inonzi neonicotinoid.10Kuramba uchishandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene zvakanyanya, kunyanya neonicotinoids, kunofungidzirwa kuti kuchakonzera kutsakatika kwemarudzi anopfuura mazana maviri ari munjodzi.11Hazvishamisi kuti migumisiro iyi yakakonzera kurasikirwa kwemabasa mu agroecosystems. Migumisiro yakaipa yakanyorwa zvakanyanya inosanganisira kudzikira kwezvipenyukutonga12,13uyekusviba kwevhu14,15,16. Mhedzisiro iyi yakakurudzira hurumende nevatengesi kuti vaite matanho ekuderedza kushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene (semuenzaniso, EU Sustainable Use of Crop Protection Products Regulation).
Mhedzisiro yakaipa yemishonga yezvipembenene inogona kuderedzwa nekuisa miganho yekuwanda kwezvipembenene. Zvirongwa zvekushandisa mishonga yezvipembenene zvine chekuita nemiganhu zvakakosha pakugadzirisa zvipembenene zvakabatana (IPM). Pfungwa yeIPM yakatanga kutaurwa naStern et al. mu195917uye inozivikanwa se "pfungwa yakabatanidzwa." IPM inofunga kuti kutonga zvipembenene kwakavakirwa pakushanda zvakanaka kwehupfumi: mari yekudzora zvipembenene inofanira kudzikamisa kurasikirwa kunokonzerwa nezvipembenene. Kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene kunofaniradzikamanegoho rinowanikwa nekudzora huwandu hwezvipembenene.18 Saka, kana goho rekutengeserana rikasakanganiswa, gohokurasikirwanekuda kwezvipembenene zvinogamuchirwa. Pfungwa idzi dzezvehupfumi dzakatsigirwa nemamodheru emasvomhu mumakore ekuma1980.19,20Mukuita, pfungwa iyi inoshandiswa muchimiro chemiganhu yehupfumi, kureva kuti, kushandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene kunodiwa chete kana huwandu hwezvipembenene kana kukuvara kwasvika.21 Vaongorori nenyanzvi dzekutarisira zvipembenene vanogara vachifunga nezvemiganhu yehupfumi sehwaro hwekushandisa IPM. Zvirongwa zvekushandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene zvinopa mabhenefiti akawanda: kuwedzera goho, kuderedzwa kwemitengo yekugadzira, uyeyakaderedzwamigumisiro isiri iyo yakatarisirwa.22,23 Zvisinei, huwandu hwekudzikiswa ukuzvinosiyanazvichienderana nezvinhu zvakaita serudzi rwezvipembenene, nzira yekurima, uye nzvimbo yekugadzira.24 Kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene kuchiva hwaro hwehurongwa hwekuchengetedza zvipembenene (IPM), kugona kwayo kuvandudza kugara zvakanaka kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene pasi rese kuchiri kusanzwisiswa zvakanaka. Kunyange zvazvo zvidzidzo zvekare zvakaratidza kuti mapurogiramu anouraya zvipembenene anoderedza kushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene zvichienzaniswa nemapurogiramu anouraya zvipembenene, izvi chete hazvina kukwana kuti tinzwisise zvakadzama kukanganisa kwavo kukuru pakugara zvakanaka. Muchidzidzo ichi, takaongorora mapurogiramu anouraya zvipembenene anoshandiswa nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene tichishandisa ongororo yakazara, tichiyera kuderedzwa kwekushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene uye, chinonyanya kukosha, kugara zvakanaka kwayo mukuchengetedza goho uye kusimudzira hutano hwezvipembenene zvinobatsira uye agroecosystems mumasisitimu akasiyana ekurima. Nekubatanidza zvakananga matanho kune zviratidzo zvakawanda zvekugara zvakanaka, mhedzisiro yedu inosimudzira dzidziso nemaitiro eIPM kupfuura kunzwisisa kwetsika, tichiiratidza senzira yakasimba yekuwana chiyero pakati pekubudirira kwekurima nekutarisira zvakatipoteredza.
Zvinyorwa zvakawanikwa kuburikidza nekutsvaga kwedatabase nedzimwe nzvimbo, zvakaongororwa kuti zvine basa here, zvakaongororwa kuti zvakakodzera here, uye pakupedzisira zvakaderedzwa kusvika kuzvidzidzo zana nemakumi maviri nematanhatu, izvo zvakaverengerwa muongororo yekupedzisira yehuwandu.
Kune zvidzidzo zvine kutsauka kwakajairika kunozivikanwa, mafomura anotevera 1 na2 anoshandiswa kufungidzira chiyero chelog uye kutsauka kwakajairika kunoenderana 25.
Zvikamu zvehupfumi zvine basa guru mupfungwa yekubatanidzwa kwezvipenyu (IPM), uye vaongorori vakagara vataura nezvemabhenefiti akanaka ezvirongwa zvekushandisa mishonga yezvipembenene. Tsvagiridzo yedu yakaratidza kuti kudzora zvipembenene zve arthropod kwakakosha mumasisitimu mazhinji, sezvo 94% yezvidzidzo zvichiratidza kudzikira kwegoho rezvirimwa pasina kushandisa mishonga yezvipembenene. Zvisinei, kushandisa mishonga yezvipembenene nekuchenjera kwakakosha mukusimudzira budiriro yekurima kwenguva refu. Takaona kuti kushandisa mishonga yezvipembenene kunodzora kukuvara kwe arthropod pasina kukanganisa goho rezvirimwa zvichienzaniswa nezvirongwa zvekushandisa mishonga yezvipembenene zvichibva pakarenda. Uyezve, kushandisa mishonga yezvipembenene zvichibva pakarenda kunogona kuderedza kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene neinopfuura 40%.ZvimweKuongororwa kwakakura kwemaitiro ekushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene muminda yekurima yeFrance uye miedzo yekudzora zvirwere zvezvirimwa kwakaratidzawo kuti kushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene kunogona kuderedzwa ne40-50% pasina kukanganisa goho. Izvi zvinoratidza kudiwa kwekuvandudzwa kwezvirambidzo zvitsva zvekutarisira zvipembenene uye kupa zviwanikwa zvekukurudzira kushandiswa kwazvo. Sezvo kushandiswa kweminda yekurima kuri kuwedzera, kushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene kucharamba kuchityisidzira masisitimu echisikigo, kusanganisira anokuvadza zvakanyanya uye anokosha.nzvimbo dzekugaraZvisinei, kushandiswa kwakakura uye kushandiswa kwezvirongwa zvemishonga inouraya zvipembenene kunogona kuderedza migumisiro iyi, nokudaro zvichiwedzera kuchengetedzeka uye hushamwari hwekurima.
Nguva yekutumira: Mbudzi-25-2025