Mishonga yeAcaricides imhando yemishonga inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukurima, maindasitiri nemamwe maindasitiri. Inonyanya kushandiswa kudzora zvikwekwe zvekurima, kana zvikwekwe pazvipfuyo kana zvipfuyo. Gore rega rega pasi rose rinorasikirwa zvikuru nekuda kwezvipembenene zvezvikwekwe. Sekureva kweFood and Agriculture Organisation yeUnited Nations, 80 muzana yemombe dzepasi rose dzinobatwa nezvikwekwe, izvo zvinodhura pasi rose mari inofungidzirwa kuti inosvika mabhiriyoni manomwe nehafu emadhora pagore mukurasikirwa kwehupfumi. MuSouth America, zvirimwa zvesoya zvakakuvadzwa nespider mite Mononychellus planki McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae) zvakarasikirwa neinenge 18.28% mugoho rezviyo. MuChina, maeka anoda kusvika mamiriyoni makumi mana emichero yecitrus anobatwawo nePanonychus citri (McGregor). Nokudaro, kudiwa kwemisika yepasi rose kwemishonga yeAcaricides kuri kuwedzera gore negore. Zvigadzirwa zvisere zvepamusoro mumusika weacaricides muna 2018 ndeizvi: spirodiclofen, spiromethicone, diafenthiuron, bifenazate, pyridaben, uye propargite, hexythiazox, uye fenpyroximate, kutengeswa kwavo kwese kuri US$572 miriyoni, zvichiita 69.1% yemusika weacaricides, uye saizi yemusika inotarisirwa kusvika US$2 bhiriyoni panosvika 2025. Hukuru hwemusika weacaricides hunogona kunge hwakakura sezvo ivhu rekurima pasi rose richiderera, huwandu hwevanhu huchiwedzera, kudiwa kwezvigadzirwa zvechisikigo kuchiwedzera, uye kudiwa kwenzira dzekurima dzinogara kwenguva refu kunowedzera.
Ongororo yemusika wepasi rose weacaricides inoratidza kuti red spider mite, Panclaw citrus uye Panonychus urmi ndidzo mhando dzezvipembenene zvakakosha zvikuru muhupfumi, zvichitora chikamu chinodarika 80% chemusika. Dzimwe mhando dzakabatana nadzo idzo pseudo spider mite (kunyanya short spider mite), ngura mite uye nduru nehorsefly mite. Muriwo nemichero, kusanganisira citrus, mazambiringa, soya, donje, nechibage, ndizvo zvirimwa zvikuru zvinoshandiswa mishonga yeacaricides.
Zvisinei, nekuda kwehupenyu hupfupi, parthenogenesis, zvishandiso zvakasiyana zvekugadzirisa makemikari uye kugona kwakasimba kwezvipembenene zvinodya uswa zvakaita sespider mite nepanclaw mite, kuramba kwavo mishonga yeacaricides kwakawedzera nekukurumidza. Zvipembenene zvinoumba zvitatu zvezvipembenene gumi nezviviri zvinoramba zvirimwa zvakataurwa. Mukushandiswa kwemishonga yeacaricides pasi rose, mishonga yemakemikari yeacaricides yakadai se organophosphates, carbamates, organochlorines, uye pyrethroids ichiri kutonga. Mumakore achangopfuura, kunyangwe mishonga yeacaricides inoshanda zvakanyanya senge bifenazate neacetafenac yabuda pachena, dambudziko rekuchinjana kwemishonga yeacaricides richiri rakakomba. Nekushandiswa kwenguva refu uye kusiri kwesainzi kwemishonga iyi yeacaricides, mite yakawanda yezvirimwa yave nemazinga akasiyana ekudzivirira mishonga yeacaricides yemakemikari iri pamusika, uye mhedzisiro yayo yakaderera zvakanyanya. Kune rumwe rutivi, nekuwedzera kutarisisa nyaya dzezvakatipoteredza uye kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma munzvimbo yekurima kweorganic, kudiwa kwezvigadzirwa zvechisikigo kuchengetedza zvirimwa mumusika wepasi rose kwakawedzera zvakanyanya. Saka, kugadzirwa kwemishonga yakachengeteka, inoshanda zvakanaka, isingakuvadzi nharaunda, isingakuvadzi vavengi vezvisikwa uye mishonga mitsva yekuuraya zvipembenene yakachengeteka uye isingakuvadzi zvipembenene iri pedyo.
Zvichibva pane izvi, zvakakosha kuti indasitiri nemaindasitiri vashandise zvizere zvakanakira zviwanikwa zveChina zvehupenyu kuti zvikurudzire kutsvagisa nekugadzira nekushandisa mishonga yekuuraya utachiona.
1. Nhoroondo yekutsvagisa kweveratrotrol alkaloids
Hellebore, inozivikanwawo se "gomo hanyanisi", "black hellebore", mushonga unogara kwenguva refu. Sechirimwa chinouraya zvipembenene muChina, vanhu vanowanzo kuchera rhizomes dzacho panguva yezvirimwa vodziisa mumuto munyoro kuti vageze makwai, mbudzi, mombe nedzimwe mhuka, uye vagadzire honye dzemumba nezvimwe zvipembenene. Zvadaro vaongorori vakaona kuti hellebore ine simba rakanaka rekudzora zvimwe zvipembenene. Semuenzaniso, ethyl acetate extract yeVeratrum rhizome ine simba rakanaka rekuuraya zvipembenene paPlutella xylostella yechipiri neyechitatu, nepo Veratrol alkaloid extract ine simba guru rekuuraya paPlutella xylostella yevakuru neyechina. Panguva imwe chete, vaongorori vakaonawo kuti zvidimbu zvakasiyana zveVeratrum rhizome zvine basa rakanaka rekuuraya zvipembenene, pakati pazvo ethanol extract>chloroform extract>n-butanol extract.
Zvisinei, nzira yekubvisa zvinhu zvinoshanda idambudziko rakaoma. Vaongorori vekuChina vanowanzo shandisa ammonia-alkalized chloroform ultrasonic extraction, kubvisa mvura, ethanol percolation extraction, uye supercritical CO2 extraction kuti vawane zvinhu zvinoshanda kubva ku veratrum rhizomes. Pakati pavo, ammonia alkalized chloroform ultrasonic extraction method inoshandisa huwandu hwakawanda hwe solvent chloroform ine chepfu kunyangwe huwandu hwekubvisa hwacho hwakakwira; nzira yekubvisa mvura ine nguva yakawanda yekubvisa, kushandiswa kwemvura yakawanda, uye mwero wakaderera wekubvisa; mwero wakaderera. Nzira yekubvisa supercritical CO2 extraction yekubvisa veratroline alkaloids haina chete ine mwero wekubvisa wakakwira, zvinhu zvinoshanda hazviparadzwe, asiwo basa rekurapa uye kuchena kwezvinhu zvinoshanda zvezvigadzirwa zvinowanikwa zvinovandudzwa zvikuru. Pamusoro pezvo, CO2 isina chepfu uye isina solvent-free residue haina njodzi kumuviri wemunhu nenharaunda, izvo zvinogona kunonoka kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kunokonzerwa nenzira dzechinyakare dzekubvisa, uye yakanyorwa seimwe yetekinoroji dzakanakisa dzekubvisa nekuparadzanisa mhedzisiro yemishonga yemiti. Nekudaro, maitiro ekugadzira ane njodzi uye mutengo wakakwira zvinokanganisa kushandiswa kwayo kukuru mumaindasitiri.
2. Kufambira mberi kwekutsvaga nekusimudzira maalkaloids everatrotrol
Dzidza nezve tekinoroji yekuburitsa Veratrum. Tekinoroji yekubvisa pamwe chete inonyanya kushandiswa pakurapa kwechinyakare kweChinese veratrorum, inowedzerwa nemishonga yechisikigo. , Veratroin nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoshanda zvinogadzirwa pamwe chete, uye panguva imwe chete, zvinonyungudutsa zvakasiyana zvinoshandiswa kuramba zvichiburitsa mishonga yemiti, kuitira kuti zviwedzere kucheneswa nekudonhedzwa kwezvikamu zvinoshanda zvinoshanda mumishonga yemiti muzvikamu. Kuwana zvikamu zveboka zvemakemikari ane mashandiro akasiyana kana mashandiro akafanana kubva muboka rimwe chete rezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa. Kuvandudza zvakanyanya mwero wekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa zvemiti, kuderedza mari yekugadzira, uye kuwedzera zvakanyanya kukwikwidzana pamusika.
Dzidza nezve mashandiro anoita zvinhu zvinoshanda zveVeratrum. Chinyorwa cheVeratrum rhizome rudzi rwemusanganiswa, une zvinhu zvinopfuura gumi zvinoshanda zvakaita severatrol, resveratrol, veratrotoin, cyclopamine, veratrol, uye resveratrol oxide. Sisitimu yetsinga yezvipembenene.
Sekureva kwemishumo yekutsvagisa, chepfu yayo inobva pakuvhurwa kwenzira dzeNa+ dzinoenderana nemagetsi, izvo zvinozovhura nzira dzeCa2+ dzinoshanda nemagetsi, zvichikonzera kuburitswa kwema neurotransmitter. Nzira dzesodium ion dzine voltage dzakavharirwa chikamu chakakosha chezviratidzo zvetsinga dzetsinga nedzemhasuru. Zvinhu zvinoshanda muVeratrum extract zvinogona kukonzera kusagadzikana kwemagetsi munzira dzesodium ion, zvichikonzera shanduko mukubvumidzwa kwemukati memasero, zvichikonzera kuvhunduka kwemuviri uye rufu pakupedzisira.
Panguva imwe chete, dzimwe nyanzvi dzekuFrance dzakashuma kuti veratroline alkaloids inogonawo kudzivirira acetylcholinesterase (AChE) yezvipembenene pasina makwikwi. Nekuda kwemaitiro matsva ekuita kweveratrotrol alkaloids, kurwiswa kwenzvimbo dzakawanda kunogona kuitika, uye zvakaoma kuti zvikwekwe zvijairane nemishonga yenzvimbo dzakawanda kuburikidza nekuchinja kwadzo, saka hazvisi nyore kukura kusagadzikana kwemishonga.
Tekinoroji yekugadzira rhizome ye 0.1% CE hellebore. Ichitsigirwa netekinoroji yepamusoro yekubvisa uye ichiwedzerwa netekinoroji yakanaka yekugadzira, kushushikana kwepamusoro kwemushonga kudiki, izvo zvinogona kuputira muviri wezvipembenene nekukurumidza, kukurudzira kupinda nekunyudzwa kwemushonga, uye kuwedzera simba rezvinhu zvinoshanda. Ine mukana wakanaka wekupararira mumvura, uye mhinduro yacho yakajeka uye yakafanana mushure mekupararira. Kuderedzwa ka1000, nguva yekunyorovesa pepa re canvas imasekondi makumi mana nemana, uye inogona kunyorovesa nekukurumidza uye kupinda. Data rekutandara kwechiedza chakawanda rakaratidza kuti gadziriro ye 0.1% CE veratrum rhizome extract yaive nekugadzikana kwakanaka uye yakasangana zvizere nenzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekushandisa mumunda.
Kufambira mberi kwekutsvaga pakushandisa tekinoroji ye 0.1% CE veratrum rhizome extract
Tekinoroji itsva iyi yakavandudza zvikuru hunhu hwemushonga unoshanda nekukurumidza. Kana tichienzanisa netekinoroji yapfuura, chigadzirwa ichi chakaderedza kushandiswa kwechinhu chimwe chete. Kuburikidza nemaitiro akasiyana, zvinhu zviri muchigadzirwa ichi zvakawanda, uye kushanda pamwe chete kuri pachena.
Panguva imwe chete, kana ikashandiswa pamwe chete nemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene iripo, chekutanga, inogona kuderedza zvakanyanya huwandu hwezvipembenene zvitsvuku, kuderedza huwandu hwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene uye kuvandudza simba rekutonga. Muchidimbu, munguva yakawanda yekushandiswa kwemishonga yeCitrus Panonychus muHezhou, Guangxi, China, kupfapfaidza 0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome extract + 30% etoxazole kwakashanda mumaminitsi makumi maviri, hapana zvipembenene zvipenyu zvakaonekwa mazuva matatu mushure mekushandiswa, uye simba rekutonga raiva mazuva gumi nerimwe mushure mekushandiswa. Inogona kuchengetwa pamusoro pe95%. Pakutanga kweJiangxi Ruijin navel orange citrus panclaw mites, 0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome extract + 30% tetramizine bifenazate zvese zvakafa zuva rimwe chete mushure mekushandiswa, uye hapana zvipembenene zvipenyu zvakaonekwa mazuva matatu mushure mekushandiswa. , simba rekutonga riri pedyo ne99% mushure memazuva gumi nematanhatu.
Mhedzisiro yekuongorora zvipembenene mumunda inoratidza kuti kana huwandu hwezvipembere zvitsvuku zviri pasi kana kuti zvakakwirira, kushandiswa kwechinhu chimwe chete uye kushandiswa kwakabatana nemishonga inorwisa zvipembenene, rhizome extract yeVeratella vulgaris inogona kuderedza huwandu hwezvipembere zvitsvuku uye kuvandudza simba rekutonga mishonga inorwisa zvipembenene. Yakaratidza simba rakanaka rekudzora. Panguva imwe chete, rhizome extract yehellebore inobva mumiti. Pahuwandu hunokurudzirwa, yakachengeteka kushandiswa muzvikamu zvekutumbuka, kutumbuka, uye michero midiki yemiti mizhinji, uye haina simba pakukura kwemashizha, maruva nemichero. Yakachengeteka uye ine hushamwari kune zvisikwa zvisiri zvechisikigo zvakaita sevavengi vechipembere, uye haina kudzivirira zvipembenene zviripo uye mishonga inorwisa zvipembenene. Yakakodzera zvikuru mukutarisira kwakabatana kwezvipembere (IPM). Uye nekudzikiswa kwekushandiswa kwemishonga inorwisa zvipembenene, zvakasara zvemishonga inorwisa zvipembenene yakaita seetoxazole, spirodiclofen, uye bifenazate mucitrus zvinogona kuzadzisa zvizere "China National Food Safety Standard for the Maximum Residue Limits of Pesticides in Foods", "European Union Foods". Mutemo wePesticide Residue Limit Standard neUS Pesticide Residue Limit Standard muFoods zvinopa vimbiso yakasimba yekuchengetedza chikafu uye mhando uye kuchengetedzeka kwezvigadzirwa zvekurima.
Tekinoroji yekugadzirisa majini inokurudzira kufambira mberi kwemaindasitiri ehellebore
Hellebore mushonga unoshandiswa zvakanyanya uye imuti unogara kwenguva refu wemhuri yeLiliaceae. Inokura mumakomo, masango kana masango. Inopararira muShanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Liaoning, Sichuan, Jiangsu nedzimwe nzvimbo muChina. Yakapfuma muzviwanikwa zvemusango. Sekutsvagurudza, goho regore rehellebore yemishonga rinosvika matani mazana matatu kusvika mazana mashanu, uye mhando dzacho dzinosanganisira mhando dzakawanda, dzakadai sehellebore, Xing'an hellebore, maosu hellebore, uye Guling hellebore, uye zvikamu zvinoshanda zvemhando imwe neimwe hazvina kufanana.
Nekukurumidza kukura kwe biotechnology uye tsvakiridzo yakadzama pamishonga ye hellebore, kushandiswa kwetekinoroji yekugadzirisa majini kuvandudza mishonga ye hellebore uye kuchengetwa kwemhuka dzesango dze hellebore kwafambira mberi zvishoma nezvishoma. Kurimwa kwemhando dze hellebore dzekugadzira kuchaderedza zvikuru kukuvara kwekuchera kwe hellebore kune zviwanikwa zve germplasm yemusango, uye kuchasimudzira kufambira mberi kwemaindasitiri e hellebore mumunda wekurima nemumunda wekurapa.
Mune ramangwana, michero yemusango wehellebore inobva mumiti yemishonga inotarisirwa kuderedza zvishoma nezvishoma kushandiswa kwemishonga yechinyakare yemakemikari, uye kuwedzera kuvandudza mhando yezvigadzirwa zvekurima, kuvandudza mhando uye kuchengetedzeka kwezvigadzirwa zvekurima, kuvandudza nharaunda yekurima uye kuchengetedza zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana.
Nguva yekutumira: Nyamavhuvhu-08-2022