Kuwedzera kugadzirwa kwechikafu kwakakosha kuti zvigutse zvinodiwa nevanhu pasi rose. Panyaya iyi, mishonga yezvipembenene chikamu chakakosha chemaitiro ekurima emazuva ano akagadzirirwa kuwedzera goho rezvirimwa. Kushandiswa kwakapararira kwemishonga yezvipembenene yakagadzirwa mukurima kwakaratidzwa kuti kunokonzera kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza nematambudziko ehutano hwevanhu. Mishonga yezvipembenene inogona kuungana pamasero evanhu uye kukanganisa mashandiro evanhu kuburikidza nekubata zvakananga kana kudya chikafu chakasviba, chinova chikonzero chikuru chematambudziko ehutano.
Magadzirirwo e cytogenetic akashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi akaratidza maitiro akafanana anoratidza kuti omethoate ine migumisiro ye genotoxic uye cytotoxic pahanyanisi meristems. Kunyangwe pasina humbowo hwakajeka hwemhedzisiro ye genotoxic ye omethoate pahanyanisi mumabhuku aripo, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakaongorora mhedzisiro ye genotoxic ye omethoate pane zvimwe zvipenyu zvakaedzwa. Dolara et al. vakaratidza kuti omethoate yakakonzera kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekuchinjana kwema chromatid mu human lymphocytes in vitro. Saizvozvowo, Arteaga-Gómez et al. vakaratidza kuti omethoate yakaderedza kushanda kwemasero muHaCaT keratinocytes neNL-20 human bronchial cells, uye kukuvara kwe genotoxic kwakaongororwa uchishandisa comet assay. Saizvozvowo, Wang et al. vakaona kuwedzera kwe telomere kureba uye kuwedzera kwengozi yekenza muvashandi vakasangana ne omethoate. Uyezve, vachitsigira chidzidzo ichi, Ekong et al. Zvakaratidza kuti omethoate (oxygen analogue ye omethoate) yakakonzera kudzikira kwe MI mu A. cepa uye yakakonzera lysis yemasero, kuchengetedzwa kwe chromosome, kupatsanuka kwe chromosome, kurebeswa kwe nucleus, kuomeswa kwe nucleus, kukura kwe chromosome isati yakwana, metaphase clustering, nuclear condensation, anaphase stickiness, uye kusagadzikana kwe c-metaphase ne anaphase bridges. Kudzikira kwe MI values mushure mekurapwa kwe omethoate kunogona kunge kuri nekuda kwekuderera kwekupatsanurwa kwemasero kana kutadza kwemasero kupedzisa mitotic cycle. Kusiyana neizvi, kuwedzera kweMN ne chromosome abnormalities uye kupatsanuka kweDNA kwakaratidza kuti kudzikira kwe MI values kwaive kwakabatana zvakananga nekukuvara kweDNA. Pakati pe chromosome abnormalities dzakaonekwa muchidzidzo chino, sticky chromosomes ndidzo dzainyanya kuitika. Kusarongeka uku, kune chepfu yakawanda uye kusingadzoreki, kunokonzerwa nekunamatira kwe physical chromosome proteins kana kukanganisa nucleic acid metabolism mu cell. Neimwe nzira, zvinogona kukonzerwa nekunyungudika kwemapuroteni anofukidza chromosome DNA, izvo zvinogona kutungamira kurufu rwemasero42. Ma chromosomes akasununguka anoratidza mukana wekuti aneuploidy43 ivepo. Pamusoro pezvo, ma chromosome bridges anoumbwa nekutyoka uye kusanganiswa kwema chromosomes nema chromatids. Kuumbwa kwezvidimbu kunotungamira zvakananga pakuumbwa kweMN, izvo zvinoenderana nemigumisiro ye comet assay muongororo iyi. Kupararira kusina kuenzana kwe chromatin kunokonzerwa nekukundikana kwekuparadzaniswa kwe chromatid muchikamu chekupedzisira che mitotic, izvo zvinotungamira pakuumbwa kwema chromosomes akasununguka44. Maitiro chaiwo e omethoate genotoxicity haana kujeka; zvisinei, se organophosphorus pesticide, inogona kusangana nezvikamu zvemasero zvakaita se nucleobases kana kukonzera kukuvara kweDNA nekugadzira reactive oxygen species (ROS)45. Saka, organophosphorus pesticides inogona kukonzera kuunganidzwa kwe highly reactive free radicals kusanganisira O2−, H2O2, uye OH−, iyo inogona kuita neDNA bases muzvisikwa, nokudaro ichikonzera kukuvara kweDNA zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga. Aya maROS akaratidzwawo kuti anokuvadza ma enzymes uye maumbirwo anobatanidzwa mukudzokororwa kweDNA nekugadzirisa. Kusiyana neizvi, zvakataurwa kuti mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inonzi organophosphorus inopinda muchimiro chakaoma chemetabolism mushure mekudyiwa nevanhu, ichidyidzana nema enzymes akawanda. Vanotaura kuti kusangana uku kunoguma nekubatanidzwa kwema enzymes akasiyana-siyana uye majini anokonzera ma enzymes aya mumigumisiro ye genotoxic ye omethoate40. Ding et al.46 vakataura kuti vashandi vakasangana ne omethoate vaive nehurefu hwe telomere hwakawedzera, izvo zvaive zvakabatana nebasa re telomerase uye genetic polymorphism. Zvisinei, kunyangwe hukama huripo pakati pe omethoate DNA repair enzymes uye genetic polymorphism hwakatsanangurwa muvanhu, mubvunzo uyu hausati wagadziriswa kumiti.
Maitiro ekudzivirira masero kubva kumarudzi e oxygen (ROS) anowedzerwa kwete chete nemaitiro e enzyme antioxidant asiwo nemaitiro e non-enzyme antioxidant, ayo free proline iri antioxidant inokosha isina enzyme mumiti. Mazinga eproline anosvika zana pane akajairwa akaonekwa mumiti yakamanikidzwa56. Mhedzisiro yechidzidzo ichi inoenderana nemhedzisiro33 yakaratidza mazinga eproline akakwira mumbeu dzegorosi dzakabatwa ne omethoate. Saizvozvowo, Srivastava naSingh57 vakaonawo kuti organophosphate insecticide malathion yakawedzera mazinga eproline muhanyanisi (A. cepa) uye yakawedzerawo superoxide dismutase (SOD) uye catalase (CAT), zvichideredza kusimba kwemembrane uye zvichikonzera kukuvara kweDNA. Proline iamino acid isingakoshi inobatanidzwa mumhando dzakasiyana dzemuviri dzinosanganisira kuumbwa kweprotein structure, kuona mashandiro eprotein, kuchengetedza cellular redox homeostasis, singlet oxygen uye hydroxyl radical scavenging, osmotic balance maintenance, uye cell signaling57. Pamusoro pezvo, proline inodzivirira ma enzymes e antioxidant, nokudaro ichichengetedza kusimba kwechimiro che membrane dzemasero58. Kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwe proline muhanyanisi mushure mekusangana ne omethoate kunoratidza kuti muviri unoshandisa proline se superoxide dismutase (SOD) uye catalase (CAT) kudzivirira kubva muchetura unokonzerwa nezvipembenene. Zvisinei, kufanana ne enzyme antioxidant system, proline yakaratidzwa kuti haina kukwana kudzivirira masero emidzi yehanyanisi kubva mukukuvadzwa nezvipembenene.
Ongororo yemabhuku yakaratidza kuti hapana zvidzidzo pamusoro pekukuvadzwa kwemidzi yemiti kunokonzerwa nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inonzi omethoate. Zvisinei, mhedzisiro yezvidzidzo zvekare pane mimwe mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inoenderana nemigumisiro yechidzidzo ichi. Çavuşoğlu et al.67 vakataura kuti mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inonzi thiamethoxam yakapararira yakakonzera kukuvara kwemidzi yehanyanisi zvakaita se cell necrosis, vascular tissue isina kujeka, cell deformation, unclear epidermal layer, uye chimiro chisina kujairika che meristem nuclei. Tütüncü et al.68 vakaratidza kuti madosi matatu akasiyana emishonga inouraya zvipembenene inonzi methiocarb akakonzera necrosis, epidermal cell damage, uye cortical cell wall thickening mumidzi yehanyanisi. Mune imwe ongororo, Kalefetoglu Makar36 akawana kuti kushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inonzi avermectin padosi ye0.025 ml/L, 0.050 ml/L uye 0.100 ml/L kwakakonzera undefined conductive tissue, epidermal cell deformation uye flattened nuclear damage mumidzi yehanyanisi. Mudzi ndiwo unopinza makemikari anokuvadza mumiti uye ndiwo nzvimbo inonyanya kukanganiswa nemakemikari ane chepfu. Sekureva kweMDA mhedzisiro yechidzidzo chedu, oxidative stress inogona kutungamira mukukuvadzwa kwemembrane yesero. Kune rumwe rutivi, zvakakosha kuziva kuti midzi ndiyo nzira yekutanga yekudzivirira njodzi dzakadai69. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti kukuvara kwakaonekwa kumasero emidzi kunogona kunge kuri nekuda kwekudzivirira kwemasero aya kudzivirira kutorwa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene. Kuwedzera kwemasero e epidermal ne cortical kwakaonekwa muchidzidzo ichi kungangove kuri nekuda kwekutorwa kwemakemikari nemiti. Kuwedzera uku kunogona kukonzera kumanikidzwa kwemuviri uye kushanduka kwemasero ne nuclei. Pamusoro pezvo, 70 zvakataurwa kuti zvirimwa zvinogona kuunganidza mamwe makemikari kuti zvidzivise kupinda kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene mumasero. Chiitiko ichi chinogona kutsanangurwa sekuchinja kunochinjika mumasero emuviri netsinga dzeropa, umo masero anosimbisa madziro emasero avo nezvinhu zvakaita se cellulose ne suberin kudzivirira omethoate kuti isapinde mumidzi.71 Uyezve, kukuvara kwenyukireya kwakapfava kunogona kunge kuri nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwemasero kana kushushikana kwe oxidative kunokanganisa membrane yenyukireya, kana kuti kunogona kunge kuri nekuda kwekukuvara kwezvinhu zvemajini zvinokonzerwa nekushandiswa kweomethoate.
Omethoate mushonga wezvipembenene unoshanda zvikuru unoshandiswa zvakanyanya, kunyanya munyika dzichiri kusimukira. Zvisinei, sezvakaita mimwe mishonga yezvipembenene inonzi organophosphate, kuchine kushushikana pamusoro pemhedzisiro yayo panharaunda nehutano hwevanhu. Chidzidzo ichi chaive nechinangwa chekuzadza mukaha uyu weruzivo nekuongorora zvakakwana mhedzisiro yakaipa yemishonga yezvipembenene inonzi omethoate pamuti unowanzo edzwa, A. cepa. MuA. cepa, kusvibiswa kweomethoate kwakakonzera kunonoka kukura, migumisiro yegenotoxic, kurasikirwa kweDNA, oxidative stress, uye kukuvara kwemasero mumidzi yemeristem. Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza mhedzisiro yakaipa yemishonga yezvipembenene inonzi omethoate pazvisikwa zvisiri zvechinangwa. Mhedzisiro yechidzidzo ichi inoratidza kudiwa kwekungwarira kukuru mukushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene inonzi omethoate, kunyatsoyera dosage, kuwedzera ruzivo pakati pevarimi, uye mitemo yakaoma. Uyezve, mhedzisiro iyi ichapa nzvimbo inokosha yekutanga kutsvagurudza kuferefeta mhedzisiro yemishonga yezvipembenene inonzi omethoate pamarudzi asiri echinangwa.
Zvidzidzo zvekuyedza uye zvidzidzo zvemunda zvezvirimwa nezvikamu zvazvo (mabharubhu ehanyanisi), kusanganisira kuunganidzwa kwezvinhu zvezvirimwa, zvakaitwa zvichienderana nemitemo nemirau yakakodzera yemasangano, yenyika nepasi rose.
Nguva yekutumira: Chikumi-04-2025