Kurwisa zvirwere zvinotapukira inhangemutange yekurwisa kushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu. Mabhakitiriya anoramba achirwisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, uye mavhairasi anogara achichinja kuti apararire nekukurumidza. Zvirwere zvinotapurirwa nezvipembenene zvinomiririra imwe nzvimbo yehondo yekushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu: zvipembenene pachazvo zviri kuramba zvichirwisa chepfu inoshandiswa nevanhu kuti vazviuraye.
Zvikuru sei, malaria inotakurwa neumhutu inouraya vanhu vanodarika 600,000 gore rega rega. Kubva Hondo Yenyika II,mishonga yezvipembenene—zvombo zvemakemikari zvakagadzirirwa kuuraya umhutu hweAnopheles hwakabatwa nechirwere chemalaria—zvave zvichishandiswa kurwisa marariya.
Zvisinei, umhutu hunokurumidza kugadzira nzira dzekuita izvimishonga yezvipembenene haishande, zvichiisa mamiriyoni evanhu panjodzi yakakura yekubatwa nezvirwere zvinouraya. Ongororo yangu yandakaita munguva pfupi yapfuura, yakaitwa nevamwe vandinoshanda navo, inotsanangura chikonzero chacho.
Semunhu anoongorora shanduko yemajini, ndinodzidza sarudzo yechisikigo—hwaro hwekushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu. Kusiyana kwemajini kunobatsira zvikuru pakurarama kunotsiva uko kusina kunaka, zvichikonzera shanduko mumarudzi. Kugona kwekushanduka-shanduka kweumhutu hweAnopheles kunoshamisa zvechokwadi.
Pakati pemakore ekuma1990, umhutu hwakawanda hweAnopheles muAfrica hwaibatwa nezvipembenene zvepyrethroid, zvakabva muchrysanthemums. Kudzora umhutu kwainyanya kushandisa nzira mbiri dzinoshandisa pyrethroid: mambure eumhutu akarapwa zvipembenene kudzivirira umhutu hwakarara uye machira ezvipembenene akasara pamadziro echivako. Nzira idzi mbiri chete dzinogona kunge dzakadzivirira nyaya dzemarariya dzinopfuura mamiriyoni mazana mashanu pakati pa2000 na2015.
Zvisinei, umhutu hunobva kuGhana kuenda kuMalawi ikozvino hwava kuramba mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene zvakanyanya zvakapetwa kagumi kupfuura zvainge zvambouraya. Kuwedzera pamatanho ekudzivirira umhutu hweAnopheles, mabasa ekurima anogona kuisa umhutu mumishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inonzi pyrethroid, zvichiwedzera kuramba kwahwo.
Mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeAfrica, umhutu hweAnopheles hwakatanga kusabatwa nemishonga yezvipembenene yemhando ina inoshandiswa kurwisa malaria.
Umhutu hweAnopheles nezvipembenene zvemalaria zvinowanikwawo kunze kweAfrica, uko ongororo yekusagona kurwisa zvipembenene isingawanzoitiki.
Munzvimbo zhinji dzeSouth America, mosquito inonyanya kukonzera malaria iAnopheles darlingi. Mosquito iyi yakasiyana zvikuru nemosquito muAfrica zvekuti inogona kunge iri yerudzi rwakasiyana—Nyssorhynchus. Pamwe chete nevamwe vangu vanobva kunyika sere, ndakaongorora majini emosquito dzinopfuura 1,000 dzeAnopheles darlingi kuti ndinzwisise kusiyana kwemajini adzo, kusanganisira chero shanduko dzakakonzereswa nemabasa evanhu munguva pfupi yapfuura. Vandinoshanda navo vakaunganidza mosquito idzi kubva kunzvimbo gumi nematanhatu munzvimbo yakakura inotangira kumahombekombe eAtlantic eBrazil kusvika kumahombekombe ePacific eAndes muColombia.
Takaona kuti, sehama dzayo dzemuAfrica, *Anopheles darlini* inoratidza kusiyana-siyana kwemajini kwakanyanya—kupfuura ka20 kupfuura kwevanhu—zvichiratidza huwandu hwakawanda kwazvo hwevanhu. Mhando dzine majini akawanda kudaro dzakajairwa zvakanaka kuti dzikwanise kuchinjika nematambudziko matsva. Kana huwandu hwevanhu hwawanda kudaro, mukana wekubuda kwekuchinja kwakakodzera kunopa mukana waunoda unowedzera. Kana kuchinja uku kwatanga kupararira, nekuda kwekubatsira kwehuwandu, kunyangwe kufa kweumhutu hushoma hakuzotungamiriri kukuparadzwa kwahwo zvachose.
Kusiyana neizvi, gondo remhazha, rinobva kuUnited States, harina kumbobvira rava nechirwere cheDDT uye rakazopedzisira ratarisana nekutsakatika. Kushanda kwemamiriyoni ezvipembenene mukushanduka-shanduka kunopfuura zvakanyanya kweshiri dzinosvika zviuru zvishomanana chete. Kutaura zvazviri, mumakumi emakore apfuura, takaona zviratidzo zvekushanduka-shanduka mumajini ane chekuita nekusagona kushandisa mishonga muumhutu hweAnopheles darlingi.
Mishonga yePyrethroids neDDT, pakati pemimwe mishonga yezvipembenene, inoshanda pane imwe chete nzira yemasero: nzira dzeion dzinogona kuvhurika nekuvharika mumasero etsinga. Kana nzira idzi dzavhurika, masero etsinga anokurudzira mamwe masero. Mishonga yezvipembenene inomanikidza nzira idzi kuti dzirambe dzakavhurika uye dzirambe dzichitumira mafungiro, zvichikonzera kuoma mitezo nekufa kwezvipembenene. Zvisinei, zvipembenene zvinogona kuramba zvichirwisa nekuchinja chimiro chenzira pachadzo.
Zvidzidzo zvemajini zvakamboitwa nevamwe masayendisiti, pamwe nekudzidza kwedu, hazvina kuwana rudzi urwu rwekudzivisa muAnopheles darlini. Pane kudaro, takaona kuti kusadzivirira kunoitika nenzira yakasiyana: kuburikidza neboka remajini anoisa maenzymes anoputsa mishonga ine chepfu. Kushanda kwakanyanya kwemaenzyme aya, anozivikanwa seP450s, kunowanzo kukonzera kukura kwekusadzivirira mishonga yezvipembenene mune dzimwe umhutu. Kubva pakatanga kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene pakati pezana remakore rechi20, boka rimwe chete remajini eP450 rakashanduka kanomwe muSouth America.
MuFrench Guiana, mamwe majini eP450 akaratidzawo maitiro akafanana ekushanduka-shanduka, zvichisimbisa hukama hwepedyo huripo pakati pema enzyme aya nekuchinja kwacho. Uyezve, apo umhutu hwakaiswa mumidziyo yakavharwa uye hwakaiswa kune mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inonzi pyrethroid, musiyano wemajini eP450 pakati peumhutu hwakasiyana waienderana nenguva yahwo yekurarama.
MuSouth America, zvirongwa zvikuru zvekudzora marariya nekushandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene zvaingoitika nguva nenguva uye zvingangove zvisiri izvo zvakakonzera kushanduka kweumhutu. Pane kudaro, umhutu hunogona kunge hwakasangana nezvipembenene zvekurima zvisina kunanga. Zvinofadza kuti takaona zviratidzo zvekushanduka-shanduka zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzine kurima kwakabudirira.
Pasinei nekuuya kwemajekiseni matsva uye kufambira mberi mukurwisa malaria mumakore achangopfuura, kudzora umhutu kuchiri chinhu chakakosha mukuderedza kupararira kwemalaria.
Nyika dzinoverengeka dziri kuyedza mainjiniya emajini ekurwisa malaria. Iyi tekinoroji inosanganisira kugadzirisa huwandu hweumhutu hwemajini kuti huderedze huwandu hwahwo kana kuderedza kuramba kwahwo kupararira kwechirwere chemalaria. Kunyange hazvo humhutu huchigona kuchinja huchigona kukonzera dambudziko, mikana yacho iri kuvimbisa.
Ini nevamwe vangu tiri kushanda nesimba kuti tivandudze nzira dzekuona kusapindirana kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene. Kutevedzana kwemajini kuchiri kukosha pakuona mhinduro itsva kana dzisingatarisirwi dzekushanduka-shanduka. Njodzi yekuchinjika inokwira zvakanyanya kana paine kumanikidzwa kwenguva refu uye kwakasimba; saka, kuderedza, kugadzirisa, uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene kunogona kubatsira kudzivirira kukura kwekusapindirana kwemishonga.
Kuongororwa kwakarongeka uye mhinduro dzakakodzera zvakakosha kurwisa kusashanda kwemishonga kuri kuramba kuchikura. Kusiyana nekushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu, vanhu vanokwanisa kufanotaura remangwana.
Jacob A. Tennessen akapihwa mari kubva kuNational Institutes of Health kuburikidza neHarvard TH Chan School of Public Health neBroad Institute.
Nguva yekutumira: Kubvumbi-21-2026
